JULIUS CAESAR, SCENE II: Evergreen Page: 148 to 150 GLOSSARY, SUMMARY & QUESTION-ANSWERS

 

JULIUS CAESAR, SCENE II: Evergreen Page: 148 to 150

Brutus: Stand, ho!............................ Brutus: Let Lucius and Titinius guard our door.

Glossary:
salutation: greeting / ଅଭିବାଦନ / ଅଭିବାଦନ
change: change of attitude or behaviour / ମନୋଭାବ ବା ବ୍ୟବହାରର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ / ମନୋଭାବ ବା ବ୍ୟବହାରର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ
ill officers: bad or inefficient officials / ଖରାପ ବା ଅକ୍ଷମ ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ / ଖରାପ ବା ଅକ୍ଷମ ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ
worthy cause: good or sufficient reason / ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ବା ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ କାରଣ / ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ବା ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ କାରଣ
regard: respect or consideration / ସମ୍ମାନ ବା ଯତ୍ନ / ସମ୍ମାନ ବା ଯତ୍ନ
resolved: informed or made certain / ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଭାବେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିବା / ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଭାବେ ଜାଣିବାକୁ ଚାହିଁଥିବା
courtesy: polite behaviour / ଭଦ୍ର ବ୍ୟବହାର / ଭଦ୍ର ବ୍ୟବହାର
familiar: friendly and informal / ଘନିଷ୍ଠ ଓ ଅନୌପଚାରିକ / ଘନିଷ୍ଠ ଓ ଅନୌପଚାରିକ
instances: examples or occasions / ଉଦାହରଣ ବା ଘଟଣା / ଉଦାହରଣ ବା ଘଟଣା
conference: conversation or discussion / ଆଲୋଚନା / ଆଲୋଚନା
of old: in the past / ପୂର୍ବରୁ / ପୂର୍ବରୁ
sicken: become weak or unhealthy / ଦୁର୍ବଳ ବା ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ହେବା / ଦୁର୍ବଳ ବା ଅସୁସ୍ଥ ହେବା
decay: gradually become weaker or less strong / ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହେବା / ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହେବା
enforced: forced or artificial / ବାଧ୍ୟତାମୂଳକ ବା କୃତ୍ରିମ / ବାଧ୍ୟତାମୂଳକ ବା କୃତ୍ରିମ
ceremony: formal behaviour or display / ଔପଚାରିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର / ଔପଚାରିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର
hollow: lacking sincerity or real feeling / ଆନ୍ତରିକତାହୀନ / ଆନ୍ତରିକତାହୀନ
mettle: courage, strength and ability / ସାହସ, ଦୃଢ଼ତା ଓ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା / ସାହସ, ଦୃଢ଼ତା ଓ ଯୋଗ୍ୟତା
endure: suffer or bear patiently / ସହିବା / ସହିବା
spur: a pointed device used by a rider to urge a horse forward / ଘୋଡ଼ାକୁ ଆଗକୁ ଚଳାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଅଶ୍ୱାରୋହୀଙ୍କ ପାଦରେ ଲାଗିଥିବା ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର / ଘୋଡ଼ାକୁ ଆଗକୁ ଚଳାଇବା ପାଇଁ ଅଶ୍ୱାରୋହୀଙ୍କ ପାଦରେ ଲାଗିଥିବା ତୀକ୍ଷ୍ଣ ଯନ୍ତ୍ର
jades: worn-out or inferior horses / ଦୁର୍ବଳ ବା ନିକୃଷ୍ଟ ଘୋଡ଼ା / ଦୁର୍ବଳ ବା ନିକୃଷ୍ଟ ଘୋଡ଼ା
trial: test or difficult situation / ପରୀକ୍ଷା ବା କଠିନ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି / ପରୀକ୍ଷା ବା କଠିନ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି
quarter'd: provided with a place to stay / ରହିବା ପାଇଁ ସ୍ଥାନ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା / ରହିବା ପାଇଁ ସ୍ଥାନ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା
horse in general: the cavalry / ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଘୋଡ଼ାବାହିନୀ / ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଘୋଡ଼ାବାହିନୀ
powers: troops or military forces / ସେନା ବା ସାମରିକ ବଳ / ସେନା ବା ସାମରିକ ବଳ
wrongs: unjust actions or injuries caused to someone / ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା କ୍ଷତି / ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା କ୍ଷତି
sober: serious, calm and restrained / ଗମ୍ଭୀର, ଶାନ୍ତ ଓ ସଂଯମୀ / ଗମ୍ଭୀର, ଶାନ୍ତ ଓ ସଂଯମୀ
griefs: sorrows, complaints or causes of distress / ଦୁଃଖ, ଅଭିଯୋଗ ବା ମନୋକଷ୍ଟର କାରଣ / ଦୁଃଖ, ଅଭିଯୋଗ ବା ମନୋକଷ୍ଟର କାରଣ
wrangle: argue angrily / ରାଗରେ ତର୍କ ବା ଝଗଡ଼ା କରିବା / ରାଗରେ ତର୍କ ବା ଝଗଡ଼ା କରିବା
enlarge: explain in greater detail / ବିସ୍ତାରରେ କହିବା / ବିସ୍ତାରରେ କହିବା
audience: an opportunity to speak to someone who listens / କଥା ଶୁଣିବାର ସୁଯୋଗ / କଥା ଶୁଣିବାର ସୁଯୋଗ
commanders: leaders of military forces / ସେନାପତି ବା ସାମରିକ ନେତା / ସେନାପତି ବା ସାମରିକ ନେତା
charges: groups of soldiers under a commander / ଜଣେ ସେନାପତିଙ୍କ ଅଧୀନରେ ଥିବା ସୈନିକ ଦଳ / ଜଣେ ସେନାପତିଙ୍କ ଅଧୀନରେ ଥିବା ସୈନିକ ଦଳ
conference: private discussion or meeting / ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଆଲୋଚନା ବା ସଭା / ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଆଲୋଚନା ବା ସଭା

Act IV, Scene 2

The scene shifts to a camp near Sardis, outside Brutus’s tent. Brutus enters with Lucilius, Lucius and soldiers. Titinius and Pindarus are also present. Brutus asks whether Cassius is nearby. Lucilius replies that Cassius is close and that Pindarus has come to greet Brutus on behalf of his master, Cassius.

Brutus responds politely but indicates that he has reasons to be dissatisfied with Cassius. He suggests that either Cassius himself has changed or that his officers have behaved badly. However, Brutus says that if Cassius is nearby, he will be satisfied after speaking with him.

Pindarus expresses confidence that his noble master, Cassius, will appear as a man full of respect and honour. Brutus then asks Lucilius how Cassius received him. Lucilius explains that Cassius treated him with courtesy and respect, but not with the same friendly familiarity and open conversation that Cassius had shown in the past.

Brutus understands from this change in behaviour that Cassius’s affection and friendship have weakened. He compares a cooling friendship to a relationship in which people begin to behave with excessive formality. According to Brutus, genuine and sincere friendship does not require artificial ceremonies. He compares insincere people to horses that appear energetic and impressive at first but lose their courage when they are actually tested. Thus, Brutus suggests that people who make a show of their strength may fail when they face real difficulties.

Lucilius then tells Brutus that Cassius’s army is expected to spend the night at Sardis. Most of the army, including the cavalry, has already arrived with Cassius. Brutus hears that Cassius has arrived and orders his men to march gently forward to meet him.

Cassius enters with his forces and exchanges the password with the soldiers. He then directly accuses Brutus of having wronged him. Brutus is surprised and calls upon the gods to judge him, asking how he could have wronged Cassius, whom he regards as his brother in their common cause.

Cassius says that Brutus’s calm and serious manner hides the wrongs he has committed against him. Brutus asks Cassius to be calm and requests that he speak about his grievances quietly. Brutus is concerned that both their armies are watching them and should see nothing between their leaders except love and unity. He therefore refuses to argue in front of the soldiers.

Brutus orders the soldiers to move away and invites Cassius to enter his tent. There, Brutus promises, Cassius can explain all his grievances fully, and Brutus will listen to him. Cassius then orders Pindarus to tell their commanders to move their forces a little away from the place. Brutus gives a similar order to Lucilius and instructs his men not to enter their tent until their private discussion is finished. Lucius and Titinius are ordered to guard the entrance.

Thus, Act IV, Scene 2 ends with Brutus and Cassius preparing to discuss their disagreement privately, away from their armies.

अंक IV, दृश्य 2

दृश्य अब सार्डिस के पास ब्रूटस के शिविर में बदल जाता है। ब्रूटस लुसिलियस, लूसियस और सैनिकों के साथ उपस्थित है। टिटिनियस और पिंडारस भी वहाँ आते हैं। ब्रूटस पूछता है कि क्या कैसियस पास में है। लुसिलियस बताता है कि कैसियस पास ही है और उसका सेवक पिंडारस अपने स्वामी की ओर से ब्रूटस का अभिवादन करने आया है।

ब्रूटस विनम्रता से अभिवादन स्वीकार करता है, लेकिन वह यह भी संकेत देता है कि कैसियस के प्रति उसके मन में कुछ असन्तोष है। उसे लगता है कि या तो कैसियस स्वयं बदल गया है या उसके अधिकारियों ने कुछ गलत किया है। फिर भी ब्रूटस कहता है कि यदि कैसियस वास्तव में पास है, तो उससे बात करने के बाद वह संतुष्ट हो जाएगा।

पिंडारस विश्वास व्यक्त करता है कि उसका महान स्वामी कैसियस सम्मान और आदर से भरपूर व्यक्ति के रूप में सामने आएगा। इसके बाद ब्रूटस लुसिलियस से पूछता है कि कैसियस ने उसके साथ कैसा व्यवहार किया। लुसिलियस बताता है कि कैसियस ने उसके साथ शिष्टता और पर्याप्त सम्मान से व्यवहार किया, लेकिन पहले जैसी घनिष्ठता, मित्रता और खुली बातचीत नहीं दिखाई।

ब्रूटस इस परिवर्तन को समझ जाता है। वह कहता है कि इससे पता चलता है कि कैसियस की मित्रता ठंडी पड़ रही है। उसके अनुसार जब सच्चा प्रेम या मित्रता कमजोर होने लगती है, तो लोग वास्तविक आत्मीयता के स्थान पर औपचारिक व्यवहार करने लगते हैं। ब्रूटस कहता है कि सच्ची और सरल निष्ठा में कोई छल नहीं होता। इसके विपरीत, खोखले और असत्य लोग शुरुआत में बहुत उत्साह और शक्ति का प्रदर्शन करते हैं, लेकिन जब वास्तव में कठिन परीक्षा का समय आता है, तो वे कमजोर पड़ जाते हैं। वह ऐसे लोगों की तुलना उन घोड़ों से करता है जो पहले बहुत शक्तिशाली दिखाई देते हैं, लेकिन वास्तविक परीक्षा के समय अपनी शक्ति खो देते हैं।

लुसिलियस इसके बाद बताता है कि कैसियस की सेना उस रात सार्डिस में ठहरेगी। सेना का अधिकांश भाग, विशेषकर घुड़सवार सेना, कैसियस के साथ आ चुका है। ब्रूटस को पता चलता है कि कैसियस पहुँच गया है और वह अपने सैनिकों को आदेश देता है कि वे धीरे-धीरे आगे बढ़कर उससे मिलें।

कैसियस अपनी सेना के साथ प्रवेश करता है। सैनिक आपस में पासवर्ड बोलते हैं। इसके बाद कैसियस सीधे ब्रूटस से शिकायत करता है कि ब्रूटस ने उसके साथ अन्याय किया है। ब्रूटस आश्चर्यचकित होकर देवताओं को अपना न्यायाधीश बनाता है और पूछता है कि उसने अपने शत्रुओं के साथ भी कब अन्याय किया है, फिर वह अपने भाई जैसे साथी कैसियस के साथ कैसे अन्याय कर सकता है।

कैसियस कहता है कि ब्रूटस का शांत और गंभीर व्यवहार उसके द्वारा किए गए अन्याय को छिपाता है। ब्रूटस उसे शांत रहने के लिए कहता है और आग्रह करता है कि वह अपनी शिकायतें धीरे और शान्तिपूर्वक बताए। ब्रूटस इस बात को लेकर सावधान है कि दोनों की सेनाएँ उन्हें देख रही हैं। वह नहीं चाहता कि सैनिकों को उनके नेताओं के बीच प्रेम और एकता के अलावा कुछ दिखाई दे। इसलिए वह सार्वजनिक रूप से झगड़ा करने से मना करता है।

ब्रूटस सैनिकों को वहाँ से दूर जाने का आदेश देता है और कैसियस को अपने तम्बू में आने के लिए कहता है। वह आश्वासन देता है कि वहाँ कैसियस अपनी सारी शिकायतें विस्तार से बता सकता है और ब्रूटस उसकी पूरी बात सुनेगा।

इसके बाद कैसियस पिंडारस को आदेश देता है कि वह उनके सेनापतियों से सैनिकों को उस स्थान से थोड़ा दूर ले जाने के लिए कहे। ब्रूटस भी लुसिलियस को यही करने का आदेश देता है। वह निर्देश देता है कि जब तक दोनों की निजी बातचीत समाप्त न हो जाए, कोई भी व्यक्ति उनके तम्बू में न आए। लूसियस और टिटिनियस को तम्बू के द्वार की रक्षा करने के लिए कहा जाता है।

इस प्रकार दृश्य का अन्त ब्रूटस और कैसियस के बीच होने वाली निजी बातचीत की तैयारी के साथ होता है। दोनों अपने मतभेदों और शिकायतों पर सेना से अलग होकर चर्चा करने वाले हैं।

ଅଙ୍କ IV, ଦୃଶ୍ୟ 2

ଏହି ଦୃଶ୍ୟ ସାର୍ଡିସ୍‌ ନିକଟରେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଶିବିରରେ ଘଟେ। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଲୁସିଲିଅସ୍, ଲୁସିଅସ୍ ଓ କିଛି ସୈନିକଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଉପସ୍ଥିତ ଅଛନ୍ତି। ଟିଟିନିଅସ୍ ଓ ପିଣ୍ଡାରସ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ ସେଠାରେ ଆସନ୍ତି। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ପଚାରେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ପାଖରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି କି ନାହିଁ। ଲୁସିଲିଅସ୍ କହେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ନିକଟରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ତାଙ୍କ ସ୍ୱାମୀଙ୍କ ପକ୍ଷରୁ ଅଭିବାଦନ ଜଣାଇବା ପାଇଁ ପିଣ୍ଡାରସ୍ ଆସିଛନ୍ତି।

ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଅଭିବାଦନକୁ ଭଦ୍ରତାର ସହିତ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରେ, କିନ୍ତୁ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ତାଙ୍କ ମନରେ କିଛି ଅସନ୍ତୋଷ ଥିବାର ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ। ତାଙ୍କୁ ଲାଗୁଛି ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ନିଜେ ବଦଳିଯାଇଛନ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ତାଙ୍କ ଅଧିକାରୀମାନେ କୌଣସି ଭୁଲ କରିଛନ୍ତି। ତଥାପି ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ କହେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ଯଦି ନିକଟରେ ଅଛନ୍ତି, ତେବେ ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ କଥା ହେବା ପରେ ସେ ସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ ହେବ।

ପିଣ୍ଡାରସ୍ ନିଶ୍ଚିତ ଯେ ତାଙ୍କ ମହାନ ସ୍ୱାମୀ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ସମ୍ମାନ ଓ ଆଦରରେ ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଭାବେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସମ୍ମୁଖରେ ଆସିବେ। ଏହାପରେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଲୁସିଲିଅସ୍‌କୁ ପଚାରେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ କିପରି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥିଲେ। ଲୁସିଲିଅସ୍ କହେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଭଦ୍ରତା ଓ ଯଥେଷ୍ଟ ସମ୍ମାନର ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିଥିଲେ, କିନ୍ତୁ ପୂର୍ବପରି ଘନିଷ୍ଠତା, ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ୱ ଏବଂ ମୁକ୍ତ ଆଲୋଚନା ଦେଖାଇନଥିଲେ।

ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଏହି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନକୁ ବୁଝିପାରେ। ସେ କହେ ଯେ ଏଥିରୁ ଜଣାପଡ଼ୁଛି ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ୱ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ କମିଯାଉଛି। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ମତରେ, ଯେତେବେଳେ ପ୍ରକୃତ ସ୍ନେହ ବା ବନ୍ଧୁତ୍ୱ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହେବାକୁ ଲାଗେ, ସେତେବେଳେ ଲୋକମାନେ ଆତ୍ମୀୟତା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ ଔପଚାରିକ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାକୁ ଲାଗନ୍ତି। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ କହେ ଯେ ସରଳ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରକୃତ ବିଶ୍ୱାସରେ କୌଣସି ଛଳ ନଥାଏ। ଅନ୍ୟପକ୍ଷରେ, ଅସତ୍ୟ ଓ ଖୋକାଳିଆ ଲୋକମାନେ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ବହୁତ ଉତ୍ସାହ ଓ ଶକ୍ତି ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ପ୍ରକୃତ ପରୀକ୍ଷାର ସମୟ ଆସିଲେ ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହୋଇଯାଆନ୍ତି। ସେ ଏପରି ଲୋକମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେହି ଘୋଡ଼ାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ତୁଳନା କରେ, ଯେଉଁମାନେ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି, କିନ୍ତୁ ପ୍ରକୃତ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ସମୟରେ ନିଜର ଶକ୍ତି ହରାଇଦିଅନ୍ତି।

 

ଲୁସିଲିଅସ୍ ପରେ କହେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସେନା ସେହି ରାତିରେ ସାର୍ଡିସ୍‌ରେ ରହିବ। ସେନାର ଅଧିକାଂଶ ଅଂଶ, ବିଶେଷକରି ଘୋଡ଼ାବାହିନୀ, କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଆସିସାରିଛି। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଜାଣିପାରେ ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ପହଞ୍ଚିଯାଇଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ସେ ନିଜ ସୈନିକମାନଙ୍କୁ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ି କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ଭେଟିବାକୁ ଆଦେଶ ଦିଏ।

କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ନିଜ ସେନା ସହିତ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରନ୍ତି। ସୈନିକମାନେ ପରସ୍ପରଙ୍କୁ ସଙ୍କେତ-ଶବ୍ଦ କହନ୍ତି। ଏହାପରେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ସିଧାସଳଖ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ଅଭିଯୋଗ କରନ୍ତି ଯେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତାଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କରିଛନ୍ତି। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହୋଇ ଦେବତାମାନଙ୍କୁ ନିଜର ବିଚାରକ କରି କହେ ଯେ ସେ ନିଜ ଶତ୍ରୁମାନଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ମଧ୍ୟ କେବେ ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କରିନାହାନ୍ତି; ତେବେ ସେ ନିଜର ଭାଇ ସମାନ ସାଥୀ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି କିପରି ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କରିପାରିବେ?

କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ କହନ୍ତି ଯେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଶାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗମ୍ଭୀର ବ୍ୟବହାର ତାଙ୍କ କରିଥିବା ଅନ୍ୟାୟକୁ ଲୁଚାଇ ରଖୁଛି। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତାଙ୍କୁ ଶାନ୍ତ ରହିବାକୁ କହେ ଏବଂ ନିଜର ଅଭିଯୋଗଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧୀରେ ଓ ଶାନ୍ତ ଭାବରେ କହିବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରେ। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଚାହେଁ ନାହିଁ ଯେ ଦୁଇ ସେନା ସମ୍ମୁଖରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଝଗଡ଼ା ହେଉ। ତାଙ୍କ ମତରେ, ଦୁଇ ସେନା ସେମାନଙ୍କ ନେତାମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ କେବଳ ପ୍ରେମ ଓ ଏକତା ଦେଖିବା ଉଚିତ।

ତେଣୁ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ସୈନିକମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେଠାରୁ ଦୂରେ ଯିବାକୁ ଆଦେଶ ଦିଏ ଏବଂ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ନିଜ ତମ୍ବୁ ଭିତରକୁ ଆସିବାକୁ କହେ। ସେଠାରେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ନିଜର ସମସ୍ତ ଅଭିଯୋଗ ବିସ୍ତାରରେ କହିପାରିବେ ଏବଂ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତାଙ୍କ କଥା ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟର ସହିତ ଶୁଣିବେ।

ଏହାପରେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ପିଣ୍ଡାରସ୍‌କୁ ଆଦେଶ ଦିଅନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସେନାପତିମାନଙ୍କୁ ସେହି ସ୍ଥାନରୁ ଅଳ୍ପ ଦୂରକୁ ସୈନିକମାନଙ୍କୁ ନେଇଯିବାକୁ କହିବ। ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ ଲୁସିଲିଅସ୍‌କୁ ସେହିପରି ଆଦେଶ ଦିଏ। ସେ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ଦିଏ ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିଗତ ଆଲୋଚନା ଶେଷ ନହେବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ କେହି ତମ୍ବୁ ଭିତରକୁ ଆସିବ ନାହିଁ। ଲୁସିଅସ୍ ଓ ଟିଟିନିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ତମ୍ବୁର ଦ୍ୱାର ଜଗିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଏ।

ଏହିପରି ଭାବରେ ଦୃଶ୍ୟଟି ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଓ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ତାଙ୍କର ମତଭେଦ ଓ ଅଭିଯୋଗ ବିଷୟରେ ଏକାନ୍ତରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରିବାର ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ସହିତ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ।

TEXT WITH PARAPHRASE

Brutus: “Stand, ho!”
Paraphrase: Brutus orders the approaching people to stop.

Lucilius: “Give the word, ho! and stand.”
Paraphrase: Lucilius tells them to give the password and then stop.

Brutus: “What now, Lucilius! is Cassius near?”
Paraphrase: Brutus asks Lucilius whether Cassius is nearby.

Lucilius: “He is at hand; and Pindarus is come To do you salutation from his master.”
Paraphrase: Lucilius says that Cassius is nearby and that Pindarus has come to greet Brutus on behalf of Cassius.

Brutus: “He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus, In his own change, or by ill officers, Hath given me some worthy cause to wish Things done, undone: but, if he be at hand, I shall be satisfied.”
Paraphrase: Brutus says that Cassius’s greeting is welcome. However, Cassius, either because his own attitude has changed or because of the actions of his officers, has given Brutus good reason to wish that some things had not happened. Still, if Cassius is nearby, Brutus will be satisfied by speaking to him directly.

Pindarus: “I do not doubt But that my noble master will appear Such as he is, full of regard and honour.”
Paraphrase: Pindarus says that he has no doubt that his noble master, Cassius, will show himself to be respectful and honourable.

Brutus: “He is not doubted. A word, Lucilius; How he received you, let me be resolved.”
Paraphrase: Brutus says that he does not doubt Cassius’s honour. He then asks Lucilius to tell him exactly how Cassius received and treated him.

Lucilius: “With courtesy and with respect enough; But not with such familiar instances, Nor with such free and friendly conference, As he hath used of old.”
Paraphrase: Lucilius says that Cassius treated him politely and respectfully, but he was not as familiar, open and friendly with him as he had been in the past.

Brutus: “Thou hast described A hot friend cooling: ever note, Lucilius, When love begins to sicken and decay, It useth an enforced ceremony.”
Paraphrase: Brutus says that Lucilius has described a friend whose former warmth and affection are becoming weaker. He observes that when affection begins to decline, people often become formally polite instead of remaining naturally friendly.

Brutus: “There are no tricks in plain and simple faith; But hollow men, like horses hot at hand, Make gallant show and promise of their mettle; But when they should endure the bloody spur, They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades, Sink in the trial.”
Paraphrase: Brutus says that sincere and faithful people do not behave deceptively. False or insincere people, however, may appear energetic and impressive at first, just as spirited horses show their strength when they are first handled. But when they are actually tested and forced to endure hardship, they lose their confidence and fail, like unreliable horses.

Brutus: “Comes his army on?”
Paraphrase: Brutus asks whether Cassius’s army is advancing.

Lucilius: “They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter'd; The greater part, the horse in general, Are come with Cassius.”
Paraphrase: Lucilius says that Cassius’s army intends to stay in Sardis that night. Most of the army, especially the cavalry, has already arrived with Cassius.

Brutus: “Hark! he is arrived. March gently on to meet him.”
Paraphrase: Brutus hears that Cassius has arrived and tells his men to move forward calmly to meet him.

Cassius: “Stand, ho!”
Paraphrase: Cassius orders the approaching soldiers to stop.

Brutus: “Stand, ho! Speak the word along.”
Paraphrase: Brutus also orders them to stop and tells the soldiers to pass the password along.

First Soldier: “Stand!”
Paraphrase: The first soldier repeats the command to stop.

Second Soldier: “Stand!”
Paraphrase: The second soldier repeats the command to stop.

Third Soldier: “Stand!”
Paraphrase: The third soldier also repeats the command to stop.

Cassius: “Most noble brother, you have done me wrong.”
Paraphrase: Cassius respectfully calls Brutus his brother and accuses him of having treated him unjustly.

Brutus: “Judge me, you gods! wrong I mine enemies? And, if not so, how should I wrong a brother?”
Paraphrase: Brutus calls upon the gods to judge him. He asks whether he would even wrong his enemies, and therefore argues that he could not have deliberately wronged a brother like Cassius.

Cassius: “Brutus, this sober form of yours hides wrongs; And when you do them—”
Paraphrase: Cassius says that Brutus’s calm and serious manner hides the wrongs he has committed. He begins to explain his accusation but is interrupted.

Brutus: “Cassius, be content. Speak your griefs softly: I do know you well. Before the eyes of both our armies here, Which should perceive nothing but love from us, Let us not wrangle: bid them move away; Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs, And I will give you audience.”
Paraphrase: Brutus asks Cassius to remain calm and speak quietly about his complaints. Brutus says that he knows Cassius well. Since both armies are watching them and should see only friendship between their leaders, they should not quarrel publicly. He asks Cassius to order the soldiers to move away and promises to listen carefully to all his complaints inside Brutus’s tent.

Cassius: “Pindarus, Bid our commanders lead their charges off A little from this ground.”
Paraphrase: Cassius orders Pindarus to tell the commanders to move their soldiers a short distance away from the present place.

Brutus: “Lucilius, do you the like; and let no man Come to our tent till we have done our conference. Let Lucius and Tintinius guard our door.”
Paraphrase: Brutus tells Lucilius to do the same and move their soldiers away. He orders that nobody should come to their tent until their private discussion is over. He also asks Lucius and Titinius to guard the entrance.

[Exeunt]
Paraphrase: Brutus, Cassius and the others leave the place to continue their discussion privately inside the tent.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 1

1. Where is the camp at the beginning of Act IV, Scene 2?
A. Rome
B. Sardis
C. Caesar’s house
D. The Capitol
Ans. B. Sardis

2. Where is Brutus’s tent situated?
A. At the Capitol
B. Near Sardis
C. At Caesar’s house
D. In Rome
Ans. B. Near Sardis

3. Who enters with Brutus at the beginning of the scene?
A. Antony and Octavius
B. Lucilius, Lucius and Soldiers
C. Cassius and Pindarus
D. Titinius and Antony
Ans. B. Lucilius, Lucius and Soldiers

4. Who meets Brutus and his men?
A. Antony and Octavius
B. Cassius and Titinius
C. Titinius and Pindarus
D. Caesar and Lepidus
Ans. C. Titinius and Pindarus

5. What does Brutus first command?
A. “March gently.”
B. “Stand, ho!”
C. “Speak the word.”
D. “Move away.”
Ans. B. “Stand, ho!”

6. What does Lucilius ask the men to do?
A. March forward
B. Give the word and stand
C. Guard the tent
D. Leave the camp
Ans. B. Give the word and stand

7. What does Brutus want to know from Lucilius?
A. Whether Cassius is near
B. Whether Antony has arrived
C. Whether Caesar’s will has been found
D. Whether the army is ready
Ans. A. Whether Cassius is near

8. Who has come to greet Brutus on Cassius’s behalf?
A. Titinius
B. Lucius
C. Pindarus
D. Antony
Ans. C. Pindarus

9. What does Pindarus represent in his meeting with Brutus?
A. Antony
B. Cassius
C. Octavius
D. Lepidus
Ans. B. Cassius

10. What does Brutus say about Cassius’s greeting?
A. It is insulting
B. It is false
C. He greets him well
D. It is unexpected
Ans. C. He greets him well

11. What has Cassius, according to Brutus, given him cause to wish?
A. Things done, undone
B. Things hidden, revealed
C. Things lost, recovered
D. Things promised, forgotten
Ans. A. Things done, undone

12. What two possible reasons does Brutus suggest for Cassius’s changed behaviour?
A. His own change or ill officers
B. Fear or anger
C. War or defeat
D. Wealth or ambition
Ans. A. His own change or ill officers

13. When does Brutus say he will be satisfied?
A. When Cassius apologizes
B. When Cassius is at hand
C. When the army leaves
D. When Pindarus returns
Ans. B. When Cassius is at hand

14. What does Pindarus believe about his master?
A. He will refuse to meet Brutus
B. He will appear full of regard and honour
C. He will leave Sardis
D. He will attack Brutus
Ans. B. He will appear full of regard and honour

15. What does Brutus ask Lucilius about Cassius?
A. How Cassius received him
B. Where Cassius’s army is
C. Why Cassius is angry
D. What Cassius has ordered
Ans. A. How Cassius received him

16. How did Cassius receive Lucilius?
A. With anger
B. With courtesy and respect
C. With complete silence
D. With hostility
Ans. B. With courtesy and respect

17. What was missing from Cassius’s behaviour towards Lucilius?
A. Military discipline
B. Familiarity and friendly conference
C. Courtesy
D. Respect
Ans. B. Familiarity and friendly conference

18. How does Brutus describe the change in Cassius’s friendship?
A. A cold enemy warming
B. A hot friend cooling
C. A weak friend strengthening
D. A false enemy smiling
Ans. B. A hot friend cooling

19. According to Brutus, what happens when love begins to sicken and decay?
A. It becomes stronger
B. It uses an enforced ceremony
C. It becomes openly hostile
D. It disappears immediately
Ans. B. It uses an enforced ceremony

20. What does Brutus say about plain and simple faith?
A. It contains many tricks
B. It requires ceremony
C. It has no tricks
D. It is easily broken
Ans. C. It has no tricks

21. Whom does Brutus compare to horses “hot at hand”?
A. Loyal friends
B. Hollow men
C. Brave soldiers
D. Military commanders
Ans. B. Hollow men

22. What do hollow men make according to Brutus?
A. A peaceful agreement
B. A gallant show and promise of their mettle
C. A secret plan
D. A military attack
Ans. B. A gallant show and promise of their mettle

23. What happens to such men when they face the “bloody spur”?
A. They become stronger
B. They fight bravely
C. They fall their crests
D. They run towards victory
Ans. C. They fall their crests

24. What does Brutus compare deceitful men to after they fail?
A. Broken swords
B. Deceitful jades
C. Wounded lions
D. Empty horses
Ans. B. Deceitful jades

25. What does Brutus ask Lucilius after discussing Cassius’s behaviour?
A. Whether Cassius is angry
B. Whether his army is approaching
C. Whether Sardis is safe
D. Whether the soldiers are ready
Ans. B. Whether his army is approaching

26. Where does Cassius’s army intend to be quartered that night?
A. Rome
B. Sardis
C. The Capitol
D. Caesar’s house
Ans. B. Sardis

27. Which part of Cassius’s army has largely arrived with him?
A. The infantry
B. The archers
C. The horse
D. The guards
Ans. C. The horse

28. What does Brutus hear before Cassius appears?
A. A trumpet
B. A low march
C. A battle cry
D. A drumbeat
Ans. B. A low march

29. What does Brutus instruct his men to do when Cassius arrives?
A. Attack him
B. March gently to meet him
C. Return to the tent
D. Hide from him
Ans. B. March gently to meet him

30. Who first says “Stand, ho!” when Cassius and his forces meet Brutus?
A. Brutus
B. Cassius
C. Lucilius
D. Pindarus
Ans. B. Cassius

31. What does Brutus ask his men to do after Cassius says “Stand, ho!”?
A. March forward
B. Speak the word along
C. Guard the tent
D. Leave the ground
Ans. B. Speak the word along

32. How many soldiers successively repeat “Stand!”?
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
Ans. B. Three

33. What does Cassius accuse Brutus of doing?
A. Betraying Caesar
B. Wronging him
C. Abandoning Rome
D. Attacking his army
Ans. B. Wronging him

34. How does Cassius address Brutus when making the accusation?
A. My noble leader
B. Most noble brother
C. My dear friend
D. Honourable commander
Ans. B. Most noble brother

35. What does Brutus call upon to judge him?
A. The soldiers
B. The people
C. The gods
D. Caesar
Ans. C. The gods

36. What question does Brutus ask after Cassius accuses him?
A. How should he wrong a brother?
B. Why should he leave Rome?
C. Where should Cassius go?
D. When should they fight?
Ans. A. How should he wrong a brother?

37. What does Cassius say Brutus’s “sober form” hides?
A. Friendship
B. Fear
C. Wrongs
D. Weakness
Ans. C. Wrongs

38. What does Brutus ask Cassius to do with his grievances?
A. Hide them
B. Speak them softly
C. Forget them
D. Tell the soldiers
Ans. B. Speak them softly

39. Why does Brutus not want to quarrel before the armies?
A. The soldiers are tired
B. The armies should perceive nothing but love between them
C. Cassius is stronger
D. The battle has ended
Ans. B. The armies should perceive nothing but love between them

40. Where does Brutus ask Cassius to discuss his grievances?
A. At Sardis
B. In Brutus’s tent
C. On the battlefield
D. At Caesar’s house
Ans. B. In Brutus’s tent

41. What does Brutus promise to give Cassius?
A. An army
B. A command
C. An audience
D. Caesar’s will
Ans. C. An audience

42. Whom does Cassius order to move the commanders away?
A. Lucilius
B. Pindarus
C. Lucius
D. Titinius
Ans. B. Pindarus

43. What does Cassius ask his commanders to do?
A. Enter the tent
B. Lead their forces a little away
C. Prepare for battle
D. Guard Brutus
Ans. B. Lead their forces a little away

44. Whom does Brutus instruct to do the same?
A. Pindarus
B. Lucilius
C. Cassius
D. Titinius
Ans. B. Lucilius

45. What does Brutus order about his tent?
A. Everyone should enter
B. No man should come to the tent until the conference is over
C. Soldiers should surround it
D. Cassius should leave it
Ans. B. No man should come to the tent until the conference is over

46. Who are appointed to guard the door?
A. Lucilius and Pindarus
B. Lucius and Titinius
C. Cassius and Lucilius
D. Antony and Octavius
Ans. B. Lucius and Titinius

47. Which statement is TRUE according to Scene 2?
A. Cassius receives Lucilius with hostility.
B. Lucilius says Cassius was courteous and respectful.
C. Brutus immediately attacks Cassius.
D. Cassius refuses to meet Brutus.
Ans. B. Lucilius says Cassius was courteous and respectful.

48. Which statement is NOT TRUE according to Scene 2?
A. Cassius’s army is approaching Sardis.
B. Brutus notices a change in Cassius’s behaviour.
C. Cassius praises Brutus without making any complaint.
D. Brutus wants their disagreement discussed privately.
Ans. C. Cassius praises Brutus without making any complaint.

49. Which sequence correctly represents the events of the scene?
A. Cassius arrives → Brutus hears about his army → Lucilius reports his behaviour → private conference
B. Lucilius reports Cassius’s behaviour → Cassius arrives → Cassius accuses Brutus → private conference is arranged
C. Private conference → Cassius arrives → Lucilius reports his behaviour → Brutus leaves
D. Cassius accuses Brutus → Lucilius meets Cassius → army arrives → Brutus leaves
Ans. B. Lucilius reports Cassius’s behaviour → Cassius arrives → Cassius accuses Brutus → private conference is arranged

50. Which idea is most clearly expressed by Brutus’s comparison of hollow men with horses?
A. Physical strength is always important.
B. People who appear impressive may fail when tested.
C. Horses are better than men.
D. Soldiers should avoid difficult situations.
Ans. B. People who appear impressive may fail when tested.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS – SET 2

1. Which of the following shows the correct sequence of events?
A. Cassius arrives → Pindarus greets Brutus → Lucilius reports → Brutus enters the tent
B. Lucilius reports on Cassius → Cassius arrives → Cassius accuses Brutus → Private conference is arranged
C. Brutus accuses Cassius → Cassius arrives → Lucilius reports → Armies leave
D. Pindarus leaves → Cassius accuses Brutus → Brutus greets Cassius → Lucilius reports
Ans. B. Lucilius reports on Cassius → Cassius arrives → Cassius accuses Brutus → Private conference is arranged

2. What happens immediately after Brutus asks Lucilius how Cassius received him?
A. Cassius enters with his army.
B. Lucilius describes Cassius’s behaviour towards him.
C. Pindarus leaves the camp.
D. Brutus orders the soldiers to move away.
Ans. B. Lucilius describes Cassius’s behaviour towards him.

3. Arrange the following events in the correct order:

1.     Brutus compares a cooling friendship with enforced ceremony.

2.     Lucilius reports Cassius’s changed behaviour.

3.     Brutus asks whether Cassius’s army is coming.

4.     Cassius arrives.
A. 2, 1, 3, 4
B. 1, 2, 4, 3
C. 2, 3, 1, 4
D. 3, 2, 1, 4
Ans. A. 2, 1, 3, 4

4. What happens before Cassius says, “Most noble brother, you have done me wrong”?
A. Brutus orders Lucilius to leave the camp.
B. The soldiers repeatedly say, “Stand!”
C. Pindarus accuses Brutus.
D. Lucilius challenges Cassius.
Ans. B. The soldiers repeatedly say, “Stand!”

5. Which event takes place after Cassius accuses Brutus of doing him wrong?
A. Brutus asks him to speak his grievances softly.
B. Cassius orders the armies to march into Rome.
C. Lucilius leaves the camp.
D. Pindarus attacks Brutus.
Ans. A. Brutus asks him to speak his grievances softly.

6. Which is the correct sequence concerning the two armies?
A. They fight → they separate → they enter Sardis → they meet.
B. Cassius’s army approaches → Brutus asks about it → Cassius arrives → the commanders are moved away.
C. Brutus’s army leaves → Cassius arrives → the armies fight → Pindarus intervenes.
D. The commanders meet privately → Cassius’s army arrives → Lucilius reports.
Ans. B. Cassius’s army approaches → Brutus asks about it → Cassius arrives → the commanders are moved away.

7. What happens immediately before Brutus tells Lucius and Titinius to guard the door?
A. Cassius greets Brutus.
B. Cassius tells Pindarus to move the commanders away.
C. Lucilius reports that Cassius is angry.
D. Brutus asks about the army.
Ans. B. Cassius tells Pindarus to move the commanders away.

8. Which sequence correctly presents Brutus’s actions?
A. He accuses Cassius → asks him to leave → calls the soldiers → begins the conference.
B. He receives Cassius’s greeting → questions Lucilius → welcomes the army → leaves Sardis.
C. He hears Lucilius’s report → asks Cassius to discuss the matter privately → orders the armies away → arranges guards.
D. He sends Pindarus away → accuses Cassius → enters Sardis → ends the conference.
Ans. C. He hears Lucilius’s report → asks Cassius to discuss the matter privately → orders the armies away → arranges guards.

9. What follows Brutus’s statement that both armies should perceive nothing but love from them?
A. He asks Cassius to discuss his grievances in the tent.
B. He orders Cassius to leave Sardis.
C. He accuses Cassius of dishonesty.
D. He sends Lucilius away permanently.
Ans. A. He asks Cassius to discuss his grievances in the tent.

10. Which event occurs last in the extract?
A. Cassius accuses Brutus.
B. Lucilius describes Cassius’s changed behaviour.
C. Brutus orders guards to protect the entrance to the tent.
D. Cassius arrives with his forces.
Ans. C. Brutus orders guards to protect the entrance to the tent.

11. In “A hot friend cooling,” Brutus uses which device?
A. Metaphor
B. Simile
C. Personification
D. Alliteration
Ans. A. Metaphor

12. What literary device is used in “It useth an enforced ceremony”?
A. Personification
B. Simile
C. Hyperbole
D. Irony
Ans. A. Personification

13. “Hollow men, like horses hot at hand” contains:
A. Metaphor
B. Simile
C. Oxymoron
D. Pun
Ans. B. Simile

14. What is suggested by the comparison of “hollow men” with horses?
A. Some people appear impressive but may fail when tested.
B. Soldiers should always ride horses.
C. Cassius dislikes horses.
D. Brutus wants to buy horses.
Ans. A. Some people appear impressive but may fail when tested.

15. “They fall their crests” is associated with which image?
A. A victorious king
B. A horse losing its proud appearance
C. A bird flying away
D. A soldier raising a flag
Ans. B. A horse losing its proud appearance

16. “Like deceitful jades” contains:
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Apostrophe
D. Onomatopoeia
Ans. A. Simile

17. “Judge me, you gods!” is an example of:
A. Apostrophe
B. Simile
C. Metaphor
D. Onomatopoeia
Ans. A. Apostrophe

18. In “There are no tricks in plain and simple faith,” Brutus contrasts faith with:
A. Courage
B. Ceremony and deceit
C. Friendship and honour
D. War and peace
Ans. B. Ceremony and deceit

19. What literary effect is created by the repeated command “Stand!”?
A. It creates an atmosphere of military alertness and tension.
B. It creates a comic atmosphere.
C. It expresses happiness.
D. It shows complete relaxation.
Ans. A. It creates an atmosphere of military alertness and tension.

20. “Most noble brother” followed by “you have done me wrong” mainly creates:
A. A contrast between affection and accusation
B. A humorous effect
C. A description of the battlefield
D. A celebration of victory
Ans. A. A contrast between affection and accusation

21. Statement I: Lucilius notices a change in Cassius’s behaviour.
Statement II: Cassius is no longer as familiar and friendly as before.
A. Both statements are true, and II explains I.
B. Both statements are true, but II does not explain I.
C. I is true, but II is false.
D. I is false, but II is true.
Ans. A. Both statements are true, and II explains I.

22. Statement I: Brutus becomes suspicious of the change in Cassius.
Statement II: Cassius has treated Lucilius with less familiarity than before.
A. Both are true, and II supports I.
B. Both are true, but II does not support I.
C. I is true, but II is false.
D. Both are false.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II supports I.

23. Statement I: Brutus believes genuine friendship needs no tricks.
Statement II: He associates artificial behaviour with a weakening friendship.
A. Both are true, and II explains I.
B. Both are true, but unrelated.
C. I is true, II is false.
D. I is false, II is true.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II explains I.

24. Statement I: Brutus compares some men to horses.
Statement II: He suggests that outward appearance may not survive a real test.
A. Both are true, and II explains I.
B. Both are true, but II does not explain I.
C. I is false, II is true.
D. Both are false.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II explains I.

25. Statement I: Cassius openly accuses Brutus of doing him wrong.
Statement II: Brutus immediately responds by attacking Cassius before the armies.
A. Both are true.
B. Both are false.
C. I is true, but II is false.
D. I is false, but II is true.
Ans. C. I is true, but II is false.

26. Statement I: Brutus does not want the armies to witness their disagreement.
Statement II: He wants the armies to perceive love between them.
A. Both are true, and II explains I.
B. Both are true, but II is unrelated.
C. I is true, but II is false.
D. Both are false.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II explains I.

27. Statement I: Brutus wants the discussion with Cassius to take place privately.
Statement II: He asks Cassius to enlarge his grievances in the tent.
A. Both are true, and II explains I.
B. Both are true, but II is unrelated.
C. I is false, II is true.
D. Both are false.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II explains I.

28. Statement I: Cassius is accompanied by his forces.
Statement II: Lucilius says that the greater part of the horse has come with Cassius.
A. Both are true, and II supports I.
B. Both are true, but II contradicts I.
C. I is true, II is false.
D. I is false, II is true.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II supports I.

29. Statement I: Brutus believes Cassius has completely lost his regard and honour.
Statement II: Pindarus says Cassius will appear full of regard and honour.
A. Both are true.
B. Both are false.
C. I is true, but II is false.
D. I is false, but II is true.
Ans. D. I is false, but II is true.

30. Statement I: The disagreement between Brutus and Cassius is to be discussed away from the armies.
Statement II: Both leaders want their soldiers to see only love between them.
A. Both are true, and II explains I.
B. Both are true, but II does not explain I.
C. I is true, but II is false.
D. Both are false.
Ans. A. Both are true, and II explains I.

31. Which of the following statements are correct about Lucilius’s report?

1.     Cassius received him courteously.

2.     Cassius spoke with the same friendly familiarity as before.

3.     Cassius showed sufficient respect.

4.     Cassius’s behaviour had changed.
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 1, 3 and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2 and 3 only
Ans. B. 1, 3 and 4 only

32. Which statements correctly describe Brutus’s view of friendship?

1.     Genuine friendship is plain and simple.

2.     Genuine friendship requires enforced ceremony.

3.     A cooling friendship may become formal.

4.     Hollow men may make a good outward show.
A. 1, 3 and 4 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. A. 1, 3 and 4 only

33. Which of the following are associated with the “hollow men” in Brutus’s speech?

1.     They make a gallant show.

2.     They promise their mettle.

3.     They endure the test successfully.

4.     They fail when tested.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 4 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 3 and 4 only
Ans. B. 1, 2 and 4 only

34. Which statements about Cassius’s arrival are correct?

1.     He arrives with his forces.

2.     He says “Stand, ho!”

3.     He immediately praises Brutus without complaint.

4.     He accuses Brutus of doing him wrong.
A. 1, 2 and 4 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. A. 1, 2 and 4 only

35. Which statements correctly describe Brutus’s response to the quarrel?

1.     He asks Cassius to speak softly.

2.     He wants the armies to see love between them.

3.     He asks Cassius to discuss his grievances in the tent.

4.     He orders the soldiers to fight Cassius.
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. A. 1, 2 and 3 only

36. Which of the following are mentioned concerning Cassius’s army?

1.     It is to be quartered in Sardis that night.

2.     The greater part of the horse has come with Cassius.

3.     The entire army has deserted Cassius.

4.     Cassius’s forces arrive before the private conference.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 4 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 3 and 4 only
Ans. B. 1, 2 and 4 only

37. Which actions are ordered before Brutus and Cassius begin their private discussion?

1.     Commanders are to move away.

2.     No man is to enter the tent.

3.     Lucius and Titinius are to guard the door.

4.     The armies are ordered to attack.
A. 1, 2 and 3 only
B. 1 and 4 only
C. 2 and 4 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. A. 1, 2 and 3 only

38. Which statements describe Pindarus’s role in this extract?

1.     He comes to greet Brutus on Cassius’s behalf.

2.     He speaks confidently of Cassius’s regard and honour.

3.     He accuses Brutus of wrongdoing.

4.     He is later ordered to move the commanders away.
A. 1, 2 and 4 only
B. 1 and 3 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. A. 1, 2 and 4 only

39. Which statements show the tension between Brutus and Cassius?

1.     Cassius says Brutus has wronged him.

2.     Brutus refers to the change in Cassius’s behaviour.

3.     They decide to discuss their grievances privately.

4.     They immediately declare war upon each other.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 1, 2 and 3 only
C. 2, 3 and 4 only
D. 1, 3 and 4 only
Ans. B. 1, 2 and 3 only

40. Which of the following correctly describes the final arrangements?

1.     The commanders are moved away.

2.     No one is allowed to enter the tent.

3.     Lucius and Titinius guard the door.

4.     Brutus and Cassius prepare to discuss their grievances.
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1, 2, 3 and 4
D. 1 and 4 only
Ans. C. 1, 2, 3 and 4

41. What is Brutus’s mood when he learns of Cassius’s changed behaviour?
A. Suspicious and concerned
B. Joyful and carefree
C. Humorous and playful
D. Proud and triumphant
Ans. A. Suspicious and concerned

42. What emotion is suggested by Lucilius’s description of Cassius’s behaviour?
A. Concern about a change in friendship
B. Complete admiration
C. Delight at Cassius’s success
D. Fear of the soldiers
Ans. A. Concern about a change in friendship

43. What is the dominant feeling in Brutus’s words about “a hot friend cooling”?
A. Anxiety over a weakening friendship
B. Celebration of victory
C. Hatred of soldiers
D. Indifference towards Cassius
Ans. A. Anxiety over a weakening friendship

44. What mood is created by the repeated military command “Stand!”?
A. Tension and alertness
B. Peace and relaxation
C. Comedy and amusement
D. Celebration and joy
Ans. A. Tension and alertness

45. What emotion is expressed by Cassius when he says, “you have done me wrong”?
A. Grievance and anger
B. Happiness
C. Gratitude
D. Fear
Ans. A. Grievance and anger

46. What is Brutus’s emotional response to Cassius’s accusation?
A. He is defensive but seeks controlled discussion.
B. He becomes cheerful.
C. He immediately attacks Cassius.
D. He leaves without responding.
Ans. A. He is defensive but seeks controlled discussion.

47. What mood does Brutus try to maintain before the armies?
A. Outward harmony and love
B. Open hostility
C. Fear and panic
D. Celebration
Ans. A. Outward harmony and love

48. What feeling is suggested when Brutus asks Cassius to speak his grievances softly?
A. Desire to control the quarrel and avoid public conflict
B. Desire to insult Cassius publicly
C. Fear of his own soldiers
D. Desire to leave the army
Ans. A. Desire to control the quarrel and avoid public conflict

49. What mood dominates the final arrangement inside Brutus’s tent?
A. Seriousness and anticipation
B. Happiness and celebration
C. Comedy and relaxation
D. Indifference and boredom
Ans. A. Seriousness and anticipation

50. What emotion is most evident in Cassius’s opening words to Brutus?
A. Hurt and accusation
B. Admiration and praise
C. Fear and submission
D. Amusement and curiosity
Ans. A. Hurt and accusation

51. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Lucilius’s report?
A. Cassius received him with courtesy.
B. Cassius showed sufficient respect.
C. Cassius was as familiar with him as in the past.
D. Cassius’s behaviour had changed.
Ans. C. Cassius was as familiar with him as in the past.

52. Which statement is NOT TRUE about Brutus’s idea of genuine friendship?
A. It is plain and simple.
B. It contains no tricks.
C. It depends upon enforced ceremony.
D. It is contrasted with hollow behaviour.
Ans. C. It depends upon enforced ceremony.

53. Which statement is NOT TRUE about the “hollow men”?
A. They make a gallant show.
B. They promise their mettle.
C. They always succeed when tested.
D. They may sink in the trial.
Ans. C. They always succeed when tested.

54. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Cassius’s arrival?
A. He arrives with his forces.
B. He says, “Stand, ho!”
C. He accuses Brutus of doing him wrong.
D. He immediately says that Brutus has treated him fairly.
Ans. D. He immediately says that Brutus has treated him fairly.

55. Which statement is NOT TRUE about Brutus’s response to Cassius?
A. He asks Cassius to speak softly.
B. He wants the armies to see love between them.
C. He invites Cassius to discuss his grievances privately.
D. He orders the armies to attack Cassius.
Ans. D. He orders the armies to attack Cassius.

56. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about the army at Sardis?
A. The greater part of the horse has come with Cassius.
B. The army is to be quartered in Sardis that night.
C. Cassius arrives with his forces.
D. The entire army is ordered to leave Sardis immediately.
Ans. D. The entire army is ordered to leave Sardis immediately.

57. Which statement is NOT TRUE about Pindarus?
A. He comes to greet Brutus on Cassius’s behalf.
B. He speaks of Cassius as a man of regard and honour.
C. He is asked to move the commanders away.
D. He accuses Brutus of hiding wrongs.
Ans. D. He accuses Brutus of hiding wrongs.

58. Which statement is NOT TRUE about the final instructions given by Brutus?
A. Lucilius is told to move the men away.
B. No man is to enter the tent until the conference is over.
C. Lucius and Titinius are to guard the door.
D. The soldiers are told to enter the tent during the conference.
Ans. D. The soldiers are told to enter the tent during the conference.

59. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Brutus and Cassius’s disagreement?
A. Cassius openly expresses his grievance.
B. Brutus does not want the quarrel to be displayed before both armies.
C. They agree to discuss the matter privately.
D. They immediately settle the disagreement before the soldiers.
Ans. D. They immediately settle the disagreement before the soldiers.

60. Which statement is NOT TRUE about the ending of the extract?
A. The commanders are moved away.
B. The private conference is about to begin.
C. Lucius and Titinius are appointed to guard the door.
D. Brutus and Cassius lead their armies into battle immediately.
Ans. D. Brutus and Cassius lead their armies into battle immediately.

“WHO SAID?” / “WHO SAID TO WHOM?”

1. “Stand, ho!” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius, Lucius, the soldiers, Titinius and Pindarus.

2. “Give the word, ho! and stand.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Lucilius said this to Brutus and the soldiers.

3. “What now, Lucilius! is Cassius near?” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

4. “He is at hand; and Pindarus is come / To do you salutation from his master.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Lucilius said this to Brutus.

5. “He greets me well.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Pindarus.

6. “Your master, Pindarus, / In his own change, or by ill officers…” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Pindarus.

7. “Hath given me some worthy cause to wish / Things done, undone.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Pindarus.

8. “But, if he be at hand, / I shall be satisfied.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Pindarus.

9. “I do not doubt / But that my noble master will appear / Such as he is, full of regard and honour.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Pindarus said this to Brutus.

10. “He is not doubted.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Pindarus.

11. “How he received you, let me be resolved.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

12. “With courtesy and with respect enough.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Lucilius said this to Brutus.

13. “But not with such familiar instances, / Nor with such free and friendly conference, / As he hath used of old.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Lucilius said this to Brutus.

14. “Thou hast described / A hot friend cooling.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

15. “When love begins to sicken and decay, / It useth an enforced ceremony.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

16. “There are no tricks in plain and simple faith.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

17. “But hollow men, like horses hot at hand, / Make gallant show and promise of their mettle.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

18. “But when they should endure the bloody spur, / They fall their crests.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

19. “Like deceitful jades, / Sink in the trial.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

20. “Comes his army on?” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

21. “They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter’d.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Lucilius said this to Brutus.

22. “The greater part, the horse in general, / Are come with Cassius.” Who said this?
Ans. Lucilius said this to Brutus.

23. “Hark! he is arrived.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

24. “March gently on to meet him.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to his men.

25. “Stand, ho!” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus’s men and his own forces.

26. “Stand, ho! Speak the word along.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to his soldiers.

27. “Stand!” Who said this?
Ans. The First Soldier said this.

28. “Stand!” Who said this?
Ans. The Second Soldier said this.

29. “Stand!” Who said this?
Ans. The Third Soldier said this.

30. “Most noble brother, you have done me wrong.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

31. “Judge me, you gods! wrong I mine enemies?” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

32. “And, if not so, how should I wrong a brother?” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

33. “Brutus, this sober form of yours hides wrongs.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

34. “And when you do them—” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

35. “Cassius, be content.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

36. “Speak your griefs softly: I do know you well.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

37. “Before the eyes of both our armies here, / Which should perceive nothing but love from us…” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

38. “Let us not wrangle: bid them move away.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

39. “Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

40. “And I will give you audience.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

41. “Pindarus, / Bid our commanders lead their charges off / A little from this ground.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Cassius said this to Pindarus.

42. “Lucilius, do you the like.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

43. “And let no man / Come to our tent till we have done our conference.” Who said this?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius.

44. “Let Lucius and Titinius guard our door.” Who said this? To whom?
Ans. Brutus said this to Lucilius

ONE-MARK QUESTIONS

1. Where does Act IV, Scene 2 take place?
Ans. It takes place at a camp near Sardis, before Brutus’s tent.

2. Who enter at the beginning of Scene 2?
Ans. Brutus, Lucilius, Lucius and soldiers enter.

3. Who meet Brutus and his group?
Ans. Titinius and Pindarus meet them.

4. What does Brutus order at the beginning of the scene?
Ans. He orders the approaching people to stop.

5. What does Lucilius ask them to do?
Ans. He asks them to give the word, or password, and stand.

6. Whom does Brutus ask about?
Ans. He asks Lucilius whether Cassius is near.

7. What does Lucilius say about Cassius?
Ans. He says that Cassius is nearby.

8. Who has come to greet Brutus on Cassius’s behalf?
Ans. Pindarus has come to greet Brutus on Cassius’s behalf.

9. What does Brutus say about Cassius’s greeting?
Ans. He says that Cassius greets him well.

10. What has Cassius given Brutus cause to wish?
Ans. Cassius has given Brutus cause to wish that some things had been done differently or undone.

11. What two possible reasons does Brutus suggest for Cassius’s changed behaviour?
Ans. He suggests that Cassius himself may have changed or that his officers may have behaved badly.

12. What does Brutus say will satisfy him?
Ans. He says that he will be satisfied if Cassius is nearby and he can meet him.

13. What does Pindarus say about his master?
Ans. He says that his noble master will appear as a man full of regard and honour.

14. How does Pindarus describe Cassius?
Ans. He describes Cassius as noble, respectful and honourable.

15. What does Brutus ask Lucilius to tell him?
Ans. He asks Lucilius how Cassius received him.

16. How did Cassius receive Lucilius?
Ans. Cassius received him with courtesy and sufficient respect.

17. What was missing from Cassius’s behaviour towards Lucilius?
Ans. He was not as familiar, open and friendly as he had been in the past.

18. How does Lucilius describe Cassius’s former behaviour?
Ans. He says that Cassius formerly spoke and behaved with greater familiarity and friendliness.

19. What does Brutus say Lucilius has described?
Ans. He says that Lucilius has described a friend whose warmth is becoming weaker.

20. What does Brutus say happens when love begins to decay?
Ans. He says that it uses forced or unnatural politeness.

21. What does Brutus say about plain and simple faith?
Ans. He says that there are no tricks in plain and simple faith.

22. Whom does Brutus compare false or insincere men to?
Ans. He compares them to horses that are lively when first handled.

23. What do such men show at first?
Ans. They make an impressive show and promise to be strong and capable.

24. What happens to them when they are tested?
Ans. They lose their confidence and fail when they have to face hardship.

25. What does Brutus compare such men to when they fail?
Ans. He compares them to deceitful and unreliable horses.

26. What does Brutus ask about Cassius’s army?
Ans. He asks whether Cassius’s army is advancing.

27. When does Cassius’s army intend to be quartered at Sardis?
Ans. It intends to be quartered at Sardis that night.

28. Which part of Cassius’s army has already arrived?
Ans. The greater part, especially the cavalry, has arrived with Cassius.

29. What does Brutus hear after Lucilius speaks about Cassius’s army?
Ans. He hears that Cassius has arrived.

30. What does Brutus order his men to do?
Ans. He orders them to march gently forward to meet Cassius.

31. Who enters with his forces?
Ans. Cassius enters with his forces.

32. What does Cassius order his men to do?
Ans. He orders them to stand.

33. What does Brutus ask the soldiers to pass along?
Ans. He asks them to pass the password along.

34. What do the first three soldiers say?
Ans. Each of them says, “Stand!”

35. What does Cassius accuse Brutus of doing?
Ans. Cassius accuses Brutus of having wronged him.

36. How does Cassius address Brutus?
Ans. He addresses Brutus as his noble brother.

37. What does Brutus say in response to Cassius’s accusation?
Ans. Brutus calls upon the gods to judge him and asks how he could wrong a brother.

38. What does Brutus say about wronging his enemies?
Ans. He asks whether he would wrong even his enemies and therefore questions how he could wrong a brother.

39. What does Cassius say about Brutus’s serious manner?
Ans. He says that Brutus’s calm and serious manner hides the wrongs he has done.

40. What does Cassius begin to say about Brutus’s actions?
Ans. He begins to explain that Brutus commits wrongs despite his serious appearance.

41. What does Brutus ask Cassius to do?
Ans. He asks Cassius to remain calm and speak about his complaints quietly.

42. Why does Brutus ask Cassius to speak softly?
Ans. He does not want their disagreement to become a public quarrel before both armies.

43. What does Brutus say he knows about Cassius?
Ans. He says that he knows Cassius well.

44. What do both armies see before them?
Ans. They see Brutus and Cassius together.

45. What should both armies perceive between Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. They should perceive nothing but love between them.

46. What does Brutus ask them not to do before the armies?
Ans. He asks them not to quarrel before the armies.

47. What does Brutus ask Cassius to do with his soldiers?
Ans. He asks Cassius to order his soldiers to move away.

48. Where does Brutus propose that he and Cassius discuss their grievances?
Ans. He proposes that they discuss them inside his tent.

49. What does Brutus promise to do when Cassius explains his grievances?
Ans. He promises to listen to Cassius.

50. What does Cassius order Pindarus to do?
Ans. He orders Pindarus to tell their commanders to move their soldiers away from the place.

51. How far does Cassius ask the soldiers to move?
Ans. He asks them to move a little away from the ground where they are standing.

52. Whom does Brutus ask to do the same?
Ans. He asks Lucilius to do the same.

53. What does Brutus order about people coming to the tent?
Ans. He orders that no one should come to the tent until their discussion is finished.

54. Who are ordered to guard the door?
Ans. Lucius and Titinius are ordered to guard the door.

55. Why does Brutus want the armies moved away?
Ans. He wants to prevent the armies from witnessing their disagreement.

56. Why does Brutus want to discuss Cassius’s grievances privately?
Ans. He wants to settle the matter privately rather than quarrel before their armies.

57. What change does Lucilius notice in Cassius?
Ans. He notices that Cassius is no longer as familiar and friendly as he used to be.

58. What does Brutus associate forced politeness with?
Ans. He associates it with the decline of love or friendship.

59. What does Brutus say sincere faith contains?
Ans. He says that plain and simple faith contains no tricks.

60. What kind of people make an impressive show at first, according to Brutus?
Ans. Hollow or insincere people make an impressive show at first.

61. What happens when such people face the “bloody spur”?
Ans. They lose their confidence and fail when tested.

62. What does Lucilius say about the cavalry?
Ans. He says that most of the cavalry has arrived with Cassius.

63. Who arrives with the greater part of the cavalry?
Ans. Cassius arrives with the greater part of the cavalry.

64. What does Brutus call Cassius?
Ans. Brutus refers to Cassius as his brother.

65. What does Cassius call Brutus?
Ans. Cassius calls Brutus his noble brother.

66. What is the main complaint Cassius has against Brutus?
Ans. Cassius says that Brutus has wronged him.

67. What does Brutus want the armies to think about their relationship?
Ans. He wants the armies to see only love between him and Cassius.

68. What does Brutus call Cassius’s complaints?
Ans. He calls them Cassius’s “griefs.”

69. What does Brutus ask Cassius to do with his “griefs”?
Ans. He asks Cassius to explain them fully inside the tent.

70. What does “give you audience” mean in Brutus’s speech?
Ans. It means that Brutus will listen to Cassius’s complaints.

71. Who is asked to lead Cassius’s soldiers away?
Ans. Cassius asks Pindarus to have the commanders lead them away.

72. Who is asked to lead Brutus’s soldiers away?
Ans. Brutus asks Lucilius to do so.

73. What is the purpose of guarding the tent door?
Ans. Lucius and Titinius are to prevent anyone from coming to the tent while Brutus and Cassius are discussing their grievances.

74. Who are to remain outside and guard the tent?
Ans. Lucius and Titinius are to guard the door.

75. What does the ending of the scene show about Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. It shows that they intend to discuss and settle their grievances privately.

76. What does Brutus value in his relationship with Cassius?
Ans. He values the appearance of love and friendship between them before their armies.

77. What does Lucilius’s observation suggest about Cassius’s present attitude?
Ans. It suggests that Cassius has become less familiar and friendly towards Brutus’s side.

78. What does Brutus want to avoid in front of the armies?
Ans. He wants to avoid a quarrel between himself and Cassius.

79. What does Brutus say should be shown to the armies instead of disagreement?
Ans. He says that the armies should see only love between them.

80. What happens immediately before Cassius and Brutus begin their private discussion?
Ans. They order their soldiers to move away and appoint Lucius and Titinius to guard the tent.

81. What does the word “ceremony” suggest in Brutus’s speech?
Ans. It suggests formal politeness that replaces natural friendship.

82. What does Brutus say about men who are “hollow”?
Ans. He says that they may make a fine show but fail when they are truly tested.

83. What does Brutus ask after speaking about unreliable men?
Ans. He asks whether Cassius’s army is advancing.

84. What does Lucilius say about the timing of Cassius’s army being quartered?
Ans. He says that it is to be quartered at Sardis that night.

85. What does Brutus do when he learns that Cassius has arrived?
Ans. He moves forward gently to meet Cassius.

86. What does Cassius do when he meets Brutus?
Ans. He immediately tells Brutus that Brutus has wronged him.

87. How does Brutus defend himself against Cassius’s accusation?
Ans. He says that he could not have wronged a brother.

88. Why does Brutus refuse to argue publicly?
Ans. He refuses because both armies are watching them.

89. What does Brutus want to protect before the two armies?
Ans. He wants to protect the appearance of love and unity between himself and Cassius.

90. What does the final stage direction indicate?
Ans. It indicates that the characters leave after arranging to discuss their grievances privately.

THREE-MARK QUESTIONS

1. Why does Brutus ask Lucilius whether Cassius is near? What does Lucilius tell him?
Ans. Brutus asks Lucilius whether Cassius is nearby. Lucilius replies that Cassius is at hand and that Pindarus has come to greet Brutus on his master’s behalf. Brutus welcomes the greeting but indicates that Cassius’s recent behaviour has given him some reason for dissatisfaction. He says that he will be satisfied if Cassius is nearby and can be met.

2. What does Brutus say about Cassius’s recent behaviour?
Ans. Brutus says that Cassius, either because he himself has changed or because of the actions of his officers, has given him sufficient reason to wish that some things had been done differently or undone. Brutus does not completely reject Cassius, however. He says that if Cassius is nearby, he will be satisfied, suggesting that he wants to discuss the matter personally.

3. How does Pindarus describe Cassius to Brutus?
Ans. Pindarus says that he has no doubt that his noble master, Cassius, will appear as he truly is—full of regard and honour. He presents Cassius as a respectful and honourable man. His words suggest that Brutus should not doubt Cassius’s character or intentions despite the concerns that have arisen between the two leaders.

4. How did Cassius receive Lucilius, according to Lucilius?
Ans. Lucilius says that Cassius received him with sufficient courtesy and respect. However, Cassius was not as familiar with him as he had been earlier. He did not speak as freely or maintain the same friendly conversation that he had used in the past. Lucilius therefore notices a clear change in Cassius’s manner towards him.

5. What does Brutus infer from Lucilius’s description of Cassius?
Ans. Brutus concludes that Cassius is like a friend whose former warmth is gradually disappearing. He says that when love or friendship begins to weaken, people often use forced politeness instead of natural friendliness. Thus, Brutus understands Cassius’s formal behaviour as a sign that their earlier closeness and affection have begun to decline.

6. Explain Brutus’s statement, “There are no tricks in plain and simple faith.”
Ans. Brutus means that genuine friendship and simple faithfulness do not involve deception or artificial behaviour. A truly sincere person does not need to pretend or use tricks. His statement contrasts honest friendship with the behaviour of people who appear impressive and confident but may prove unreliable when they are actually tested.

7. How does Brutus compare insincere men with horses?
Ans. Brutus compares insincere men with horses that appear energetic and impressive when first handled. Such horses make a fine display and seem to promise great strength. However, when they have to endure the spur and face a real test, they lose their confidence and fail. Similarly, unreliable men may appear impressive but fail under pressure.

8. What does Brutus ask Lucilius about Cassius’s army? What answer does he receive?
Ans. Brutus asks whether Cassius’s army is advancing. Lucilius replies that the army intends to be quartered at Sardis that night. He adds that the greater part of the army, especially the cavalry, has already arrived with Cassius. Thus, Brutus learns that Cassius and much of his army are already nearby.

9. Why does Brutus say, “Hark! he is arrived”? What does he ask his men to do?
Ans. Brutus hears that Cassius has arrived and immediately recognises his presence. He tells his men to march gently forward to meet Cassius. His instruction shows that he wants to meet Cassius calmly rather than create unnecessary tension. Soon afterwards, Cassius enters with his forces, and the two leaders come face to face.

10. What happens when Cassius and Brutus meet?
Ans. When Cassius and Brutus meet, Cassius immediately tells Brutus that he has wronged him. Brutus calls upon the gods to judge him and questions how he could wrong a brother. Cassius then begins to accuse Brutus of hiding his wrongs behind a serious manner. Brutus stops the public disagreement and proposes a private discussion.

11. What accusation does Cassius make against Brutus? How does Brutus respond?
Ans. Cassius directly accuses Brutus of having wronged him. Brutus responds by calling upon the gods to judge him and asks whether he would wrong even his enemies, much less a brother. His response suggests that he does not accept Cassius’s accusation and believes that he has not deliberately treated Cassius unjustly.

12. What does Cassius mean when he says that Brutus’s “sober form” hides wrongs?
Ans. Cassius means that Brutus’s calm and serious outward manner conceals the wrongs that he believes Brutus has committed. According to Cassius, Brutus may appear controlled and respectable while still doing things that hurt or offend him. Cassius begins to explain these grievances, but Brutus interrupts him and asks him to speak privately.

13. Why does Brutus ask Cassius to speak his grievances softly?
Ans. Brutus asks Cassius to speak softly because both of their armies are present and watching them. He does not want their disagreement to become a public quarrel. Brutus says that the armies should see nothing but love between their leaders. He therefore proposes that Cassius’s grievances should be discussed privately inside his tent.

14. Why does Brutus not want to quarrel before both armies?
Ans. Brutus does not want the two armies to witness a disagreement between their leaders. He believes that the soldiers should see only love and unity between Brutus and Cassius. A public quarrel could show division between them. Therefore, he asks the armies to move away so that he and Cassius can discuss their grievances privately.

15. What does Brutus promise Cassius regarding his grievances?
Ans. Brutus promises that Cassius may fully explain his grievances inside Brutus’s tent. He says that he will give Cassius an audience, meaning that he will listen to what Cassius has to say. Thus, although Brutus does not want a public quarrel, he is willing to hear Cassius’s complaints and discuss them privately.

16. What does Cassius order Pindarus to do?
Ans. Cassius orders Pindarus to tell their commanders to lead their soldiers a little away from the ground where Brutus and Cassius are standing. This will give the two leaders privacy to discuss their disagreement. Cassius follows Brutus’s suggestion that their armies should not remain close while they settle their personal grievances.

17. What orders does Brutus give Lucilius and the guards?
Ans. Brutus tells Lucilius to do the same as Cassius’s commanders and move the soldiers away. He also orders that nobody should come to the tent until the discussion is finished. Finally, he tells Lucius and Titinius to guard the door. These arrangements ensure that Brutus and Cassius can discuss their grievances privately.

18. Why are Lucius and Titinius asked to guard the tent?
Ans. Lucius and Titinius are asked to guard the door so that no one enters the tent while Brutus and Cassius are discussing their grievances. Brutus wants their conversation to remain private. The order also ensures that the two leaders can settle their disagreement without interference from the soldiers or other people.

19. What change in Cassius’s behaviour does Lucilius notice?
Ans. Lucilius notices that Cassius is still courteous and respectful but is no longer as familiar, open and friendly as he used to be. His behaviour has become more formal. Brutus interprets this change as evidence that their friendship has begun to weaken, because declining affection often produces forced politeness rather than natural friendliness.

20. What does Brutus mean by “A hot friend cooling”?
Ans. By “A hot friend cooling,” Brutus means that a person who was once warm, affectionate and friendly is gradually becoming less friendly. He applies this idea to Cassius, whose present behaviour towards Lucilius is more formal than before. Brutus sees this change in behaviour as a sign that Cassius’s affection and friendship are weakening.

21. What lesson does Brutus draw about friendship from Cassius’s behaviour?
Ans. Brutus observes that when friendship or affection begins to weaken, people often become formally polite rather than naturally warm. He says that sincere faith has no tricks, while false or hollow people may make impressive appearances but fail when tested. Thus, he connects genuine friendship with simplicity and false friendship with artificial behaviour.

22. What does Lucilius tell Brutus about the arrival of Cassius’s army?
Ans. Lucilius tells Brutus that Cassius’s army intends to be quartered at Sardis that night. He adds that the greater part of the army, particularly the cavalry, has already arrived with Cassius. This information confirms that Cassius is nearby with a substantial part of his forces and is ready to remain at Sardis.

23. Why does Brutus call Cassius his “brother”?
Ans. Brutus calls Cassius his brother to express the close bond between them. Even when Cassius accuses him of wrongdoing, Brutus questions how he could wrong a brother. Later, he also insists that their armies should see nothing but love between them. His words show that he wishes to preserve their relationship despite their disagreement.

24. What does Cassius mean by saying, “Most noble brother, you have done me wrong”?
Ans. Cassius respectfully addresses Brutus as his noble brother but immediately accuses him of having wronged him. His words show that he feels offended or unjustly treated by Brutus. Although he still uses the affectionate term “brother,” he wants Brutus to recognise and address the grievance that has caused tension between them.

25. How does Brutus attempt to control the disagreement with Cassius?
Ans. Brutus asks Cassius to remain calm and speak softly. He reminds him that both armies are watching them and should see only love between their leaders. He then suggests that the soldiers should move away and that Cassius should explain his grievances privately inside the tent. Thus, Brutus prevents the disagreement from becoming a public quarrel.

26. What is the importance of the final arrangements made by Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. The final arrangements create privacy for Brutus and Cassius to discuss their disagreement. Cassius orders his commanders to move the soldiers away, while Brutus gives the same instruction to Lucilius. Brutus also orders Lucius and Titinius to guard the door and prevent anyone from entering. The scene therefore ends with preparations for a private discussion.

FOUR-MARK QUESTIONS

1. What does Lucilius tell Brutus about Cassius when Brutus asks whether he is near?
Ans. Lucilius tells Brutus that Cassius is nearby and that Pindarus has come to greet Brutus on his master’s behalf. Brutus welcomes the greeting but says that Cassius, either because of a change in himself or because of bad officers, has given him reason to wish that certain things had been done differently. However, Brutus says he will be satisfied if Cassius is indeed near.

2. Why does Brutus say that Cassius has given him “worthy cause to wish / Things done, undone”?
Ans. Brutus feels that something has changed in Cassius or that Cassius’s officers have behaved badly. Because of this, Cassius has given Brutus sufficient reason to regret that certain things were done and to wish that they had not been done. Nevertheless, Brutus does not immediately accuse Cassius. He says that if Cassius is present, he will be satisfied.

3. What assurance does Pindarus give Brutus about Cassius?
Ans. Pindarus expresses confidence that his noble master, Cassius, will appear before Brutus as a man full of regard and honour. His words are meant to reassure Brutus that Cassius still possesses respect and honour towards him. Brutus accepts this assurance and does not question Cassius’s honour. Instead, he asks Lucilius to tell him more about how Cassius received him.

4. How does Lucilius describe Cassius’s behaviour towards him?
Ans. Lucilius says that Cassius received him with enough courtesy and respect. However, Cassius did not show the same familiarity, openness or friendly conversation that he had shown in the past. Thus, although Cassius remained polite and respectful, Lucilius noticed a clear reduction in personal warmth and friendly interaction compared with earlier times.

5. What does Brutus mean by calling Cassius “A hot friend cooling”?
Ans. Brutus means that Cassius, who was once a warm and close friend, now appears to be becoming distant. He observes that when love or friendship begins to weaken, people often replace natural affection with forced formal behaviour. Lucilius’s description of Cassius’s reduced friendliness confirms Brutus’s feeling that Cassius’s earlier warmth towards him has declined.

6. How does Brutus distinguish between genuine friendship and false friendship?
Ans. Brutus says that true and simple faith contains no tricks. In contrast, false or “hollow” people make a fine show of their abilities and promise much when circumstances are easy. However, when they face real difficulty or pressure, they fail. Through this comparison, Brutus suggests that genuine friendship remains firm under trial, whereas false friendship collapses when tested.

7. Explain Brutus’s comparison of hollow men with horses.
Ans. Brutus compares hollow men with horses that appear energetic and impressive when they are merely being held. Such horses show their strength and promise great performance. But when they have to endure the spur and actually perform, they lose their proud appearance and fail. Brutus uses this comparison to show that people who merely appear strong or loyal may prove unreliable when faced with serious difficulties.

8. What does Brutus ask Lucilius about Cassius’s army? What answer does he receive?
Ans. Brutus asks whether Cassius’s army is approaching. Lucilius replies that the army intends to be quartered at Sardis that night. He adds that the greater part of the army, especially the cavalry, has already arrived with Cassius. Thus, Lucilius informs Brutus that Cassius and a substantial portion of his forces are already nearby.

9. What does Brutus mean when he says, “Hark! he is arrived”? What does he then instruct his men to do?
Ans. Brutus hears the approaching army and realizes that Cassius has arrived. He tells his men to march gently forward to meet Cassius. The instruction follows Lucilius’s information that most of Cassius’s cavalry has already arrived. Brutus therefore prepares to meet Cassius personally as his army approaches the camp.

10. What happens when Cassius and his forces meet Brutus and his men?
Ans. When Cassius and his forces arrive, Cassius gives the command, “Stand, ho!” Brutus repeats the command and asks that the word be passed along. Three soldiers successively repeat “Stand!” Immediately afterwards, Cassius addresses Brutus as his noble brother and accuses him of having wronged him. This begins the personal disagreement between the two leaders.

11. How does Cassius begin his confrontation with Brutus? How does Brutus respond?
Ans. Cassius begins by addressing Brutus as his “most noble brother” and directly states that Brutus has wronged him. Brutus responds by calling upon the gods to judge him and questions how he could wrong his enemies, and, if he did not wrong them, how he could wrong a brother. Thus, Brutus immediately challenges Cassius’s accusation.

12. What does Cassius mean when he says that Brutus’s “sober form” hides wrongs?
Ans. Cassius means that Brutus’s calm and serious manner does not prevent him from committing wrongs against Cassius. Cassius suggests that Brutus’s outwardly controlled appearance conceals actions that have hurt him. He begins to explain these grievances, but Brutus interrupts and asks him to remain calm and discuss the matter privately rather than quarrelling before both armies.

13. Why does Brutus ask Cassius to speak his grievances softly and privately?
Ans. Brutus does not want the two armies to witness a quarrel between their leaders. He says that both armies should see nothing but love between Brutus and Cassius. He therefore asks Cassius to let his men move away and promises to hear Cassius’s grievances inside his tent. Brutus wants their disagreement to be settled privately and without damaging their appearance of unity.

14. What does Brutus mean by saying that both armies “should perceive nothing but love from us”?
Ans. Brutus means that, despite their personal disagreement, the soldiers of both armies should see Brutus and Cassius displaying friendship and unity. He does not want their quarrel to become visible to their followers. Therefore, he suggests that the armies should move away while he and Cassius discuss their grievances privately inside his tent.

15. What arrangement do Brutus and Cassius make before entering Brutus’s tent?
Ans. Cassius orders Pindarus to tell their commanders to move their troops a little away from the present ground. Brutus gives a similar instruction to Lucilius and orders that nobody should come to their tent until their discussion is finished. He further instructs Lucius and Titinius to guard the door. Thus, they arrange complete privacy for their conference.
16. How does the opening of Scene 2 prepare the audience for the meeting between Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. The opening shows that Brutus already feels something has changed in Cassius. Lucilius reports that Cassius was courteous but no longer as familiar and friendly as before. Brutus interprets this as a sign of cooling friendship. Soon Cassius arrives and openly accuses Brutus of wronging him. These exchanges prepare the audience for a serious private confrontation between the two leaders.
17. How does Lucilius’s report influence Brutus’s understanding of Cassius’s behaviour?
Ans. Lucilius reports that Cassius was respectful but less familiar and friendly than he had been in the past. Brutus immediately interprets this change as evidence that their friendship is cooling. He explains that when genuine affection weakens, people often adopt forced formal behaviour. Lucilius’s report therefore strengthens Brutus’s impression that Cassius is no longer as warm towards him as before.
18. Why does Brutus not immediately quarrel with Cassius when Cassius accuses him?
Ans. Brutus refuses to quarrel publicly because both armies are present. He believes that their soldiers should see only love and unity between their commanders. He therefore asks Cassius to speak his grievances softly and proposes that they continue the discussion inside his tent. Brutus promises to listen to Cassius there, making it possible for them to discuss their disagreement privately.
19. What is the significance of the repeated command “Stand!” when Cassius’s forces arrive?
Ans. The repeated command establishes the military setting as Cassius’s forces meet Brutus’s men. Cassius first gives the command, Brutus repeats it and asks that it be passed along, and three soldiers repeat “Stand!” in succession. Immediately after this formal military exchange, Cassius raises a personal complaint against Brutus. The scene therefore moves from military formality to personal conflict.
20. How does Scene 2 show that Brutus and Cassius still maintain outward respect despite their disagreement?
Ans. Cassius addresses Brutus as “Most noble brother,” while Brutus continues to address Cassius directly and respectfully. Even when Cassius accuses him of wrongdoing, Brutus does not insult him. Instead, he asks him to speak softly and promises to hear his grievances privately. Their words show that, despite serious disagreement, they maintain a degree of mutual respect before their armies.

REFERENCE TO CONTEXT

EXTRACT 1

Brutus. He greets me well. Your master, Pindarus,
In his own change, or by ill officers,
Hath given me some worthy cause to wish
Things done, undone: but, if he be at hand,
I shall be satisfied.

Pindarus. I do not doubt
But that my noble master will appear
Such as he is, full of regard and honour.

Questions and answers:

i. Who is Brutus referring to as “your master”? What has this person done that causes Brutus to wish that “Things done” were “undone”? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus is referring to Cassius, Pindarus’s master. Cassius has apparently changed his attitude towards Brutus or has been influenced by dishonest officers. His actions have caused Brutus to regret certain decisions or events that have taken place. Brutus feels troubled by Cassius’s behaviour and wants the matter to be corrected.

ii. What does Brutus mean by “In his own change, or by ill officers”? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus means that either Cassius himself has changed in his behaviour towards him or that Cassius’s dishonest and incompetent officers have caused the problem. Brutus is uncertain about the exact reason for Cassius’s conduct. He therefore leaves open both possibilities while expressing his disappointment with the situation.

iii. What does Brutus mean when he says, “if he be at hand, I shall be satisfied”? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus means that if Cassius is nearby and comes to meet him, he will be able to discuss the matter directly with him. Brutus believes that a personal conversation will clear up the misunderstanding and remove his doubts. He is therefore willing to settle the matter peacefully through direct communication.

iv. What does Pindarus say about his master, Cassius? What does this reveal about Pindarus’s attitude towards him? [3 Marks]
Ans. Pindarus confidently says that Cassius will appear as he truly is—noble, respectful and honourable. His words show that he has great respect and loyalty towards Cassius. He does not believe that Cassius has intentionally behaved dishonourably towards Brutus and expects his master to maintain his dignity.

v. What does this extract reveal about Brutus’s character and his relationship with Cassius? [4 Marks]
Ans. The extract shows Brutus as a thoughtful and reasonable man who prefers to resolve disagreements through discussion rather than anger. Although Cassius’s behaviour has disappointed him, Brutus is ready to hear his explanation before judging him. His willingness to meet Cassius shows that their relationship, despite recent tension, is based on mutual respect and a desire to restore harmony.

EXTRACT 2

Brutus. Thou hast described
A hot friend cooling: ever note, Lucilius,
When love begins to sicken and decay,
It useth an enforced ceremony.
There are no tricks in plain and simple faith;
But hollow men, like horses hot at hand,
Make gallant show and promise of their mettle;
But when they should endure the bloody spur,
They fall their crests, and, like deceitful jades,
Sink in the trial. Comes his army on?

Lucilius. They mean this night in Sardis to be quarter'd;
The greater part, the horse in general,
Are come with Cassius.

Questions and answers:

i. What does Brutus mean by “A hot friend cooling”? To whom is he referring? [3 Marks]
Ans. By “A hot friend cooling,” Brutus means a friend whose affection and loyalty are gradually becoming weaker. He is referring to Cassius, whose behaviour towards Brutus has recently changed. Brutus feels that Cassius, once warm and affectionate towards him, has now become distant and less friendly because of their disagreement.

ii. What does Brutus mean by “When love begins to sicken and decay, / It useth an enforced ceremony”? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus means that when genuine affection between friends begins to disappear, people often maintain outward politeness merely as a formality. Their behaviour may still appear respectful, but their feelings are no longer sincere. Thus, Brutus believes that Cassius’s courteous behaviour may be a sign that their friendship is weakening.

iii. Explain the comparison of “hollow men” to horses. What does Brutus suggest through this comparison? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus compares insincere people to horses that appear energetic and impressive when they are first shown. Such people make a fine display and promise great things, but they fail when tested by difficulties. Brutus suggests that true character is revealed during hardship, while hollow people cannot withstand pressure or prove their worth.

iv. What does Lucilius report about Cassius’s army? What does this indicate about Cassius’s military position? [3 Marks]
Ans. Lucilius reports that Cassius’s army is arriving at Sardis, where they intend to stay for the night. Most of the cavalry has already arrived with Cassius. This indicates that Cassius has successfully brought a substantial military force to Sardis and is prepared to join Brutus’s forces.

v. How does this extract reveal Brutus’s understanding of friendship and human nature? [4 Marks]
Ans. Brutus believes that genuine friendship is based on simple and sincere faith, without artificial behaviour or pretence. He understands that when affection begins to fade, people often hide their true feelings behind formal politeness. His comparison of insincere people to unreliable horses shows his belief that a person’s true worth is revealed when tested by difficulties and challenges.

EXTRACT 3

Brutus. Cassius, be content.
Speak your griefs softly: I do know you well.
Before the eyes of both our armies here,
Which should perceive nothing but love from us,
Let us not wrangle: bid them move away;
Then in my tent, Cassius, enlarge your griefs,
And I will give you audience.

Cassius. Pindarus,
Bid our commanders lead their charges off
A little from this ground.

Brutus. Lucilius, do you the like; and let no man
Come to our tent till we have done our conference.
Let Lucius and Tintinius guard our door.

Questions and answers:

i. Why does Brutus ask Cassius to “speak your griefs softly”? What does he suggest doing before discussing their disagreement? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus asks Cassius to speak quietly because both their armies are present and should not witness their disagreement. He wants the soldiers to see only friendship and unity between their commanders. He therefore suggests that they move away from the armies and discuss their grievances privately in his tent.

ii. What does Brutus mean by saying that their armies “should perceive nothing but love from us”? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus means that their soldiers should see only friendship, unity and mutual respect between their leaders. Their armies must not become aware of their personal quarrel because it could weaken their confidence and damage the unity of their forces. Brutus therefore wants to conceal their disagreement from the soldiers.

iii. Why does Cassius ask Pindarus to move the commanders away? What does this reveal about him? [3 Marks]
Ans. Cassius asks Pindarus to order the commanders to move their troops away from the place. He agrees with Brutus that their quarrel should be discussed privately rather than before their armies. This shows that although Cassius is angry and emotional, he is sensible enough to understand the importance of maintaining military discipline and unity.

iv. What arrangements does Brutus make before entering his tent with Cassius? Why are they necessary? [3 Marks]
Ans. Brutus asks Lucilius to move the troops away and orders that no one should enter the tent while he and Cassius are discussing their disagreement. He appoints Lucius and Titinius to guard the entrance. These arrangements ensure privacy and prevent others from hearing their personal conversation.

v. What does this extract reveal about Brutus’s leadership and his attitude towards his disagreement with Cassius? [4 Marks]
Ans. Brutus demonstrates calm, responsible and diplomatic leadership. Although he is angry with Cassius, he does not want their quarrel to be witnessed by their soldiers. He understands that their unity is essential for the success of their army. He therefore chooses to settle the disagreement privately through a calm discussion, showing maturity and concern for both friendship and military discipline.