JULIUS CAESAR, ACT IV, SCENE 3, PART 3, EVERGREEN PAGE 166 TO 172

Approximately a more accurate one though not 100% genuine one

Before reading the text of the 3rd part of the play.....

**************1. Was actually Antony’s army going through the regions that Brutus says and argues?

Ans. No, Antony’s army was not actually going through the regions Brutus claims. Historically and geographically, Brutus’s specific argument about the enemy's route is a massive factual error.

In the play, Brutus argues that they must march because the enemy is coming through regions filled with locals who will "make a fuller number up" and reinforce them. In reality, the geography of the war dictated a completely different situation. [1]

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The Reality of the Two Paths

The table below breaks down the actual paths of both armies leading to the clash at Philippi: [1]

Aspect	What Brutus Argues / Fears	What Was Actually Happening
Antony's Route	Brutus fears Antony is marching through the regions directly surrounding their camp in Asia Minor (Thrace/Macedonia border), gathering local recruits.	Antony and Octavian sailed from Italy across the Adriatic Sea. They marched West-to-East along the Via Egnatia through western Macedonia.
Local Allegiances	Brutus claims the locals have "forced affection" for the conspirators and will willingly join Antony.	The local populations in eastern Macedonia and Thrace were already heavily subdued or milked dry by Brutus and Cassius for funds. They were not a resting reservoir of fresh troops waiting to jump into Antony's ranks.
The Supply Factor	Brutus fears the enemy will arrive "refresh'd, new-added, and encourag'd".	Antony’s army was actually starving and deeply extended. Because the conspirators' navy blockaded the Adriatic and Aegean seas, Antony could not get supplies from Rome. The further east Antony marched, the hungrier his troops became.

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Why Brutus's Argument Was Logistically Wrong

• Antony Was Not Recruiting from "Their" People: Antony’s army was moving along a paved military highway (the Via Egnatia). He brought highly experienced, loyal Roman legions directly from the western empire. He was not stopping to build an amateur army out of the Greek and Thracian locals that Brutus was worried about. [1, 2]
• The Enemy Was Starving, Not "Refreshing": By the time Antony and Octavian reached the plains of Philippi, their logistical situation was desperate. They had no major supply lines. Had Brutus listened to Cassius and stayed securely behind the sea and mountain barriers of Asia Minor, Antony's army would have likely faced mass starvation or mutiny without Brutus ever needing to draw a sword. [1, 2]

Summary

Brutus hallucinates a geographic threat. He imagines Antony smoothly gathering an army out of the local populace, when in reality, Antony was dragging a exhausted, supply-deprived army through the rugged mountains of the Balkans. Brutus's incorrect assumption effectively rescued Antony from a logistical nightmare.

**************2. From geographical point of view, how practical is Brutus’s view? Brutus: “Good reasons must, of force, give place to better. The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground Do stand but in a forced affection; For they have grudged us contribution: The enemy, marching along by them, By them shall make a fuller number up, Come on refresh'd, new-added, and encouraged; From which advantage shall we cut him off, If at Philippi we do face him there, These people at our back.”

Ans. From a geographical and strategic point of view, Brutus's view is highly impractical, fundamentally flawed, and ignores the massive logistical advantages his army possessed.

In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Brutus and Cassius are stationed in Asia Minor (Sardis, in modern-day Turkey). Antony and Octavian are advancing through Greece. Brutus argues that they must march across the Aegean/Balkans to meet the enemy at Philippi (in northeastern Greece) to prevent the enemy from gathering recruits and supplies along the way. [1]

While Brutus’s psychological assessment of the local population is accurate, his geographical strategy is disastrous when evaluated against real-world military logistics.

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Strategic Breakdown: Brutus vs. Cassius

Attribute	Brutus's Plan (March to Philippi)	Cassius's Counter-Plan (Defend / Wait)
Geographical Position	Offensive March: Abandons highly fortified, well-stocked base in Sardis to cross the Aegean Sea and march into unfamiliar territory.	Defensive Holdout: Forces the enemy to complete a grueling, long-distance march toward them across difficult terrain.
Supply Chain & Logistics	Overextended & Vulnerable: Moves away from their supply bases, forcing dependence on the very "grudging" locals Brutus mentions.	Secure & Direct: Relies on their dominant naval forces to secure supplies from Asia Minor and block enemy shipments.
Enemy Condition	Relieved: Meets the Triumvirs closer to their own logistics network, sparing the enemy a dangerous sea crossing.	Starved & Exhausted: Forces Antony and Octavian to march through hostile territory, stretching their food supply to a breaking point.
Terrain Advantage	Surrendered: Relinquishes the high ground and geographical insulation of Asia Minor to fight on an open plain.	Exploited: Forces the enemy to fight on ground chosen entirely by the defenders.

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Why Brutus's View Fails Geographically

• Giving Up the Sea Barrier: Cassius and Brutus held absolute naval supremacy in the Aegean Sea. By staying put, they could have easily blockaded Antony and Octavian, starving their armies out in Greece. Brutus's decision to march to Philippi completely nullified their naval advantage, allowing the Triumvirs to fight a land battle where their infantry excelled. [1, 2]
• The Physics of the March: Forcing an army of tens of thousands to march hundreds of miles creates immense physical fatigue, gear wear, and logistical strain. Ironically, Brutus wanted to intercept the enemy to keep them from being "refresh'd," but his own plan ensured his own troops arrived at Philippi exhausted.
• Misunderstanding Scorched Earth: Brutus fears the local populations between Sardis and Philippi will reinforce the enemy. However, from a practical military perspective, if the locals had "forced affection" and "grudgingly" contributed, the correct geographical move would be to strip those regions of resources (a scorched-earth policy) and retreat, leaving Antony's marching army with absolutely nothing to forage.

Summary

Brutus prioritises political panic over geographical reality. By abandoning a secure, easily supplied stronghold to march closer to the enemy's sphere of influence, he committed a classic military blunder. He surrendered the colossal geographic buffers of the Aegean Sea and the Anatolian mountains, ultimately leading to his own defeat on the plains of Philippi. [1]

Would you like to explore how the actual historical Battle of Philippi played out differently from Shakespeare's play, or look closer at the specific terrain features of the Philippi battlefield?

Based on the full tactical debate between Brutus and Cassius in Act IV, Scene 3, the army of the Triumvirs (Antony and Octavian) is passing through the regions between Rome/Greece and their current camp at Sardis (modern-day Turkey), specifically marching toward the city of Philippi (in northeastern Greece). [1, 2, 3]

When analyzed geographically, the two leaders identify different zones that the Triumvirs are traversing or about to traverse:

Geographical Regions Identified by Cassius and Brutus

Leader	Regions Traversed / Contextualized	Strategic Reasoning
Cassius's View	Hostile / Long-Distance Terrain: The vast distances stretching from Italy through Greece toward Asia Minor.	Exhaustion Strategy: Cassius wants the enemy to travel a grueling distance. He emphasizes that the army is passing through miles of land that will "waste his means, weary his soldiers, and do himself offence". He views these regions as a natural geographical barrier that will physically drain the enemy before they even arrive.
Brutus's View	"The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground": The local territories and regions situated directly between Philippi (Macedonia/Greece) and Sardis (Asia Minor).	Reinforcement Danger: Brutus views this intermediate region as a massive liability. Because the locals only show Brutus "forced affection" and grudge them supplies, he believes the Triumvirs will easily march through these territories, recruiting the local population, foraging for food, and arriving "refreshed, new-added, and encouraged".

Summary of the Debate

• Cassius treats the geography as a defensive shield, focusing on the physical strain of the enemy's march over a massive distance.
• Brutus treats the geography as a supply buffer for the enemy, focusing on the political hostility of the regions right outside their camp. [1, 2]

Would you like the full verbatim script dialogue of Cassius's exact counter-argument to look at his specific phrasing, or would you like to map out the naval routes that Cassius wanted to use to trap them?

what is the passage through which antony's army will proceed to phillipi, and what is the passage c and b are thinking? what is correct geographically and what is impractical?

To understand the debate between Brutus and Cassius, we have to look at the massive trans-continental network of the ancient Mediterranean. The conflict involves moving armies across two entirely different natural passages.

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The Two Passages: Antony vs. Brutus & Cassius

                   [ VIA EGNATIA ]

 ROME ===(Sea)===> Dyrrachium ========> PHILIPPI <======== Hellespont <=== SARDIS

 (Antony's Passage)                    (The Clash)        (Brutus's Passage)

Passage Aspect	Antony's Passage (The West-to-East Route)	Brutus & Cassius's Passage (The East-to-West Route)
Origin Point	Rome / Italy	Sardis, Asia Minor (Modern Turkey)
The Primary Route	The Via Egnatia: Antony and Octavian sail across the Adriatic Sea to Dyrrachium (modern Albania). From there, they march directly east along the paved Via Egnatia highway through Macedonia into Philippi.	The Anatolian & Hellespont Cross-Over: Brutus and Cassius must march northwest through Asia Minor, cross the treacherous Hellespont strait (the Dardanelles) into Europe, and march southwest through Thrace to reach Philippi.
Geographical Nature	A 450-mile grueling land march across mountain passes, swampy valleys, and river basins in the southern Balkans.	A mountainous land trek followed by an amphibious crossing over the sea channel dividing Asia and Europe.

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What is Geographically Correct? (Cassius's Logic)

Cassius is entirely correct geographically. His defensive strategy aligns perfectly with the harsh realities of ancient military logistics:

• The Physics of Exhaustion: Antony’s army was forced to march over 700 kilometres on foot across the mountainous terrain of the Balkans. Cassius correctly deduced that by simply waiting in Asia Minor, the geography would do the fighting for them—depleting Antony's provisions, wearing down his soldiers' boots, and spreading sickness. [1]
• The Naval Blockade Advantage: Because the conspirators held total naval supremacy in the Aegean Sea, staying put meant they could cut off Antony's supply ships. Geographically, Antony's army would be completely bottled up on the Greek peninsula with a massive sea barrier separating them from their wealthy target in Asia.

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What is Impractical? (Brutus's Logic)

Brutus’s plan is highly impractical because it actively sabotages his own geographical advantages:

• Voluntarily Relinquishing the Shield: Brutus insists on marching out of Asia Minor, crossing the Hellespont, and meeting Antony halfway at Philippi. By doing this, he nullified the massive water barrier (the Aegean Sea) that was protecting them. [1]
• The Paradox of the "Refreshed" Enemy: Brutus feared that if they waited, Antony’s army would forage and recruit along the way, arriving "refresh’d, new-added, and encourag’d". This is logistically absurd. Marching an enormous army through ancient Thrace and Macedonia would devastate the local food supply, leaving Antony’s men starving, not refreshed. By marching to Philippi, Brutus spared Antony the final, most exhausting leg of his journey.
• Marring His Own Logistics: Brutus forced his own troops to undertake a grueling, multi-week march right before a major battle, ensuring his own men were the ones who arrived tired. [1]

Summary

Geographically, Cassius treats the landscape as a weapon to tire out and starve the enemy. Brutus treats the landscape with political paranoia, fearing the local populations more than the physical strain of the march. History proved Cassius right; by marching to the plains of Philippi, the republican army threw away their geographic insulation and walked right into their own destruction.

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…………3. To help you visualize this perfectly, we can transpose the entire Roman geopolitical landscape directly onto the map of India.

Instead of moving across the Mediterranean, the Adriatic, and the Balkans, let us imagine this epic civil war taking place between Mumbai (representing Rome) and Kolkata (representing Sardis in Asia Minor), with the final showdown meeting in Odisha (representing Philippi).

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The Indian Equivalent of the Roman Map

Roman Location	Indian Equivalent	Strategic Meaning
Rome (Italy)	Mumbai (Maharashtra)	The capital city and power base where Antony and Octavian start their campaign.
Adriatic Sea	The Western Ghats / Rugged Terrain	The first major natural barrier Antony must cross to move eastward.
Sardis (Asia Minor / Turkey)	Kolkata (West Bengal)	The wealthy eastern stronghold where Brutus and Cassius have set up their massive base camp.
Philippi (Macedonia / Greece)	Bhubaneswar (Odisha)	The tactical meeting point located roughly in the middle, surrounded by marshy plains.
The Intermediate Regions	The forests/hills of Jharkhand and northern Odisha	The regions Brutus fears will rebel against them and feed Antony's army.

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Visualizing the Two Opposing Marches

Imagine Brutus and Cassius are sitting safely inside a highly fortified, heavily supplied base in Kolkata. They have total control over the coastal shipping routes (the Bay of Bengal). Antony's army is charging toward them all the way from Mumbai.

[MUMBAI] =========================> [BHUBANESWAR] <========================= [KOLKATA]

(Antony's Grueling March)            (The Showdown)          (Brutus's Flawed March)

Distance: ~1,600 km across India                              Distance: ~450 km out of sanctuary

1. Antony's Real March (Mumbai to Bhubaneswar)

• The Route: Antony has to drag an immense army of thousands of soldiers all the way from the West Coast (Mumbai) across the entire width of India to reach the East.
• The Reality: They have to march through the scorching Deccan Plateau, cross massive river basins, and navigate dense terrain. By the time they reach Bhubaneswar (Philippi), his troops are completely exhausted, their boots are worn out, and they are running dangerously low on food because their supply lines back to Mumbai are stretched too thin.

2. Cassius's Strategy: "Stay in Kolkata"

• Cassius argues: "Let them march all the way from Mumbai. By the time they cross the heart of India and reach the borders of Bengal, they will be starving and exhausted. We hold all the food and money in Kolkata, and our ships control the coast. We can easily starve them out without losing a single soldier." This is geographically brilliant.

3. Brutus's Flawed View: "March out of Kolkata"

• Brutus panics. He looks at the local tribal and rural regions right outside Bengal (Jharkhand / Northern Odisha border) and says: "The locals here hate us and grudge us our taxes. If Antony marches through these villages, the locals will give him food, join his army, and make him stronger. We must leave our fortress in Kolkata and march down to meet him at Bhubaneswar!"
• Why it fails: Brutus forces his own fresh, well-fed troops out of their secure haven in Kolkata to march south. By doing this, he meets Antony halfway in Bhubaneswar, saving Antony from having to march the final, most exhausting leg of his journey, and giving up the ultimate defensive shield of the eastern delta.

Summary

In Indian terms, Brutus voluntarily abandoned a wealthy, easily supplied coastal fortress in Kolkata to fight a desperate land battle in the plains of Bhubaneswar, purely because he was paranoid that the villages in between would feed a starving army coming all the way from Mumbai.

Does transposing the map to Mumbai, Kolkata, and Bhubaneswar make the physical distances and tactical blunders easier to picture? We can look closer at Cassius's naval advantage using the Bay of Bengal as an analogy if you like!

AI can make mistakes, so double-check responses

what was b's argument and fear regarding a's army in indian map context?

In the context of the Indian map, Brutus’s core argument and fear was that Antony’s army would use the region between Kolkata and Bhubaneswar as a giant refueling station to swell their numbers and refresh their strength before launching a final assault on them.

Here is exactly how Brutus's panicked reasoning breaks down using the Indian geography:

1. The Fear of Local Rebellions (The "Forced Affection")

Brutus looks at the villages and local districts spanning across Jharkhand and northern Odisha (the regions between Kolkata and Bhubaneswar). He argues:

"The people living in these border villages only support us because we have guns pointed at them ('forced affection'). They absolutely hated it when we demanded money and food taxes from them ('grudged us contribution')."

2. The Fear of Antony’s "Snowball Effect"

Because the local populations are unhappy, Brutus panics about Antony's army marching eastward from Mumbai. He fears that as Antony passes through Jharkhand and northern Odisha, the hostile locals will willingly join Antony to fight against Kolkata.

• The "Fuller Number" Fear: Brutus believes Antony will easily recruit thousands of angry local villagers along the way, drastically inflating the size of his army.
• The "Refreshed" Enemy Fear: He imagines these villages opening up their grain storehouses, allowing Antony’s tired troops from Mumbai to rest, eat well, and arrive at the battlefield "refresh’d, new-added, and encourag’d."

3. The Ultimate Strategic Blunder

Based on this fear, Brutus concludes that the only solution is a preemptive strike. He argues:

"If we sit here and wait in Kolkata, Antony will march through these regions with these hostile people right at our back, trapping us. Instead, we must march out right now, cut Antony off at Bhubaneswar, and fight him before he can absorb these local forces!"

Why this fear was geographically irrational:

Brutus completely misunderstood the reality of the terrain. A massive, heavily armed military force coming all the way from Mumbai would not "refresh" itself by casually recruiting untrained villagers in the hills of Odisha. Instead, Antony’s massive army would have completely drained those villages of food, leaving the countryside starved and creating a logistical nightmare for himself. By marching out of Kolkata, Brutus effectively walked right into the trap he was trying to avoid.

Would you like to see how Cassius used the exact opposite logic regarding these same Indian regions to argue why they should stay in Kolkata?

AI can make mistakes, so double-check responses

what was the faulty route b presumed about A' s army's journey?

In the context of the Indian map analogy, the faulty route Brutus presumed was that Antony's army was executing a short, comfortable victory lap right through the backyard of Kolkata (the regions of Jharkhand and northern Odisha), picking up fresh troops and supplies effortlessly along the way. [1]

Brutus fundamentally misjudged how Antony's army was travelling, treating a logistics nightmare as if it were a smooth highway detour.

The Faulty Route vs. The Reality

Strategic Aspect	The Faulty Route Presumed by Brutus	The Actual Reality of Antony's Journey
Geographical Trajectory	"Sardis-Adjacent Refuelling Route": Brutus assumed Antony was effortlessly cruising through the immediate border regions outside Kolkata (Jharkhand/northern Odisha), absorbing all local resources.	The Ultimate Cross-Country Trek: Antony was dragging a massive force straight from Mumbai, fighting heavy geography, exhausting terrain, and massive river basins just to get to Bhubaneswar.
Supply Dynamics	A Refreshing Feast: Brutus imagined the local border villages opening their grain storehouses, allowing the Mumbai troops to rest, eat, and arrive fully "refresh'd".	A Desperate Famine: Antony had no supply line back to Mumbai and no naval access. His army was starving and depleting the land as they marched, leaving the countryside barren.
Troop Recruitment	The Snowball Effect: Brutus feared angry local villagers would eagerly enlist in Antony's army, making them "new-added" and stronger.	Heavy Roman Infantry Only: Antony was moving with rigid, hardened Roman legions. He was not picking up untrained, random tribal villagers from the hills of Odisha to fight a professional war.

The Core Geographical Error

Brutus looked at the space between Bhubaneswar and Kolkata and saw a bridge of opportunity for Antony. He didn't realize that for an army coming all the way from Mumbai, that exact same space was a logistical graveyard. [1]

By leaving the heavily stocked fortress of Kolkata to intercept Antony early at Bhubaneswar, Brutus essentially saved Antony from having to survive the final, most punishing miles of an already exhausting cross-country march. [1]

Would you like to map out Cassius’s naval blockade (the Bay of Bengal strategy) to see how easily they could have cut Mumbai off from Kolkata entirely?

AI can make mistakes, so double-check responses

Try without personalization

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LitCharts

Julius Caesar Translation Act 4, Scene 3 - LitCharts

BRUTUS. Those are good reasons, but they must give way to better ones. The people who live between here and Philippi are only loya...

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Wikipedia

Battle of Philippi - Wikipedia

Table_title: Battle of Philippi Table_content: | Battle of Philippi | Battle of Philippi | | --- | --- | | Part of Liberators' civ...

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Shmoop

Julius Caesar: Act 4, Scene 3 Translation | Shmoop

Cassius thinks it's better for them to sit tight until Antony and Octavius wear out their own armies with travel. That way Brutus ...

how could it happen?

The reason this massive tactical blunder "could happen" comes down to three interconnected failures: a total lack of physical maps and live intelligence, Brutus's psychological state during the debate, and his rigid character traits. [1, 2]

When looking at the play, this catastrophic decision is actually a realistic consequence of how ancient warfare functioned, combined with Brutus's personal blindness.

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1. The Ancient Landscape: No Maps, No Satellites

In the ancient world, commanders did not have precise topographical maps, satellite updates, or high-speed communication.

• Information Blackout: Brutus and Cassius are isolated in their camp. They rely entirely on messengers (like Messala) who take days or weeks to travel on horseback across difficult terrain. [1]
• The "Fog of War": Because they cannot see Antony's army, Brutus fills the geographic information vacuum with his own worst fears. He guesses the enemy's condition based on assumptions rather than scouts, making him completely blind to the fact that Antony's troops are actually starving and exhausted.

2. Brutus’s Hidden Grief: Emotional Impulsiveness

Right before this strategic debate, Brutus receives devastating personal news: his wife, Portia, has committed suicide. [1, 2]

• Recklessness Masked as Logic: While Brutus tries to act like a stoic, unbothered general, he is secretly grieving, deeply stressed, and highly volatile. [1, 2]
• Desire for a Quick End: Subconsciously, Brutus does not want a long, drawn-out war of attrition (which Cassius’s defensive strategy requires). He wants to march out, fight the final battle immediately, and end the nightmare, leading him to rush headfirst into a geographical trap. [1]

3. The Tragedy of Brutus's Character Flaws

Brutus suffers from specific tragic flaws that make him completely immune to Cassius's practical advice: [1, 2]

Flaw	How It Blinded Him Geographically
Philosophical Arrogance	Brutus is a philosopher, not a seasoned soldier like Cassius. He believes his moral purity gives him superior insight, causing him to dismiss Cassius’s correct understanding of military terrain.
Fixation on "The Tide of Men"	Brutus relies on poetic concepts rather than geographical reality. He famously argues that they must catch the "tide" of fortune. He treats a military campaign like an abstract game of destiny rather than a battle fought with boots, food, and miles.
Political Panic over Geography	Brutus is a politician at heart. He focuses entirely on the political loyalty of the local people (worrying they hate him) while completely ignoring the physical reality of the terrain (which would destroy Antony).

Summary

It happened because Brutus let fear, grief, and intellectual pride override physical geography. Without a map to correct his vision or the patience to listen to a veteran general, he hallucinated a threat that didn't exist and marched his army to its doom.

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JULIUS CAESAR, ACT IV, SCENE 3, PART 3, EVERGREEN PAGE 166 TO 172

Cassius. This it is: 'Tis better that the enemy seek us: ………………………………….. Varro. [with Claudius] It shall be done, my lord.

Glossary

This it is: This is the point / यही बात है / ଏହା ହିଁ କଥା।

’Tis better: It is better / यह बेहतर है / ଏହା ଅଧିକ ଭଲ।

Seek us: Come looking for us or attack us / हमारी तलाश करना या हम पर आक्रमण करना / ଆମକୁ ଖୋଜିବା ବା ଆକ୍ରମଣ କରିବା।

Waste his means: Exhaust his resources / अपने साधनों को समाप्त करना / ନିଜ ସମ୍ବଳ ଶେଷ କରିଦେବା। Weary his soldiers: Make his soldiers tired / अपने सैनिकों को थका देना / ନିଜ ସୈନିକମାନଙ୍କୁ କ୍ଲାନ୍ତ କରିଦେବା।

Doing himself offence: Causing harm to himself / अपना ही नुकसान करना / ନିଜର ହିଁ କ୍ଷତି କରିବା।

Whilst: While / जबकि / ଯେତେବେଳେ ବା ଏହି ସମୟରେ। Lying still: Remaining inactive or staying in one place / शांत बैठे रहना या अपनी जगह पर ठहरे रहना / ସ୍ଥିର ହୋଇ ରହିବା।

Full of rest: Having enough rest / पूरी तरह आराम की स्थिति में / ପର୍ଯ୍ୟାପ୍ତ ବିଶ୍ରାମରେ ରହିବା।

Defense: Protection against attack / बचाव / ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷା।

Nimbleness: Quickness and agility / फुर्ती / ଚପଳତା।

Good reasons must, of force, give place to better: Strong arguments must necessarily yield to stronger ones / अच्छे तर्कों को अनिवार्य रूप से बेहतर तर्कों के सामने झुकना पड़ता है / ଉତ୍ତମ ଯୁକ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅଧିକ ଉତ୍ତମ ଯୁକ୍ତି ଆଗରେ ନିଶ୍ଚୟ ନତ ହେବାକୁ ପଡ଼େ।

Of force: Necessarily; unavoidably / अनिवार्य रूप से / ଅନିବାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଭାବରେ।

’Twixt: Between / के बीच / ମଧ୍ୟରେ।

This ground: This place or the present location / यह स्थान / ଏହି ସ୍ଥାନ।

Do stand but in a forced affection: Show only a reluctant or unwilling loyalty / केवल अनिच्छा से समर्थन करते हैं / କେବଳ ଅନିଚ୍ଛା ସତ୍ତ୍ୱେ ସମର୍ଥନ କରନ୍ତି।

Forced affection: Unwilling loyalty or support / अनिच्छा से दिखाया गया स्नेह या समर्थन / ଅନିଚ୍ଛାରେ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶିତ ସ୍ନେହ ବା ସମର୍ଥନ।

Grudged us contribution: Resented having to give us supplies or financial support / हमें सहायता या धन देने में नाराज़गी दिखाई / ଆମକୁ ସହାୟତା ବା ଅର୍ଥ ଦେବାକୁ ଅସନ୍ତୋଷ ପ୍ରକାଶ କଲେ।

Contribution: Money, supplies, or assistance given to a cause / योगदान या सहायता / ଅବଦାନ ବା ସହାୟତା। Marching along by them: Moving past or through their territory / उनके क्षेत्र से होकर आगे बढ़ना / ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଦେଇ ଆଗକୁ ଯିବା।

Make a fuller number up: Increase their numbers by recruiting more men / अधिक सैनिकों को शामिल करके अपनी संख्या बढ़ाना / ଅଧିକ ସୈନିକଙ୍କୁ ଯୋଗ କରି ନିଜ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ବଢ଼ାଇବା।

Refresh’d: Rested and renewed in strength / तरोताज़ा / ସତେଜ।

New-added: Reinforced with additional men / नए सैनिकों से मजबूत किया हुआ / ନୂତନ ସୈନିକଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ହୋଇଥିବା।

Encouraged: Made more confident or hopeful / उत्साहित या प्रोत्साहित / ଉତ୍ସାହିତ ବା ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ।

From which advantage shall we cut him off: How shall we prevent him from gaining this advantage? / हम उसे यह लाभ उठाने से कैसे रोकेंगे? / ଆମେ ତାକୁ ଏହି ସୁବିଧା ହାସଲ କରିବାରୁ କିପରି ରୋକିବୁ?

Face him: Confront him in battle / युद्ध में उसका सामना करना / ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ତାହାର ସମ୍ମୁଖୀନ ହେବା।

At our back: Behind us / हमारे पीछे / ଆମ ପଛରେ।

 Hear me, good brother: Listen to me, dear brother / मेरी बात सुनो, प्रिय भाई / ମୋ କଥା ଶୁଣ, ପ୍ରିୟ ଭାଇ। Under your pardon: With your permission; excuse my interruption / आपकी अनुमति से; मेरी बात का बुरा न मानें / ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଅନୁମତିରେ; ମୋ କଥାରେ କିଛି ମନେ କରନ୍ତୁ ନାହିଁ।

You must note beside: You must also consider / आपको यह भी ध्यान में रखना चाहिए / ଆପଣ ଏହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦେବା ଉଚିତ।

Tried the utmost of our friends: Used all the support and resources available from our allies / अपने मित्रों और सहयोगियों से मिलने वाली सारी सहायता का उपयोग कर लिया है / ଆମ ମିତ୍ର ଓ ସହଯୋଗୀମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ ମିଳିପାରୁଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ସହାୟତା ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିସାରିଛୁ।

Legions: Large units of the Roman army / रोमन सेना की बड़ी टुकड़ियाँ / ରୋମାନ୍ ସେନାର ବଡ଼ ବାହିନୀ। Brim-full: Completely full / पूरी तरह भरा हुआ / ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭାବରେ ଭର୍ତ୍ତି।

Our cause is ripe: The time is right for our purpose or undertaking / हमारा उद्देश्य अब अपने चरम पर है और कार्रवाई का सही समय है / ଆମ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ପୂରଣ ପାଇଁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସମୟ ଆସିଛି।

Increaseth: Increases / बढ़ता है / ବଢ଼ୁଛି।

At the height: At the highest point of success or power / सफलता या शक्ति के शिखर पर / ସଫଳତା ବା ଶକ୍ତିର ଶୀର୍ଷରେ।

 Ready to decline: About to weaken or lose strength / पतन की ओर बढ़ने के लिए तैयार / ଦୁର୍ବଳ ହେବା ବା ଅବନତି ଆଡ଼କୁ ଯିବାକୁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ।

There is a tide in the affairs of men: Human life and events have favourable moments that must be seized / मनुष्य के जीवन और कार्यों में अनुकूल अवसर आते हैं, जिनका लाभ उठाना चाहिए / ମନୁଷ୍ୟର ଜୀବନ ଓ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟରେ ଅନୁକୂଳ ସୁଯୋଗ ଆସେ, ଯାହାର ସଦୁପଯୋଗ କରିବା ଉଚିତ।

Tide: The rise and fall of the sea; here, a favourable opportunity / ज्वार-भाटा; यहाँ अनुकूल अवसर / ଜୁଆର-ଭଟ୍ଟା; ଏଠାରେ ଅନୁକୂଳ ସୁଯୋଗ।

Affairs of men: Human activities and the course of human life / मनुष्यों के कार्य और जीवन की परिस्थितियाँ / ମନୁଷ୍ୟର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକଳାପ ଓ ଜୀବନର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି।

Taken at the flood: Seized at the highest and most favourable point of the tide / ज्वार के सबसे ऊँचे और अनुकूल समय पर लाभ उठाना / ଜୁଆରର ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ଓ ଅନୁକୂଳ ସମୟରେ ସୁଯୋଗର ସଦୁପଯୋଗ କରିବା। Leads on to fortune: Leads to success and prosperity / सफलता और सौभाग्य की ओर ले जाता है / ସଫଳତା ଓ ସୌଭାଗ୍ୟ ଆଡ଼କୁ ନେଇଯାଏ।

Omitted: Missed or neglected / चूक जाना या उपेक्षा करना / ହାତଛଡ଼ା କରିବା ବା ଅବହେଳା କରିବା। Voyage: A journey by sea; here, the journey of life / समुद्री यात्रा; यहाँ जीवन की यात्रा / ସମୁଦ୍ରଯାତ୍ରା; ଏଠାରେ ଜୀବନଯାତ୍ରା।

Bound in shallows and in miseries: Trapped in shallow waters and suffering; unable to progress / उथले पानी और कठिनाइयों में फँस जाना तथा आगे न बढ़ पाना / ଅଳ୍ପ ଗଭୀର ପାଣି ଓ ଦୁଃଖକଷ୍ଟରେ ଫସି ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ି ନପାରିବା।

Shallows: Areas of water that are not deep / उथले पानी वाले स्थान / ଅଳ୍ପ ଗଭୀର ଜଳଭାଗ।

Miseries: Great suffering and unhappiness / दुख-कष्ट / ଦୁଃଖକଷ୍ଟ।

On such a full sea are we now afloat: We are now sailing at a time when circumstances are highly favourable / हम इस समय अत्यंत अनुकूल परिस्थितियों में आगे बढ़ रहे हैं / ଆମେ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଅନୁକୂଳ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ୁଛୁ।

Afloat: Floating or sailing on water / पानी पर तैरता हुआ / ପାଣିରେ ଭାସୁଥିବା।

Take the current when it serves: Make use of the favourable current when it helps us / अनुकूल धारा का सही समय पर लाभ उठाना / ଅନୁକୂଳ ଜଳସ୍ରୋତର ସଠିକ୍ ସମୟରେ ଲାଭ ଉଠାଇବା।

Ventures: Undertakings, plans, or risky attempts / प्रयास, योजनाएँ या जोखिम भरे कार्य / ଉଦ୍ୟମ, ଯୋଜନା ବା ବିପଦପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପ୍ରୟାସ।

Then, with your will, go on: Then, if that is your wish, let us proceed / तो आपकी इच्छा के अनुसार आगे बढ़ते हैं / ତେବେ ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଇଚ୍ଛା ଅନୁସାରେ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ିବା।

We’ll along ourselves: We ourselves will go along / हम स्वयं भी साथ चलेंगे / ଆମେ ନିଜେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସାଙ୍ଗରେ ଯିବୁ।

The deep of night: The darkest or late part of the night / रात का गहरा अँधेरा या बहुत देर का समय / ରାତିର ଗଭୀର ଅନ୍ଧକାର ବା ବିଳମ୍ବିତ ସମୟ।

Crept upon our talk: Gradually advanced while we were talking / हमारी बातचीत के दौरान धीरे-धीरे आ पहुँची / ଆମ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଧୀରେ ଧୀରେ ଆସିପହଞ୍ଚିଲା।

Nature must obey necessity: The human body must submit to unavoidable physical needs / शरीर को अनिवार्य आवश्यकताओं के सामने झुकना पड़ता है / ଶରୀରକୁ ଅନିବାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଆଗରେ ନତ ହେବାକୁ ପଡ଼େ।

Niggard: Restrict or reduce; in this context, to limit the amount of sleep / सीमित करना या कम करना / ସୀମିତ କରିବା ବା କମାଇବା। Niggard with a little rest: Allow ourselves only a little rest / अपने आराम को थोड़ा-सा सीमित रखना / ନିଜ ବିଶ୍ରାମକୁ ଅଳ୍ପରେ ସୀମିତ ରଖିବା।

No more to say?: Is there anything else to discuss? / क्या अब और कुछ कहना है? / ଆଉ କିଛି କହିବାକୁ ଅଛି କି?

Hence: From here; away from this place / यहाँ से / ଏଠାରୁ।

My gown: My outer garment or robe / मेरा चोगा / ମୋର ଚୋଗା ବା ଉପର ପୋଷାକ।

Good repose: Peaceful rest / शांतिपूर्ण विश्राम / ଶାନ୍ତିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିଶ୍ରାମ।

Ill beginning of the night: An unpleasant start to the night / रात की बुरी शुरुआत / ରାତିର ଅଶୁଭ ଆରମ୍ଭ। Division ’tween our souls: A disagreement or separation between us / हमारे बीच मनमुटाव या दिलों में दूरी / ଆମ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ମତଭେଦ ବା ମନର ଦୂରତା।

Let it not, Brutus: Do not allow such a disagreement to arise between us, Brutus / ब्रूटस, ऐसा मत होने दो / ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍, ଏପରି ହେବାକୁ ଦିଅ ନାହିଁ।

Every thing is well: Everything is all right / सब कुछ ठीक है / ସବୁକିଛି ଠିକ୍ ଅଛି।

Exeunt: They all leave the stage / सभी मंच से चले जाते हैं / ସମସ୍ତେ ମଞ୍ଚ ଛାଡ଼ି ଚାଲିଯାଆନ୍ତି।

Re-enter: Enter the stage again / फिर से मंच पर प्रवेश करना / ପୁନର୍ବାର ମଞ୍ଚରେ ପ୍ରବେଶ କରିବା।

Instrument: A musical instrument / वाद्ययंत्र / ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ର।

Drowsily: Sleepily; in a tired manner / उनींदे ढंग से / ନିଦୁଆ ଭାବରେ।

Poor knave: Poor fellow or young servant; here, an affectionate reference to Lucius / बेचारा लड़का या सेवक; यहाँ लूसियस के प्रति स्नेहपूर्ण संबोधन / ବିଚରା ପିଲା ବା ସେବକ; ଏଠାରେ ଲୁସିଅସ୍ ପ୍ରତି ସ୍ନେହପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମ୍ବୋଧନ।

O’er-watch’d: Kept awake for too long; excessively tired from lack of sleep / बहुत देर तक जागने के कारण थका हुआ / ଦୀର୍ଘ ସମୟ ଜାଗି ରହିବାରୁ ଅତ୍ୟଧିକ କ୍ଲାନ୍ତ।

Cushions: Soft padded supports used for sitting or resting / गद्दियाँ / ଗଦି ବା ତକିଆ।

Calls my lord?: Has my lord called me? / क्या मेरे स्वामी ने मुझे बुलाया है? / ମୋ ସ୍ୱାମୀ ମୋତେ ଡାକିଛନ୍ତି କି? By and by: Soon; after a short time / थोड़ी देर में / ଅଳ୍ପ ସମୟ ପରେ।

On business: For some official or important matter / किसी काम से / କୌଣସି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ।

Stand and watch your pleasure: Remain standing and wait for your orders / खड़े रहकर आपके आदेश की प्रतीक्षा करना / ଠିଆ ହୋଇ ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଆଦେଶକୁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିବା।

Your pleasure: Your wish or command / आपकी इच्छा या आज्ञा / ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଇଚ୍ଛା ବା ଆଦେଶ।

Otherwise bethink me: Change my mind or think of another course of action / अपना विचार बदल लेना या कोई दूसरा उपाय सोचना / ମତ ବଦଳାଇବା ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଉପାୟ ଚିନ୍ତା କରିବା।

The book I sought for so: The book I had been looking for so eagerly / वह पुस्तक जिसे मैं बहुत देर से ढूँढ़ रहा था / ଯେଉଁ ବହିଟିକୁ ମୁଁ ବହୁତ ସମୟ ଧରି ଖୋଜୁଥିଲି।

Pocket of my gown: The pocket in my robe / मेरे चोगे की जेब / ମୋ ଚୋଗାର ପକେଟ୍।

Bear with me: Be patient with me; forgive my mistake / मेरे साथ धैर्य रखें; मेरी गलती क्षमा करें / ମୋ ପ୍ରତି ଧୈର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଧରନ୍ତୁ; ମୋ ଭୁଲକୁ କ୍ଷମା କରନ୍ତୁ।

Much forgetful: Very forgetful / बहुत भुलक्कड़ / ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଭୁଲିଯାଉଥିବା।

Hold up thy heavy eyes: Keep your tired eyes open / अपनी भारी और थकी हुई आँखें खुली रखना / ତୁମର କ୍ଲାନ୍ତ ଆଖିକୁ ଖୋଲା ରଖିବା।

Touch thy instrument: Play your musical instrument / अपना वाद्ययंत्र बजाना / ନିଜ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ର ବଜାଇବା।

A strain or two: A short piece or two of music / संगीत की एक-दो छोटी धुनें / ସଙ୍ଗୀତର ଏକ ବା ଦୁଇଟି ଛୋଟ ସ୍ୱରଧୁନ। Ay, my lord: Yes, my lord / जी, मेरे स्वामी / ହଁ, ମୋ ସ୍ୱାମୀ।

An’t please you: If it pleases you; if you wish / यदि आपकी इच्छा हो / ଯଦି ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଇଚ୍ଛା ହୁଏ।

I trouble thee too much: I am asking too much of you / मैं तुम्हें बहुत अधिक कष्ट दे रहा हूँ / ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ବହୁତ ଅଧିକ କଷ୍ଟ ଦେଉଛି। It is my duty: It is my responsibility / यह मेरा कर्तव्य है / ଏହା ମୋର କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ।

Urge thy duty past thy might: Force you to perform your duty beyond your strength / तुम्हारी शक्ति से अधिक कर्तव्य करने के लिए तुम्हें बाध्य करना / ତୁମ ଶକ୍ତିଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟ କରିବାକୁ ତୁମକୁ ବାଧ୍ୟ କରିବା।

Young bloods: Young people who need rest and have youthful energy / युवा लोग / ଯୁବକମାନେ।

Look for a time of rest: Expect or need some time to rest / कुछ समय आराम करने की अपेक्षा रखना / କିଛି ସମୟ ବିଶ୍ରାମ କରିବାକୁ ଆଶା କରିବା। I will not hold thee long: I will not keep you awake for long / मैं तुम्हें अधिक देर तक जगाए नहीं रखूँगा / ମୁଁ ତୁମକୁ ଅଧିକ ସମୟ ଜାଗ୍ରତ ରଖିବି ନାହିଁ।

I will be good to thee: I will reward you or treat you kindly / मैं तुम्हारे साथ अच्छा व्यवहार करूँगा / ମୁଁ ତୁମ ପ୍ରତି ଭଲ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବି।

Sleepy tune: A piece of music that makes one feel sleepy / नींद लाने वाली धुन / ନିଦ ଆଣୁଥିବା ସଙ୍ଗୀତଧୁନ। Murderous slumber: Sleep personified as a powerful force that overcomes people / नींद को एक विनाशकारी शक्ति के रूप में चित्रित करना / ନିଦକୁ ଏକ ବିନାଶକାରୀ ଶକ୍ତି ଭାବରେ ଚିତ୍ରଣ କରିବା। Slumber: Sleep / नींद / ନିଦ।

Leaden mace: A heavy club made of lead; metaphorically, the overwhelming weight of sleep / सीसे का भारी गदा; यहाँ नींद के भारी बोझ का प्रतीक / ସୀସାରେ ତିଆରି ଭାରୀ ଗଦା; ଏଠାରେ ନିଦର ଭାରୀ ପ୍ରଭାବର ପ୍ରତୀକ।

Lay’st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy: Are you placing the heavy burden of sleep upon my boy? / क्या तुम मेरे लड़के पर नींद का भारी बोझ डाल रहे हो? / ତୁମେ କ’ଣ ମୋ ପିଲା ଉପରେ ନିଦର ଭାରୀ ବୋଝ ଲଦି ଦେଉଛ?

Gentle knave: Dear young servant; an affectionate expression / प्यारा लड़का या सेवक / ପ୍ରିୟ ପିଲା ବା ସେବକ।

Do thee so much wrong: Treat you so unfairly / तुम्हारे साथ इतना अन्याय करना / ତୁମ ପ୍ରତି ଏତେ ଅନ୍ୟାୟ କରିବା।

To wake thee: To awaken you / तुम्हें जगाना / ତୁମକୁ ଉଠାଇବା।

If thou dost nod: If you begin to doze or let your head fall / यदि तुम झपकी लेने लगो / ଯଦି ତୁମେ ଢୁଳାଇବାକୁ ଲାଗ।

Break’st thy instrument: Accidentally damage your musical instrument / अनजाने में अपना वाद्ययंत्र तोड़ देना / ଅଜାଣତରେ ନିଜ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାଙ୍ଗିଦେବା।

Leaf turn’d down: The page folded or marked to show where reading stopped / पढ़ने की जगह बताने के लिए मोड़ा हुआ पन्ना / ପଢ଼ିବା ସ୍ଥାନ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ମୋଡ଼ାଯାଇଥିବା ପୃଷ୍ଠା।

Where I left reading: The place at which I stopped reading / जहाँ मैंने पढ़ना छोड़ा था / ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ମୁଁ ପଢ଼ିବା ବନ୍ଦ କରିଥିଲି।

Taper: A small candle / छोटी मोमबत्ती / ଛୋଟ ମହମବତୀ।

How ill this taper burns!: How badly or dimly this candle is burning! / यह मोमबत्ती कितनी मंद जल रही है! / ଏହି ମହମବତୀ କେତେ ମ୍ଳାନ ଭାବରେ ଜଳୁଛି!

Weakness of mine eyes: The poor or failing power of my eyesight / मेरी आँखों की कमजोरी / ମୋ ଆଖିର ଦୁର୍ବଳତା। Shapes this monstrous apparition: Makes me imagine or see this frightening supernatural figure / मेरी आँखों के सामने इस भयानक आकृति का आभास पैदा करती है / ମୋ ଆଖି ଆଗରେ ଏହି ଭୟଙ୍କର ଅଲୌକିକ ଆକୃତି ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରୁଛି।

Monstrous: Frightening, unnatural, or horrifying / भयानक या असामान्य / ଭୟଙ୍କର ବା ଅସ୍ୱାଭାବିକ। Apparition: A ghostly or supernatural appearance / प्रेत-दर्शन या अलौकिक आकृति / ପ୍ରେତାତ୍ମାର ଦର୍ଶନ ବା ଅଲୌକିକ ଆକୃତି।

It comes upon me: It approaches me / वह मेरी ओर बढ़ता आ रहा है / ଏହା ମୋ ଆଡ଼କୁ ଆସୁଛି।

Art thou any thing?: Are you a real being of any kind? / क्या तुम किसी प्रकार के वास्तविक प्राणी हो? / ତୁମେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରକାରର ବାସ୍ତବ ସତ୍ତା କି? Some god, some angel, or some devil: A supernatural being, whether divine, holy, or evil / कोई देवता, स्वर्गदूत या शैतान / କୌଣସି ଦେବତା, ଦୂତ ବା ଶୈତାନ।

Makest my blood cold: Fill me with intense fear / मुझे अत्यधिक भयभीत कर देना / ମୋତେ ଭୟରେ ଥରହର କରିଦେବା। My hair to stare: Make my hair stand on end because of fear / डर से मेरे रोंगटे खड़े कर देना / ଭୟରେ ମୋ ଲୋମ ଟାଙ୍କୁରି ଉଠିବା। Evil spirit: A wicked or malevolent supernatural being / दुष्ट आत्मा / ଦୁଷ୍ଟ ଆତ୍ମା। Thy evil spirit, Brutus: I am your evil spirit, Brutus / ब्रूटस, मैं तुम्हारी दुष्ट आत्मा हूँ / ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍, ମୁଁ ତୁମର ଦୁଷ୍ଟ ଆତ୍ମା। Why comest thou?: Why have you come? / तुम क्यों आए हो? / ତୁମେ କାହିଁକି ଆସିଛ?

Thou shalt see me at Philippi: You will see me again at Philippi / तुम मुझे फिलिप्पी में फिर देखोगे / ତୁମେ ମୋତେ ପୁଣି ଫିଲିପ୍ପିଠାରେ ଦେଖିବ। Ay: Yes / हाँ / ହଁ।

Taken heart: Become courageous or gain confidence / साहस प्राप्त करना / ସାହସ ଲାଭ କରିବା।

Now I have taken heart thou vanishest: Now that I have gained courage, you disappear / अब जब मुझे साहस मिला है, तुम गायब हो रहे हो / ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ ମୁଁ ସାହସ ପାଇଥିବାବେଳେ ତୁମେ ଅଦୃଶ୍ୟ ହୋଇଯାଉଛ।

I would hold more talk with thee: I would like to speak with you further / मैं तुमसे और बात करना चाहता हूँ / ମୁଁ ତୁମ ସହ ଆହୁରି କଥା ହେବାକୁ ଚାହେଁ। Awake!: Wake up / जागो / ଉଠ।

The strings, my lord, are false: The strings of the instrument are out of tune / मेरे स्वामी, वाद्ययंत्र के तार सुर में नहीं हैं / ମୋ ସ୍ୱାମୀ, ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ରର ତାରଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସ୍ୱର ଠିକ୍ ନାହିଁ। He thinks he still is at his instrument: He is dreaming that he is still playing his musical instrument / वह सपना देख रहा है कि वह अभी भी अपना वाद्ययंत्र बजा रहा है / ସେ ସ୍ୱପ୍ନ ଦେଖୁଛି ଯେ ସେ ଏବେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଜ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ର ବଜାଉଛି।

Didst thou dream?: Were you dreaming? / क्या तुम सपना देख रहे थे? / ତୁମେ କ’ଣ ସ୍ୱପ୍ନ ଦେଖୁଥିଲ?

So criedst out: Shouted or called out in that manner / इस तरह चिल्लाए / ଏହିପରି ଚିତ୍କାର କଲ।

I do not know that I did cry: I am unaware that I shouted / मुझे पता नहीं कि मैंने चिल्लाया था / ମୁଁ ଜାଣିନାହିଁ ଯେ ମୁଁ ଚିତ୍କାର କରିଥିଲି।

Sirrah: A form of address used for a servant or a young man / नौकर या लड़के को संबोधित करने का शब्द / ସେବକ ବା ଯୁବକଙ୍କୁ ସମ୍ବୋଧନ କରିବାର ଶବ୍ଦ।

Fellow thou: You there, fellow / अरे, तुम / ଆରେ, ତୁମେ।

Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep?: Why did you shout like that while sleeping? / तुम लोगों ने सोते समय इस तरह चिल्लाया क्यों? / ତୁମେମାନେ ଶୋଇଥିବାବେଳେ ଏପରି ଚିତ୍କାର କଲ କାହିଁକି?

Did we, my lord?: Did we really do that, my lord? / क्या हमने सचमुच ऐसा किया, मेरे स्वामी? / ମୋ ସ୍ୱାମୀ, ଆମେ ସତରେ ଏପରି କରିଥିଲୁ କି? Nor I: Neither did I / मैंने भी नहीं / ମୁଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ନୁହେଁ।

Commend me to my brother Cassius: Give my greetings or message to my brother Cassius / मेरे भाई कैसियस को मेरा संदेश देना / ମୋ ଭାଇ କାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ମୋର ସନ୍ଦେଶ ଦେବା।

Set on his powers: Set his troops in motion; begin moving his forces / अपनी सेना को आगे बढ़ने का आदेश देना / ନିଜ ସେନାକୁ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ିବାକୁ ଆଦେଶ ଦେବା।

Betimes before: Early, ahead of the appointed time / समय से पहले या जल्दी / ନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରିତ ସମୟ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବା ଶୀଘ୍ର। We will follow: We shall come after you / हम तुम्हारे पीछे आएँगे / ଆମେ ତୁମ ପଛେ ପଛେ ଆସିବୁ।

It shall be done: It will be carried out / ऐसा ही किया जाएगा / ଏହା ନିଶ୍ଚୟ କରାଯିବ।

Summary

The Military Debate: Strategic Disagreement

The excerpt opens with Cassius and Brutus debating their military strategy against the opposing triumvirate forces (Octavius and Mark Antony).

·       Cassius’s Strategy: He argues for a defensive approach, suggesting they wait for the enemy to seek them out. By remaining stationary, their own soldiers will remain rested and nimble, while the enemy will exhaust their resources and weary their troops through long marching.

·       Brutus’s Counter-Strategy: Brutus overrules Cassius, arguing that they must march immediately to face the enemy at Philippi. He reasons that the local populations between their current camp and Philippi only offer "forced affection" and begrudge them resources. If the enemy marches through these territories, they will recruit these hostile locals, swelling their army with refreshed and encouraged soldiers. Brutus emphasizes that his army is at its absolute peak ("brim-full") and ripe for action, warning that their forces can only decline from this point forward.

Brutus famously seals his argument with the philosophical observation that "there is a tide in the affairs of men," meaning they must strike while the opportunity is at its highest flood or risk losing their entire campaign. Cassius yields to Brutus's will, agreeing to march to Philippi the following morning.

The Rest and Reconciliation Before Battle

Following their military decision, the tense atmosphere softens into an affectionate parting. Cassius expresses deep relief that their earlier emotional division has been mended, calling Brutus his "dear brother" before wishing him a good night's repose. Cassius, Titinius, and Messala then exit the tent.

Brutus prepares for rest and calls for his servant boy, Lucius, to bring his gown. Showing a deeply compassionate and gentle side—contrasting his rigid military persona—Brutus notices how exhausted Lucius is. He refuses to blame the boy for being drowsy and orders two of his guards, Varro and Claudius, to sleep inside his tent on cushions rather than stand watch, just in case he needs to send a midnight message to Cassius.

While searching his gown, Brutus finds a book he had misplaced, acknowledging his own forgetfulness. He asks Lucius to play a tune on his musical instrument. Though Lucius complies out of a sense of duty, he quickly nods off to sleep mid-performance. Brutus tenderly removes the instrument from the sleeping boy’s hands so it will not break, wishing him a good night.

The Apparition: The Ghost of Caesar

As Brutus sits alone reading by a dimming taper, the Ghost of Caesar suddenly appears in the tent. Terrified, Brutus questions if the monstrous apparition is a trick played by his failing eyesight, or if it is a god, angel, or devil that makes his blood run cold and his hair stand on end.

When Brutus demands to know what it is, the Ghost explicitly identifies itself as "Thy evil spirit, Brutus." The Ghost delivers a haunting, prophetic warning: "To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi." Brutus stoically accepts the message, and as he regains his composure, the Ghost vanishes.

The Aftermath

Shaken by the encounter, Brutus immediately wakes Lucius, Varro, and Claudius. Lucius wakes up confused, sleepily talking about his musical strings. Brutus interrogates all three of them to see if they cried out in their sleep or witnessed the apparition, but they all report seeing and hearing absolutely nothing.

Realizing the gravity of the supernatural warning, Brutus orders Varro and Claudius to immediately go to Cassius. They are instructed to tell Cassius to set his military forces in motion early ahead of the rest, signaling that Brutus is fully committing to the fateful march to Philippi.

सारांश

सैन्य बहस: रणनीतिक असहमति

इस अंश की शुरुआत कैसियस (Cassius) और ब्रूटस (Brutus) के बीच एक सैन्य रणनीति पर बहस से होती है। वे तय कर रहे हैं कि उन्हें सामने से आ रही विरोधी त्रिकुट (ऑक्टेवियस और मार्क एंटनी) की सेना का सामना कैसे करना चाहिए।

·       कैसियस की रणनीति: वह रक्षात्मक रुख अपनाने की वकालत करता है। उसका मानना है कि उन्हें अपनी जगह पर टिके रहकर दुश्मन के आने का इंतज़ार करना चाहिए। ऐसा करने से उनके अपने सैनिकों को आराम मिलेगा और वे फुर्तीले रहेंगे, जबकि दुश्मन सेना लंबी दूरी तय करके थक जाएगी और अपने संसाधन गँवा बैठेगी।

·       ब्रूटस की जवाबी रणनीति: ब्रूटस कैसियस की बात को खारिज कर देता है। उसका तर्क है कि उन्हें तुरंत फिलिप्पी (Philippi) की ओर बढ़कर दुश्मन का सामना करना चाहिए। वह समझाता है कि उनके वर्तमान शिविर और फिलिप्पी के बीच रहने वाले लोग उनका दिल से समर्थन नहीं करते हैं, बल्कि उन्होंने मजबूरी में उनका साथ दिया है। अगर दुश्मन वहाँ से गुज़रेगा, तो वे लोग दुश्मन की सेना में शामिल हो जाएँगे, जिससे विरोधी सेना और अधिक शक्तिशाली, तरोताज़ा और उत्साहित हो जाएगी। ब्रूटस का कहना है कि उनकी अपनी सेना इस समय अपनी पूरी क्षमता ("brim-full") पर है, और यहाँ से उनकी ताकत सिर्फ कम ही होगी।

ब्रूटस अपने इस तर्क को एक प्रसिद्ध दार्शनिक विचार के साथ पक्का करता है: "मनुष्यों के जीवन में भी एक ज्वार (tide) आता है।" इसका अर्थ है कि जब अवसर अपने चरम पर हो, तभी कदम उठाना चाहिए, अन्यथा पूरा अभियान हाथ से निकल सकता है। कैसियस ब्रूटस की बात मान जाता है और अगली सुबह ही फिलिप्पी के लिए कूच करने पर सहमत हो जाता है।

युद्ध से पहले का विश्राम और सुलह

सैन्य निर्णय लेने के बाद, दोनों के बीच का तनाव कम हो जाता है और वे बड़े स्नेह के साथ एक-दूसरे से विदा लेते हैं। कैसियस राहत महसूस करता है कि उनके बीच का मनमुटाव दूर हो गया है। वह ब्रूटस को अपना "प्रिय भाई" कहकर शुभरात्रि कहता है। इसके बाद कैसियस, टिटिनियस और मेसाला तंबू से चले जाते हैं।

ब्रूटस सोने की तैयारी करता है और अपने सेवक लड़के लूसियस (Lucius) को अपना गाउन लाने के लिए कहता है। यहाँ ब्रूटस का एक बहुत ही दयालु और कोमल स्वभाव सामने आता है, जो उसके कठोर सैन्य रूप से बिल्कुल अलग है। वह देखता है कि लूसियस बहुत थका हुआ है। वह उस पर गुस्सा होने के बजाय अपने दो गार्डों—वारो (Varro) और क्लॉडियस (Claudius)—को तंबू के अंदर ही गद्दों पर सोने के लिए कहता है, ताकि ज़रूरत पड़ने पर वे आधी रात को कैसियस के पास संदेश ले जा सकें।

अपना गाउन ढूँढ़ते समय ब्रूटस को अपनी एक खोई हुई किताब मिलती है, और वह अपनी भुलक्कड़ आदत को स्वीकार करता है। वह लूसियस से अपने वाद्य यंत्र पर एक धुन बजाने का अनुरोध करता है। लूसियस थका होने के बावजूद अपने कर्तव्य के कारण धुन बजाने लगता है, लेकिन बजाते-बजाते ही उसे नींद आ जाती है। ब्रूटस बड़ी कोमलता से सोते हुए लड़के के हाथ से वाद्य यंत्र ले लेता है ताकि वह टूट न जाए, और उसे शुभरात्रि कहता है।

परछाई का आगमन: सीज़र का भूत

जब ब्रूटस तंबू में मद्धम रोशनी में अकेले बैठकर पढ़ रहा होता है, तभी अचानक सीज़र का भूत (Ghost of Caesar) वहाँ प्रकट होता है। ब्रूटस डर जाता है और खुद से पूछता है कि क्या यह उसकी कमज़ोर आँखों का धोखा है या फिर कोई देवता, देवदूत या शैतान है, जिसे देखकर उसका खून जम गया है और रोंगटे खड़े हो गए हैं।

जब ब्रूटस उससे पूछता है कि वह कौन है, तो भूत साफ तौर पर कहता है: "मैं तुम्हारी ही बुरी आत्मा (evil spirit) हूँ, ब्रूटस।" इसके बाद भूत उसे एक भयानक और भविष्यवाणी जैसी चेतावनी देता है: "यह बताने आया हूँ कि तुम मुझे फिलिप्पी में देखोगे।" ब्रूटस इस संदेश को साहस के साथ स्वीकार करता है, और जैसे ही वह खुद को संभालता है, भूत गायब हो जाता है।

घटना के बाद का दृश्य

इस अलौकिक घटना से घबराकर ब्रूटस तुरंत लूसियस, वारो और क्लॉडियस को जगाता है। लूसियस नींद में हड़बड़ाकर उठता है और अपने वाद्य यंत्र के तारों के बारे में बात करने लगता है। ब्रूटस उन तीनों से पूछता है कि क्या वे नींद में चिल्लाए थे या उन्होंने कोई परछाई देखी, लेकिन वे सभी कहते हैं कि उन्होंने न तो कुछ देखा और न ही कुछ सुना।

इस रोंगटे खड़े कर देने वाली चेतावनी की गंभीरता को समझते हुए, ब्रूटस तुरंत वारो और क्लॉडियस को कैसियस के पास भेजता है। वह उन्हें संदेश देता है कि कैसियस अपनी सेना को सुबह तड़के ही आगे बढ़ा दे और वे उनके पीछे-पीछे आएँगे। यह इस बात का संकेत है कि ब्रूटस फिलिप्पी की उस भाग्यशाली और निर्णायक लड़ाई के लिए पूरी तरह तैयार है।

ସାରାଂଶ

ସାମରିକ ବିତର୍କ: ରଣନୀତିକ ମତଭେଦ

ଏହି ଦୃଶ୍ୟର ଆରମ୍ଭ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ (Cassius) ଏବଂ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ (Brutus) ଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏକ ସାମରିକ ରଣନୀତିକୁ ନେଇ ଯୁକ୍ତିତର୍କରୁ ହେଉଛି । ସେମାନେ ନିଜର ବିରୋଧୀ ଶକ୍ତି (ଅକ୍ଟାଭିଅସ୍ ଏବଂ ମାର୍କ ଆଣ୍ଟୋନି)ଙ୍କ ସେନାକୁ କିପରି ସାମ୍ନା କରିବେ, ସେ ବିଷୟରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରୁଛନ୍ତି ।

·       କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ରଣନୀତି: ସେ ପ୍ରତିରକ୍ଷାମୂଳକ ଆଭିମୁଖ୍ୟ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବାକୁ କହିଛନ୍ତି । ତାଙ୍କ ମତରେ ସେମାନେ ନିଜ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ସ୍ଥିର ରହି ଶତ୍ରୁ ଆସିବାକୁ ଅପେକ୍ଷା କରିବା ଉଚିତ । ଏହାଦ୍ୱାରା ସେମାନଙ୍କର ନିଜ ସୈନିକମାନେ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ପାଇବେ ଏବଂ ଚଳଚଞ୍ଚଳ ରହିବେ, ଅନ୍ୟପଟେ ଶତ୍ରୁ ସେନା ଦୂର ବାଟ ଚାଲି ଚାଲି କ୍ଲାନ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିବେ ଏବଂ ନିଜର ସମ୍ବଳ ହରାଇବେ ।

·       ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ରଣନୀତି: ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଏହି ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବକୁ ପ୍ରତ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟାନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ସେ ଯୁକ୍ତି ବାଢ଼ିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ତୁରନ୍ତ ଫିଲିପି (Philippi) ଅଭିମୁଖେ ଯାତ୍ରା କରି ଶତ୍ରୁର ସାମ୍ନା କରିବାକୁ ହେବ । ସେ ବୁଝାଇଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଶିବିର ଏବଂ ଫିଲିପି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ରହୁଥିବା ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଲୋକମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ମନର ସହ ସମର୍ଥନ କରୁନାହାନ୍ତି, ବରଂ ବାଧ୍ୟବାଧ୍ୟକତାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଯଦି ଶତ୍ରୁ ସେନା ସେହି ବାଟ ଦେଇ ଗତି କରିବେ, ତେବେ ସେହି ଲୋକମାନେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ସହ ମିଶିଯିବେ, ଯାହାଦ୍ୱାରା ଶତ୍ରୁର ସୈନ୍ୟସଂଖ୍ୟା ବଢ଼ିବ ଏବଂ ସେମାନେ ଅଧିକ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ହେବେ । ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ କହିଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ନିଜ ସେନା ଏହି ସମୟରେ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ସ୍ତରରେ ("brim-full") ଅଛି ଏବଂ ଏହାପରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଶକ୍ତି କେବଳ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇବ ।

ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତାଙ୍କର ଏହି ଯୁକ୍ତିକୁ ଏକ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ଦାର୍ଶନିକ ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା ସହିତ ଦୃଢ଼ କରିଛନ୍ତି: "ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜୀବନରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏକ ଜୁଆର (tide) ଆସେ ।" ଏହାର ଅର୍ଥ ହେଉଛି ସୁଯୋଗ ଯେତେବେଳେ ସର୍ବୋଚ୍ଚ ସ୍ତରରେ ଥାଏ, ସେତେବେଳେ ହିଁ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ନେବା ଉଚିତ, ନଚେତ୍ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଭିଯାନ ହାତରୁ ଚାଲିଯାଇପାରେ । କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ଶେଷରେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ଜିଦ୍ ଆଗରେ ମଥାନତ କରିଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ପରଦିନ ସକାଳେ ଫିଲିପି ଅଭିମୁଖେ ଯାତ୍ରା କରିବାକୁ ସହମତି ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିଛନ୍ତି ।

ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ବିଶ୍ରାମ ଏବଂ ମିଳାମିଶା

ସାମରିକ ନିଷ୍ପତ୍ତି ନେବା ପରେ, ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ତିକ୍ତତା କମିଯାଉଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନେ ପରସ୍ପରକୁ ସ୍ନେହର ସହ ବିଦାୟ ଦେଉଛନ୍ତି । କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ଆଶ୍ୱସ୍ତି ଅନୁଭବ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ମନୋମାଳିନ୍ୟ ଦୂର ହୋଇଯାଇଛି । ସେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ନିଜର "ପ୍ରିୟ ଭାଇ" କହି ଶୁଭରାତ୍ରି ଜଣାଉଛନ୍ତି । ଏହାପରେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍, ଟିଟିନିଅସ୍ ଏବଂ ମେସାଲା ତମ୍ବୁରୁ ଚାଲିଯାଉଛନ୍ତି ।

ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଶୋଇବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ନିଜର ସେବକ ବାଳକ ଲୁସିଅସ୍ (Lucius) କୁ ତାଙ୍କର ଗାଉନ୍ (ପୋଷାକ) ଆଣିବାକୁ କହୁଛନ୍ତି । ଏଠାରେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କର ଏକ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଦୟାଳୁ ଏବଂ କୋମଳ ସ୍ୱଭାବ ସାମ୍ନାକୁ ଆସୁଛି, ଯାହା ତାଙ୍କର କଠୋର ସାମରିକ ରୂପଠାରୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭିନ୍ନ । ସେ ଦେଖୁଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ଲୁସିଅସ୍ ବହୁତ କ୍ଲାନ୍ତ ହୋଇପଡ଼ିଛି । ସେ ତା' ଉପରେ ବିରକ୍ତ ନହୋଇ, ନିଜର ଦୁଇଜଣ ଜଗୁଆଳି—**ଭାରୋ (Varro) ଏବଂ କ୍ଲୋଡିଅସ୍ (Claudius)**‌—ଙ୍କୁ ତମ୍ବୁ ଭିତରେ ହିଁ ଗଦି ଉପରେ ଶୋଇବାକୁ କହୁଛନ୍ତି, ଯଦି କାଳେ ଅଧରାତିରେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ପାଖକୁ କୌଣସି ଜରୁରୀ ସନ୍ଦେଶ ପଠାଇବାକୁ ପଡ଼େ ।

ନିଜର ଗାଉନ୍ ଖୋଜୁଥିବା ସମୟରେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ତାଙ୍କର ଏକ ହଜିଯାଇଥିବା ବହି ମିଳୁଛି, ଏବଂ ସେ ନିଜର ଭୁଲିଯିବା ଅଭ୍ୟାସକୁ ସ୍ୱୀକାର କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ସେ ଲୁସିଅସ୍‌କୁ ତା'ର ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ରରେ ଏକ ସୁର ବଜାଇବାକୁ ଅନୁରୋଧ କରୁଛନ୍ତି । ଲୁସିଅସ୍ କ୍ଲାନ୍ତ ଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଜର କର୍ତ୍ତବ୍ୟବୋଧ ଯୋଗୁଁ ବାଦ୍ୟ ବଜାଇବା ଆରମ୍ଭ କରୁଛି, କିନ୍ତୁ ବଜାଉ ବଜାଉ ହିଁ ତାକୁ ନିଦ ଆସିଯାଉଛି । ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଅତି କୋମଳତାର ସହ ଶୋଇପଡ଼ିଥିବା ବାଳକ ହାତରୁ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ରଟିକୁ ନେଇଯାଉଛନ୍ତି ଯେପରି ତାହା ଭାଙ୍ଗି ନଯାଏ, ଏବଂ ତାକୁ ଶୁଭରାତ୍ରି ଜଣାଉଛନ୍ତି ।

ପ୍ରେତାତ୍ମାର ଆଗମନ: ସିଜର୍‌ଙ୍କ ଭୂତ

ଯେତେବେଳେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତମ୍ବୁରେ କ୍ଷୀଣ ଆଲୋକରେ ଏକାକୀ ବସି ବହି ପଢୁଛନ୍ତି, ସେହି ସମୟରେ ହଠାତ୍ ସିଜର୍‌ଙ୍କ ପ୍ରେତାତ୍ମା (Ghost of Caesar) ସେଠାରେ ପ୍ରକଟ ହେଉଛି । ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଭୟଭୀତ ହୋଇଯାଉଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ନିଜକୁ ପଚାରୁଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ଏହା ତାଙ୍କର ଦୁର୍ବଳ ଆଖିର ଭ୍ରମ ନା କୌଣସି ଦେବତା, ଦେବଦୂତ କିମ୍ବା ଶୈତାନ, ଯାହାକୁ ଦେଖି ତାଙ୍କ ରକ୍ତ ଶୀତଳ ହୋଇଯାଉଛି ଏବଂ ଲୋମ ଟାଙ୍କୁରି ଉଠୁଛି ।

ଯେତେବେଳେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ସେହି ପ୍ରେତାତ୍ମାକୁ ପଚାରୁଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେ କିଏ, ଭୂତଟି ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ କହୁଛି: "ମୁଁ ତୁମରି ହିଁ ଦୁଷ୍ଟ ଆତ୍ମା (evil spirit), ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ।" ଏହାପରେ ଭୂତଟି ତାଙ୍କୁ ଏକ ଭୟଙ୍କର ତଥା ଭବିଷ୍ୟବାଣୀ ସଦୃଶ ଚେତାବନୀ ଦେଉଛି: "ଏହା କହିବାକୁ ଆସିଛି ଯେ ତୁମେ ମତେ ଫିଲିପିଠାରେ ଦେଖିବ ।" ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଏହି ସନ୍ଦେଶକୁ ସାହସର ସହ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରୁଛନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ସେ ନିଜକୁ ସମ୍ଭାଳିବା ମାତ୍ରେ ପ୍ରେତାତ୍ମାଟି ଗାୟବ ହୋଇଯାଉଛି ।

ଘଟଣା ପରର ଦୃଶ୍ୟ

ଏହି ଅଲୌକିକ ଘଟଣାରେ ବିଚଳିତ ହୋଇ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତୁରନ୍ତ ଲୁସିଅସ୍, ଭାରୋ ଏବଂ କ୍ଲୋଡିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ ଜଗାଉଛନ୍ତି । ଲୁସିଅସ୍ ନିଦରୁ ସଢ଼େଇ ହୋଇ ଉଠୁଛି ଏବଂ ନିଜ ବାଦ୍ୟଯନ୍ତ୍ରର ତାର ବିଷୟରେ ଅସଂଲଗ୍ନ କଥା କହୁଛି । ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ସେହି ତିନିଜଣଙ୍କୁ ପଚାରୁଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନେ ନିଦରେ ଚିତ୍କାର କରିଥିଲେ କି କୌଣସି ଛାୟା ଦେଖିଥିଲେ କି, କିନ୍ତୁ ସେମାନେ ସମସ୍ତେ କହୁଛନ୍ତି ଯେ ସେମାନେ କିଛି ଦେଖିନାହାନ୍ତି କି ଶୁଣିନାହାନ୍ତି ।

ଏହି ରୋମାଞ୍ଚକର ତଥା ଗମ୍ଭୀର ଚେତାବନୀର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱକୁ ବୁଝି, ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ତୁରନ୍ତ ଭାରୋ ଏବଂ କ୍ଲୋଡିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କୁ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍‌ଙ୍କ ପାଖକୁ ପଠାଉଛନ୍ତି । ସେ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ହାତରେ ସନ୍ଦେଶ ଦେଉଛନ୍ତି ଯେ କ୍ୟାସିଅସ୍ ଯେପରି ତାଙ୍କ ସେନାକୁ ସକାଳୁ ସକାଳୁ ଆଗକୁ ବଢ଼ାଇବେ ଏବଂ ସେମାନେ ତାଙ୍କ ପଛେ ପଛେ ଯିବେ । ଏହା ଏହି କଥାର ସଙ୍କେତ ଯେ ବ୍ରୁଟସ୍ ଫିଲିପିର ସେହି ଭାଗ୍ୟନିର୍ଦ୍ଧାରକ ଯୁଦ୍ଧ ପାଇଁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ।

Text with Paraphrase

Cassius: “This it is: 'Tis better that the enemy seek us: So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers, Doing himself offence; whilst we, lying still, Are full of rest, defense, and nimbleness.”

Paraphrase: Cassius explains his military strategy to Brutus. He believes that it is better for the enemy to come towards them rather than for their own army to march towards the enemy. If the enemy has to advance to attack them, he will exhaust his resources, tire his soldiers, and weaken his own position. Meanwhile, Brutus and Cassius's soldiers can remain where they are, rest properly, strengthen their defensive position, and stay physically fresh and ready for battle. Thus, Cassius believes that waiting for the enemy will give their army a strategic advantage.

Brutus: “Good reasons must, of force, give place to better. The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground Do stand but in a forced affection; For they have grudged us contribution: The enemy, marching along by them, By them shall make a fuller number up, Come on refresh'd, new-added, and encouraged; From which advantage shall we cut him off, If at Philippi we do face him there, These people at our back.”

Paraphrase: Brutus acknowledges that Cassius has presented reasonable arguments, but he believes that even good arguments must give way when stronger arguments are available. He explains that the people living between their present camp and Philippi are not genuinely loyal to their army. They support them only under pressure and have been reluctant to provide the necessary supplies and contributions.

If the enemy marches through their territory, these people may join the enemy or increase its strength in other ways. As a result, the enemy will reach Philippi with more soldiers, fresh energy, additional support, and greater confidence. Brutus fears that if they wait at their present position and eventually confront the enemy at Philippi, these people will be behind their own army and may become a source of danger. Therefore, he argues that they should march to Philippi and meet the enemy there before it can gain such advantages.

Cassius: “Hear me, good brother.”

Paraphrase: Cassius politely asks Brutus to listen to him before making a final decision. By calling Brutus “good brother,” he expresses affection and respect for him, even though they disagree about their military strategy.

Brutus: “Under your pardon. You must note beside, That we have tried the utmost of our friends, Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe: The enemy increaseth every day; We, at the height, are ready to decline. There is a tide in the affairs of men, Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea are we now afloat; And we must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures.”

Paraphrase: Brutus politely interrupts Cassius and asks him to excuse him for doing so. He presents further reasons for marching towards Philippi immediately.

Brutus points out that they have already called upon all their friends and supporters for assistance and have obtained as much help as they can expect. Their legions are now at full strength, and their cause is ready for action. However, the enemy's strength is increasing day by day. Brutus believes that his own army has reached the peak of its strength and may soon begin to weaken if it delays taking action.

To explain his point, Brutus uses the image of a tide. He says that human affairs have favourable moments, just as the sea has high tides. A person who takes advantage of the tide at its highest point can move towards success and good fortune. But someone who misses this opportunity may spend the rest of life struggling in shallow waters and suffering difficulties.

Brutus declares that they are now sailing on such a favourable tide. Their army is at its strongest, and their cause is ready to be tested. Therefore, they must take advantage of the present opportunity and move forward while circumstances favour them. If they fail to act at the right moment, they may lose everything they have worked for. Thus, Brutus strongly supports marching to Philippi without delay.

Cassius: “Then, with your will, go on; We'll along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi.”

Paraphrase: Cassius accepts Brutus's decision. He agrees that they should proceed according to Brutus's wishes and march towards Philippi to confront the enemy there. Although Cassius originally favoured remaining in their present position and allowing the enemy to approach them, he now agrees to follow Brutus's plan.

Brutus: “The deep of night is crept upon our talk, And nature must obey necessity; Which we will niggard with a little rest. There is no more to say?”

Paraphrase: Brutus observes that it has become very late while they have been discussing their plans. Night has advanced considerably, and they must now recognise the natural need for rest. However, because their military responsibilities require them to act quickly, they will allow themselves only a short period of sleep. Brutus then asks whether there is anything else that needs to be discussed before they end the meeting.

Cassius: “No more. Good night: Early to-morrow will we rise, and hence.”

Paraphrase: Cassius replies that there is nothing more to discuss. He wishes Brutus good night and says that they will rise early the next morning and leave for Philippi. His words confirm their agreement to carry out the military plan without delay.

Brutus: “Lucius! [Enter LUCIUS] My gown. [Exit LUCIUS] Farewell, good Messala: Good night, Tintinius. Noble, noble Cassius, Good night, and good repose.”

Paraphrase: Brutus calls his servant Lucius and asks him to bring his gown. Lucius enters, receives the order, and leaves to fetch it.

Brutus then takes leave of Messala and wishes Titinius good night. Finally, he addresses Cassius with special warmth, calling him noble twice. He wishes Cassius a peaceful and refreshing night's rest. His affectionate words indicate that, despite their earlier disagreement, Brutus continues to value Cassius and their friendship.

Cassius: “O my dear brother! This was an ill beginning of the night: Never come such division 'tween our souls! Let it not, Brutus.”

Paraphrase: Cassius affectionately addresses Brutus as his dear brother. He regrets that the evening began with such an unpleasant quarrel between them. Their disagreement has disturbed him deeply because he does not want anything to divide them emotionally or destroy their friendship. He earnestly asks Brutus never to allow such a division to arise between them again. His words reveal his deep attachment to Brutus and his fear that their disagreement might damage their close relationship.

Brutus: “Every thing is well.”

Paraphrase: Brutus reassures Cassius that everything is all right. He wants Cassius to stop worrying about their disagreement. His brief response suggests that he considers the quarrel settled and wishes to end the night peacefully.

Cassius: “Good night, my lord.”

Paraphrase: Cassius respectfully wishes Brutus good night. Having received reassurance from Brutus, he prepares to leave without prolonging their conversation.

Brutus: “Good night, good brother.”

Paraphrase: Brutus returns Cassius's good wishes and addresses him affectionately as his good brother. This expression reinforces their friendship and suggests that their earlier quarrel has not destroyed their mutual affection.

Titinius (with Messala): “Good night, Lord Brutus.”

Paraphrase: Titinius, accompanied by Messala, respectfully wishes Brutus good night before leaving. The exchange marks the end of the meeting among the commanders and their companions.

Brutus: “Farewell, every one. [Exeunt all but BRUTUS] [Re-enter LUCIUS, with the gown] Give me the gown. Where is thy instrument?”

Paraphrase: Brutus bids farewell to everyone. All the others leave, and Brutus remains alone in his tent.

Lucius then returns carrying Brutus's gown. Brutus asks him to hand it over and inquires where his musical instrument is. This question indicates that Brutus intends to spend some time reading or reflecting while listening to music before resting.

Lucius: “Here in the tent.”

Paraphrase: Lucius replies that the musical instrument is inside the tent. He answers his master's question simply and respectfully.

Brutus: “What, thou speak'st drowsily? Poor knave, I blame thee not; thou art o'er-watch'd. Call Claudius and some other of my men: I'll have them sleep on cushions in my tent.”

Paraphrase: Brutus notices that Lucius speaks in a sleepy, tired manner. He understands that the young servant has been kept awake for too long and is suffering from a lack of sleep. Instead of scolding him, Brutus expresses sympathy and says that he does not blame him because he has been overworked and kept awake beyond his usual hours.

Brutus then asks Lucius to call Claudius and another of his servants. He intends to allow them to sleep on cushions inside his tent. This shows that Brutus is considerate towards his servants and recognises their need for rest, even though he himself remains occupied with important responsibilities.

Lucius: “Varro and Claudius!”

Enter VARRO and CLAUDIUS.

Paraphrase: Lucius calls out the names of Varro and Claudius as Brutus has instructed him. Varro and Claudius enter the tent in response to the call, ready to learn what Brutus requires of them.

Varro: “Calls my lord?”

Paraphrase: Varro asks Brutus whether he has called for him. He speaks respectfully, indicating that he is ready to carry out his master's orders.

Brutus: “I pray you, sirs, lie in my tent and sleep; It may be I shall raise you by and by On business to my brother Cassius.”

Paraphrase: Brutus politely asks Varro and Claudius to lie down and sleep inside his tent. He explains that he may need to wake them later to carry a message or attend to some business concerning his brother Cassius.

Brutus does not want them to remain awake unnecessarily. At the same time, he wants them to be close at hand in case an urgent matter arises during the night. His instructions reflect both his consideration for their comfort and his awareness of his military duties.

Varro: “So please you, we will stand and watch your pleasure.”

Paraphrase: Varro replies that, if Brutus wishes, he and Claudius will remain standing and wait for his orders. They are willing to stay awake throughout the night so that they can respond immediately whenever Brutus needs them. Their response shows their obedience and readiness to serve him.

Brutus: “I will not have it so: lie down, good sirs; It may be I shall otherwise bethink me. Look, Lucius, here's the book I sought for so; I put it in the pocket of my gown.”

Varro and Claudius lie down.

Paraphrase: Brutus refuses to let Varro and Claudius remain standing on duty. He again tells them to lie down and rest. He explains that he may change his mind and decide not to send them on any errand after all. Therefore, there is no reason for them to sacrifice their sleep unnecessarily.

Brutus then turns to Lucius and expresses his relief at finding the book he had been searching for. He realises that he had placed it in the pocket of his gown and had forgotten where he had kept it. Meanwhile, Varro and Claudius obey his command and lie down to sleep.

Lucius: “I was sure your lordship did not give it me.”

Paraphrase: Lucius tells Brutus that he had been certain Brutus had not given him the book. His reply suggests that Brutus had apparently been looking for it without remembering where he had placed it, and Lucius had not been responsible for keeping it.

Brutus: “Bear with me, good boy, I am much forgetful. Canst thou hold up thy heavy eyes awhile, And touch thy instrument a strain or two?”

Paraphrase: Brutus asks Lucius to be patient with him because he has become very forgetful. His mind is occupied with many worries and responsibilities, and he cannot always remember where he puts things.

He then asks whether Lucius can keep his heavy, sleepy eyes open for a little longer and play a short piece of music on his instrument. Brutus wants to listen to music while he remains awake, perhaps to relax his mind before reading and resting. His request also shows that he knows Lucius is tired but hopes the boy can help him for a little while.

Lucius: “Ay, my lord, an't please you.”

Paraphrase: Lucius agrees to play the instrument if that is what Brutus wishes. Although he is sleepy, he remains obedient and willing to serve his master.

Brutus: “It does, my boy: I trouble thee too much, but thou art willing.”

Paraphrase: Brutus confirms that he would indeed like Lucius to play. He acknowledges that he is asking too much of the young servant, especially when the boy is already tired. However, he appreciates Lucius's willingness to obey his requests. His words reveal his concern for the boy and his awareness that Lucius is making an effort to please him.

Lucius: “It is my duty, sir.”

Paraphrase: Lucius replies that serving Brutus is his duty. He considers it his responsibility to obey his master's reasonable instructions, even when doing so requires extra effort.

Brutus: “I should not urge thy duty past thy might; I know young bloods look for a time of rest.”

Paraphrase: Brutus says that he should not demand more from Lucius than the boy's strength allows. He understands that young people need sufficient rest and cannot be expected to remain awake indefinitely. By saying this, Brutus shows that he does not wish to misuse his authority or force Lucius to work beyond his physical capacity.

Lucius: “I have slept, my lord, already.”

Paraphrase: Lucius assures Brutus that he has already had some sleep. He appears to be trying to convince his master that he can remain awake for a little longer and fulfil the request without serious difficulty.

Brutus: “It was well done; and thou shalt sleep again; I will not hold thee long: if I do live, I will be good to thee.”

[Music, and a song]

Paraphrase: Brutus is pleased to learn that Lucius has already slept. He assures the boy that he will allow him to sleep again soon and will not keep him occupied for long. Brutus also promises that, if he survives the coming conflict, he will treat Lucius generously and reward his faithful service.

Music begins, and Lucius plays a tune and sings. The scene briefly becomes peaceful, contrasting with the military tension and emotional strain surrounding Brutus.

Brutus: “This is a sleepy tune. O murderous slumber, Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy, That plays thee music? Gentle knave, good night; I will not do thee so much wrong to wake thee: If thou dost nod, thou break'st thy instrument; I'll take it from thee; and, good boy, good night.”

Paraphrase: Brutus observes that the music is making the atmosphere even sleepier. He personifies sleep as a murderous force that strikes people with a heavy club, causing them to fall asleep. He imagines that sleep is overpowering Lucius even while the boy is playing music intended to please him.

Brutus affectionately addresses Lucius as a gentle and good boy and wishes him good night. He decides that it would be unfair to keep the exhausted servant awake any longer. He realises that Lucius may nod off while playing and accidentally damage his instrument. Therefore, Brutus intends to take the instrument from him and allow him to sleep peacefully. His words reveal his kindness, sympathy, and concern for the tired young servant.

Brutus: “Let me see, let me see; is not the leaf turn'd down Where I left reading? Here it is, I think.”

Paraphrase: After allowing Lucius to rest, Brutus returns to his book. He tries to find the page where he had stopped reading earlier. He wonders whether the corner of the page has been folded down to mark his place. After looking for a moment, he thinks he has found the correct page.

This passage shows Brutus trying to occupy his mind with reading, even though he is under considerable mental pressure and is preparing for the coming battle.

Stage Direction: The Ghost of Caesar Appears

[Enter the Ghost of CAESAR]

Paraphrase: As Brutus reads in his tent at night, the ghost of Julius Caesar suddenly appears. Caesar had been murdered by the conspirators, including Brutus, and his appearance creates a supernatural and frightening atmosphere. The ghost's arrival suggests that Brutus cannot escape the consequences of Caesar's death, even when he is alone and trying to rest.

Brutus: “How ill this taper burns! Ha! who comes here? I think it is the weakness of mine eyes That shapes this monstrous apparition. It comes upon me. Art thou any thing? Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil, That makest my blood cold and my hair to stare? Speak to me what thou art.”

Paraphrase: Brutus notices that the candle is burning badly and giving off a weak light. Suddenly, he sees something approaching and exclaims in surprise, asking who is coming towards him.

At first, Brutus wonders whether the strange figure is merely an illusion caused by the weakness or tiredness of his eyes. He describes it as a monstrous apparition because its appearance frightens him. As the figure comes closer, he becomes increasingly disturbed and questions what kind of being it is.

Brutus asks whether the apparition is a god, an angel, or a devil. Its presence makes his blood run cold and causes his hair to stand on end with fear. Nevertheless, he attempts to face the mysterious figure and demands that it reveal its identity. His reaction shows that even a courageous and powerful man like Brutus can be frightened by an unexplained supernatural appearance.

Caesar's Ghost: “Thy evil spirit, Brutus.”

Paraphrase: The ghost identifies itself as Brutus's evil spirit. This response suggests that its appearance is connected with Brutus's actions, particularly his participation in Caesar's assassination. The ghost's words create an atmosphere of guilt, fear, and impending doom.

Brutus: “Why comest thou?”

Paraphrase: Brutus asks the ghost why it has come to visit him. He wants to understand the purpose of its appearance and whether it has come to deliver a warning or announce something concerning his future.

Caesar's Ghost: “To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.”

Paraphrase: The ghost tells Brutus that he will see it again at Philippi. This statement sounds like a warning that Brutus will encounter the ghost once more during the coming military campaign. The reference to Philippi connects the supernatural appearance with the approaching battle against Antony and Octavius.

Brutus: “Well; then I shall see thee again?”

Paraphrase: Brutus asks whether the ghost means that he will meet it again. Although its appearance has frightened him, he wants to confirm what it has said and understand whether their meeting at Philippi is certain.

Caesar's Ghost: “Ay, at Philippi.”

Paraphrase: The ghost confirms that Brutus will see it again at Philippi. Its brief answer reinforces the warning and leaves Brutus with a disturbing sense that the coming battle will be connected with Caesar's death and its consequences.

Brutus: “Why, I will see thee at Philippi, then.”

[Exit Ghost]

Paraphrase: Brutus replies that he will meet the ghost at Philippi, accepting its statement without further questioning. Soon afterwards, the ghost disappears. Its sudden departure leaves Brutus alone in the tent once again.

Brutus: “Now I have taken heart thou vanishest: Ill spirit, I would hold more talk with thee. Boy, Lucius! Varro! Claudius! Sirs, awake! Claudius!”

Paraphrase: Brutus observes that the ghost has disappeared just when he has gathered enough courage to speak to it more confidently. Now that his initial fear has lessened, he wishes that the mysterious spirit had remained so that he could ask it further questions.

He calls out to Lucius, Varro, and Claudius, asking them to wake up. He also calls Claudius again, hoping that someone will respond to his summons. His behaviour shows that the apparition has disturbed him deeply and that he wants to determine whether anyone else has witnessed anything unusual.

Lucius: “The strings, my lord, are false.”

Paraphrase: Lucius speaks in his sleep and complains that the strings of his musical instrument are out of tune. He appears to be dreaming about the music he had been playing earlier. His words suggest that he is still asleep and unaware that Brutus has been calling him.

Brutus: “He thinks he still is at his instrument. Lucius, awake!”

Paraphrase: Brutus understands that Lucius is dreaming about playing his instrument. The boy's words about the strings indicate that his mind is still occupied with the music from earlier in the evening. Brutus calls him again and urges him to wake up so that he can speak to him.

Lucius: “My lord?”

Paraphrase: Lucius wakes up and responds to Brutus's call. He addresses his master respectfully and waits to hear what he wants.

Brutus: “Didst thou dream, Lucius, that thou so criedst out?”

Paraphrase: Brutus asks Lucius whether he was dreaming when he cried out in his sleep. He wants to know whether the boy's words were connected with a dream and whether he might have seen or heard anything unusual while sleeping.

Lucius: “My lord, I do not know that I did cry.”

Paraphrase: Lucius replies that he is unaware of having cried out in his sleep. He does not remember making any noise and appears surprised by Brutus's question. His response suggests that he has no conscious knowledge of what he said while dreaming.

Brutus: “Yes, that thou didst: didst thou see any thing?”

Paraphrase: Brutus confirms that Lucius did cry out while sleeping. He then asks whether the boy saw anything in his dream. Brutus has just encountered Caesar's ghost and is eager to discover whether Lucius has experienced anything similar.

Lucius: “Nothing, my lord.”

Paraphrase: Lucius assures Brutus that he saw nothing. He has no memory of any unusual vision or experience and cannot provide any explanation for Brutus's encounter with the apparition.

Brutus: “Sleep again, Lucius. Sirrah Claudius! [To VARRO] Fellow thou, awake!”

Paraphrase: Brutus tells Lucius to go back to sleep. Since the boy has seen nothing, Brutus does not question him further. He then turns his attention to Claudius and calls him. He also addresses Varro, urging him to wake up. Brutus wants to question the other servants to find out whether they have witnessed anything unusual during the night.

49. Varro and Claudius: “My lord?” “My lord?”

Paraphrase: Varro and Claudius wake up and respond to Brutus's calls. Both address him respectfully and wait for his instructions. Their responses indicate that they have been sleeping and have only just been awakened.

Brutus: “Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep?”

Paraphrase: Brutus asks Varro and Claudius why they cried out while sleeping. He wants to know what caused their cries and whether they were disturbed by any dreams or visions. His question is especially significant because he has just seen Caesar's ghost and is trying to understand whether the other men experienced anything similar.

Varro and Claudius: “Did we, my lord?”

Paraphrase: Varro and Claudius ask Brutus whether they really cried out in their sleep. They appear unaware of having made any noise and are surprised by his question.

Brutus: “Ay: saw you any thing?”

Paraphrase: Brutus confirms that they did cry out. He then asks whether either of them saw anything while sleeping. He is eager to learn whether they experienced any strange vision or supernatural occurrence that might explain their cries.

Varro: “No, my lord, I saw nothing.”

Paraphrase: Varro replies that he saw nothing unusual. He has no recollection of any strange appearance or vision during his sleep and cannot offer any explanation for what Brutus has experienced.

Claudius: “Nor I, my lord.”

Paraphrase: Claudius also states that he saw nothing. His answer agrees with Varro's and confirms that neither servant is aware of any unusual sight or supernatural experience.

Brutus: “Go and commend me to my brother Cassius; Bid him set on his powers betimes before, And we will follow.”

Paraphrase: Brutus instructs Varro and Claudius to go to Cassius and convey his greetings and message. He tells them to ask Cassius to move his army forward early, without wasting time. Brutus adds that his own forces will follow.

This order shows that Brutus remains determined to carry out the plan of marching towards Philippi. The ghost's appearance has disturbed him, but it has not prevented him from attending to his military responsibilities. His instructions also indicate that the army must begin its movement promptly in preparation for the approaching battle.

Varro and Claudius: “It shall be done, my lord.”

[Exeunt]

Paraphrase: Varro and Claudius assure Brutus that they will carry out his instructions. They will go to Cassius and deliver the message as directed. They then leave the tent to perform their duty.

The scene ends with Brutus preparing to continue the military campaign despite the unsettling appearance of Caesar's ghost. The warning that he will see Caesar again at Philippi creates a sense of foreboding and foreshadows the tragic events that lie ahead.

Overall Significance of the Extract

This part of Act IV, Scene 3 contains two important developments. First, Brutus and Cassius discuss their military strategy and finally agree to march towards Philippi. Their discussion reveals Brutus's practical reasoning, his belief in seizing a favourable opportunity, and Cassius's willingness to accept his friend's decision.

Second, after the others leave, Brutus spends the night in his tent with his servant Lucius. His kindness towards the tired boy reveals his compassionate side. The sudden appearance of Caesar's ghost then introduces a supernatural element and reminds the audience of Brutus's involvement in Caesar's murder. The ghost's warning about Philippi foreshadows the coming battle and the tragic consequences awaiting Brutus.

Together, these events highlight the contrast between military determination and personal anxiety. Brutus continues to perform his duties as a leader, but the ghost's appearance suggests that the consequences of his past actions will continue to trouble him.

WHO SAID? / WHO SAID TO WHOM?

1. “'Tis better that the enemy seek us.” Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

2. “Good reasons must, of force, give place to better.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

3. “Hear me, good brother.” Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

4. “There is a tide in the affairs of men.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

5. “And we must take the current when it serves, or lose our ventures.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

6. “Then, with your will, go on; we'll along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi.” Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

7. “The deep of night is crept upon our talk.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius and the others present.

8. “Early to-morrow will we rise, and hence.” Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

9. “Noble, noble Cassius, good night, and good repose.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

10. “O my dear brother! This was an ill beginning of the night.” Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

11. “Never come such division 'tween our souls!” Ans. Cassius said this to Brutus.

12. “Every thing is well.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

13. “Good night, good brother.” Ans. Brutus said this to Cassius.

14. “Give me the gown. Where is thy instrument?” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

15. “Here in the tent.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

16. “Poor knave, I blame thee not; thou art o'er-watch'd.” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

17. “Calls my lord?” Ans. Varro said this to Brutus.

18. “I pray you, sirs, lie in my tent and sleep.” Ans. Brutus said this to Varro and Claudius.

19. “So please you, we will stand and watch your pleasure.” Ans. Varro said this to Brutus on behalf of himself and Claudius.

20. “I will not have it so: lie down, good sirs.” Ans. Brutus said this to Varro and Claudius.

21. “I was sure your lordship did not give it me.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

22. “Bear with me, good boy, I am much forgetful.” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

23. “Canst thou hold up thy heavy eyes awhile, and touch thy instrument a strain or two?” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

24. “Ay, my lord, an't please you.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

25. “I trouble thee too much, but thou art willing.” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

26. “It is my duty, sir.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

27. “I should not urge thy duty past thy might.” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

28. “I have slept, my lord, already.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

29. “If I do live, I will be good to thee.” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

30. “This is a sleepy tune.” Ans. Brutus said this while listening to Lucius play music.

31. “O murderous slumber, lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy?” Ans. Brutus said this while observing Lucius becoming sleepy as he played music.

32. “Gentle knave, good night; I will not do thee so much wrong to wake thee.” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

33. “Let me see, let me see; is not the leaf turn'd down where I left reading?” Ans. Brutus said this to himself while looking for his place in the book.

34. “How ill this taper burns! Ha! who comes here?” Ans. Brutus said this when he saw Caesar's ghost.

35. “Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil?” Ans. Brutus said this to Caesar's ghost.

36. “Speak to me what thou art.” Ans. Brutus said this to Caesar's ghost.

37. “Thy evil spirit, Brutus.” Ans. Caesar's ghost said this to Brutus.

38. “Why comest thou?” Ans. Brutus said this to Caesar's ghost.

39. “To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.” Ans. Caesar's ghost said this to Brutus.

40. “Well; then I shall see thee again?” Ans. Brutus said this to Caesar's ghost.

41. “Ay, at Philippi.” Ans. Caesar's ghost said this to Brutus.

42. “Why, I will see thee at Philippi, then.” Ans. Brutus said this to Caesar's ghost.

43. “Now I have taken heart thou vanishest.” Ans. Brutus said this after Caesar's ghost disappeared.

44. “Ill spirit, I would hold more talk with thee.” Ans. Brutus said this to the departed ghost of Caesar.

45. “The strings, my lord, are false.” Ans. Lucius said this in his sleep.

46. “He thinks he still is at his instrument.” Ans. Brutus said this about Lucius while the boy was asleep.

47. “Didst thou dream, Lucius, that thou so criedst out?” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

48. “My lord, I do not know that I did cry.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

49. “Yes, that thou didst: didst thou see any thing?” Ans. Brutus said this to Lucius.

50. “Nothing, my lord.” Ans. Lucius said this to Brutus.

51. “Why did you so cry out, sirs, in your sleep?” Ans. Brutus said this to Varro and Claudius.

52. “Did we, my lord?” Ans. Varro and Claudius said this to Brutus.

53. “Ay: saw you any thing?” Ans. Brutus said this to Varro and Claudius.

54. “No, my lord, I saw nothing.” Ans. Varro said this to Brutus.

55. “Nor I, my lord.” Ans. Claudius said this to Brutus.

56. “Go and commend me to my brother Cassius.” Ans. Brutus said this to Varro and Claudius.

57. “Bid him set on his powers betimes before, and we will follow.” Ans. Brutus said this to Varro and Claudius, instructing them to deliver the message to Cassius.

58. “It shall be done, my lord.” Ans. Varro and Claudius said this to Brutus.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 1

1) Who says, “’Tis better that the enemy seek us”?
(A) Brutus
(B) Cassius
(C) Lucius
(D) Varro
Ans. (B) Cassius
2) To whom does Cassius speak about the enemy seeking them?
(A) Lucius
(B) Varro
(C) Brutus
(D) Claudius
Ans. (C) Brutus
3) Who says, “Good reasons must, of force, give place to better”?
(A) Brutus
(B) Cassius
(C) Lucius
(D) Messala
Ans. (A) Brutus
4) What is the main subject of the discussion between Brutus and Cassius?
(A) A family dispute
(B) A military decision
(C) A celebration
(D) A journey to Rome
Ans. (B) A military decision
5) Which two characters are involved in the military discussion?
(A) Brutus and Lucius
(B) Cassius and Varro
(C) Brutus and Cassius
(D) Lucius and Claudius
Ans. (C) Brutus and Cassius
6) Which place is associated with the coming confrontation?
(A) Rome
(B) Sardis
(C) Philippi
(D) Athens
Ans. (C) Philippi
7) Who is Brutus’s servant?
(A) Lucius
(B) Cassius
(C) Titinius
(D) Messala
Ans. (A) Lucius
8) What is Lucius doing when Brutus notices him?
(A) Reading a letter
(B) Sleeping
(C) Speaking to Cassius
(D) Preparing a meal
Ans. (B) Sleeping
9) Who appears to Brutus in the tent?
(A) Portia
(B) Caesar’s Ghost
(C) Antony
(D) Octavius
Ans. (B) Caesar’s Ghost
10) Where does Caesar’s Ghost appear to Brutus?
(A) In the marketplace
(B) In the Senate
(C) In Brutus’s tent
(D) On the battlefield
Ans. (C) In Brutus’s tent
11) Whose Ghost appears before Brutus?
(A) Pompey’s
(B) Caesar’s
(C) Cassius’s
(D) Cinna’s
Ans. (B) Caesar’s
12) Who questions the mysterious apparition?
(A) Lucius
(B) Varro
(C) Brutus
(D) Claudius
Ans. (C) Brutus
13) Which words does the Ghost use to identify itself to Brutus?
(A) “Thy evil spirit, Brutus”
(B) “Thy faithful servant, Brutus”
(C) “Thy friend, Brutus”
(D) “Thy guardian, Brutus”
Ans. (A) “Thy evil spirit, Brutus”
14) What does Brutus want to know from the Ghost?
(A) Its identity and purpose
(B) The location of Rome
(C) The names of his servants
(D) The contents of a letter
Ans. (A) Its identity and purpose
15) Which character is directly confronted by the supernatural apparition?
(A) Cassius
(B) Brutus
(C) Lucius
(D) Messala
Ans. (B) Brutus
16) What kind of element does Caesar’s Ghost introduce into the scene?
(A) Comic
(B) Supernatural
(C) Festive
(D) Romantic
Ans. (B) Supernatural
17) What is the Ghost’s connection with Brutus?
(A) It is the spirit of the man Brutus helped assassinate
(B) It is Brutus’s servant
(C) It is Cassius’s brother
(D) It is a messenger from Antony
Ans. (A) It is the spirit of the man Brutus helped assassinate
18) Which event from the earlier part of the play is connected with Caesar’s Ghost?
(A) Caesar’s assassination
(B) Brutus’s marriage
(C) The arrival of Lucius
(D) The departure from Sardis
Ans. (A) Caesar’s assassination
19) What does Brutus ask the Ghost about their next meeting?
(A) When he will see it again
(B) Where Cassius lives
(C) When he should return to Rome
(D) Why Lucius is asleep
Ans. (A) When he will see it again
20) What place does the Ghost mention in connection with its next appearance?
(A) Rome
(B) Sardis
(C) Philippi
(D) Athens
Ans. (C) Philippi
21) What does the Ghost’s reference to Philippi indicate?
(A) Brutus will meet it there again
(B) Brutus must return to Rome
(C) Cassius has already left
(D) Lucius must remain in the tent
Ans. (A) Brutus will meet it there again
22) Which character delivers the supernatural prediction to Brutus?
(A) Caesar’s Ghost
(B) Lucius
(C) Cassius
(D) Varro
Ans. (A) Caesar’s Ghost
23) What does the Ghost’s prediction mainly create in the scene?
(A) Suspense
(B) Amusement
(C) Celebration
(D) Relief
Ans. (A) Suspense
24) Who remains awake while Lucius is asleep?
(A) Brutus
(B) Varro
(C) Claudius
(D) Titinius
Ans. (A) Brutus
25) Which character is associated with the sleeping scene?
(A) Antony
(B) Lucius
(C) Octavius
(D) Caesar
Ans. (B) Lucius
26) What does Brutus do after the Ghost’s appearance?
(A) Calls his attendants
(B) Leaves for Rome immediately
(C) Meets Antony
(D) Holds a public meeting
Ans. (A) Calls his attendants
27) Which attendants does Brutus call?
(A) Varro and Claudius
(B) Antony and Octavius
(C) Titinius and Messala
(D) Caesar and Pompey
Ans. (A) Varro and Claudius
28) Who are Varro and Claudius in the scene?
(A) Brutus’s attendants
(B) Roman senators opposing Brutus
(C) Leaders of Antony’s army
(D) Messengers from Caesar
Ans. (A) Brutus’s attendants
29) Why does Brutus question his attendants after the apparition?
(A) To find out whether they witnessed anything
(B) To ask them to prepare a feast
(C) To learn about a Roman election
(D) To ask them to arrest Cassius
Ans. (A) To find out whether they witnessed anything
30) Which character experiences the Ghost’s appearance directly?
(A) Varro
(B) Claudius
(C) Brutus
(D) Lucius
Ans. (C) Brutus
31) Who gives instructions concerning Cassius’s forces?
(A) Brutus
(B) Lucius
(C) Varro
(D) Claudius
Ans. (A) Brutus
32) Whom does Brutus instruct his attendants to contact?
(A) Antony
(B) Octavius
(C) Cassius
(D) Caesar
Ans. (C) Cassius
33) What is the purpose of Brutus’s message to Cassius?
(A) To communicate instructions about moving the forces
(B) To invite him to a feast
(C) To ask him to return to Rome permanently
(D) To discuss a family celebration
Ans. (A) To communicate instructions about moving the forces
34) Who are told to carry Brutus’s message?
(A) Varro and Claudius
(B) Antony and Octavius
(C) Titinius and Messala
(D) Lucius and Caesar
Ans. (A) Varro and Claudius
35) To whom is the message carried?
(A) Caesar
(B) Cassius
(C) Antony
(D) Octavius
Ans. (B) Cassius
36) What does the instruction about moving the forces reveal about Brutus’s immediate concern?
(A) Military preparation
(B) A public celebration
(C) A family gathering
(D) A visit to the Senate
Ans. (A) Military preparation
37) How do Varro and Claudius respond to Brutus’s instruction?
(A) They agree to carry it out
(B) They refuse to obey
(C) They leave Rome without a message
(D) They challenge Brutus
Ans. (A) They agree to carry it out
38) Who says, “It shall be done, my lord”?
(A) Antony
(B) Octavius
(C) Varro and Claudius
(D) Cassius
Ans. (C) Varro and Claudius
39) To whom is “It shall be done, my lord” addressed?
(A) Brutus
(B) Cassius
(C) Antony
(D) Lucius
Ans. (A) Brutus
40) What does the expression “my lord” show?
(A) Respect
(B) Anger
(C) Mockery
(D) Fear of an enemy
Ans. (A) Respect
41) Which pair is associated with carrying Brutus’s message?
(A) Varro and Claudius
(B) Antony and Octavius
(C) Brutus and Lucius
(D) Cassius and Messala
Ans. (A) Varro and Claudius
42) Which character is responsible for giving the instructions?
(A) Brutus
(B) Lucius
(C) Varro
(D) Claudius
Ans. (A) Brutus
43) Which character is the intended recipient of the message?
(A) Caesar
(B) Cassius
(C) Antony
(D) Octavius
Ans. (B) Cassius
44) Which of the following pairs consists of Brutus’s attendants?
(A) Varro and Claudius
(B) Antony and Octavius
(C) Caesar and Pompey
(D) Cassius and Messala
Ans. (A) Varro and Claudius
45) Which place links the Ghost’s prediction with the military events?
(A) Philippi
(B) Athens
(C) Alexandria
(D) Carthage
Ans. (A) Philippi
46) Which character speaks to Brutus in a supernatural form?
(A) Caesar
(B) Antony
(C) Octavius
(D) Lucius
Ans. (A) Caesar
47) Which character asks questions after seeing the apparition?
(A) Brutus
(B) Varro
(C) Claudius
(D) Messala
Ans. (A) Brutus
48) Which event takes place in Brutus’s tent?
(A) Caesar’s Ghost appears
(B) Antony gives a public speech
(C) Octavius is crowned
(D) Cassius holds an election
Ans. (A) Caesar’s Ghost appears
49) Which character is asleep before being called by Brutus?
(A) Lucius
(B) Antony
(C) Octavius
(D) Caesar
Ans. (A) Lucius
50) What does Brutus’s message to Cassius concern?
(A) The movement of military forces
(B) The division of Caesar’s property
(C) A public speech in Rome
(D) A meeting with Antony
Ans. (A) The movement of military forces
51) Which pair of events occurs in the extract?
(A) The Ghost appears and Brutus sends a message
(B) Caesar is crowned and Antony leaves Rome
(C) Lucius fights Cassius and Brutus returns home
(D) Octavius visits Brutus and Caesar addresses the Senate
Ans. (A) The Ghost appears and Brutus sends a message
52) Which statement about Brutus is supported by the events described?
(A) He questions the Ghost and gives instructions to his attendants
(B) He refuses to speak to anyone
(C) He commands Antony’s army
(D) He asks Lucius to lead the Roman Senate
Ans. (A) He questions the Ghost and gives instructions to his attendants
53) Which statement about Varro and Claudius is correct?
(A) They receive instructions from Brutus
(B) They command Antony’s army
(C) They are the spirits of Caesar
(D) They refuse to serve Brutus
Ans. (A) They receive instructions from Brutus
54) Which statement about the Ghost is correct?
(A) It refers to Philippi
(B) It asks Brutus to become king
(C) It commands Lucius to fight Cassius
(D) It announces Antony’s victory
Ans. (A) It refers to Philippi
55) Which statement about Lucius is correct?
(A) He is Brutus’s servant
(B) He is the commander of Antony’s army
(C) He is Caesar’s Ghost
(D) He is the recipient of Brutus’s message to Cassius
Ans. (A) He is Brutus’s servant
56) Which statement about Cassius is correct?
(A) Brutus sends him a message
(B) He appears as Caesar’s Ghost
(C) He is Brutus’s sleeping servant
(D) He carries the message to himself
Ans. (A) Brutus sends him a message
57) Which statement about Brutus’s attendants is correct?
(A) They agree to carry out his instructions
(B) They order Brutus to leave the army
(C) They refuse to speak to him
(D) They claim to be Caesar’s Ghost
Ans. (A) They agree to carry out his instructions
58) Which literary technique is associated with a hint about a future event?
(A) Foreshadowing
(B) Alliteration
(C) Simile
(D) Pun
Ans. (A) Foreshadowing
59) Which feature makes the Ghost’s appearance different from an ordinary conversation?
(A) It introduces a supernatural event
(B) It is a public debate
(C) It is a celebration
(D) It is a comic song
Ans. (A) It introduces a supernatural event
60) Which place is most important to the Ghost’s prediction?
(A) Philippi
(B) Athens
(C) Troy
(D) Egypt
Ans. (A) Philippi

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS SET 2
1) According to Cassius, why is it better for the enemy to seek them?
(A) The enemy will receive more soldiers.
(B) The enemy will waste its resources and tire its soldiers.
(C) The enemy will avoid fighting.
(D) The enemy will gain the support of Rome.
Ans. (B) The enemy will waste its resources and tire its soldiers.
2) What advantages do Brutus and his soldiers enjoy while lying still?
(A) Wealth, popularity and victory
(B) Rest, defence and nimbleness
(C) Fresh supplies and new soldiers
(D) Support from the people
Ans. (B) Rest, defence and nimbleness.
3) How do the people between Philippi and Brutus’s present position feel towards Brutus’s side?
(A) They are completely devoted to it.
(B) They are forced to show affection.
(C) They openly command its army.
(D) They are preparing to attack it.
Ans. (B) They are forced to show affection.
4) What have the people grudged Brutus’s side?
(A) Their weapons
(B) Their contribution
(C) Their land
(D) Their soldiers
Ans. (B) Their contribution.
5) What advantage might the enemy gain by marching past the people?
(A) It might increase its numbers.
(B) It might capture Brutus.
(C) It might avoid Philippi altogether.
(D) It might make Brutus surrender immediately.
Ans. (A) It might increase its numbers.
6) How would the enemy arrive after receiving support from the people?
(A) Tired and discouraged
(B) Refreshed, reinforced and encouraged
(C) Unarmed and frightened
(D) Divided and exhausted
Ans. (B) Refreshed, reinforced and encouraged.
7) What does Brutus believe they should do to the enemy’s advantage?
(A) Strengthen it
(B) Ignore it completely
(C) Cut it off
(D) Give it more soldiers
Ans. (C) Cut it off.
8) What does Brutus say about the condition of their legions?
(A) They are almost empty.
(B) They are brim-full.
(C) They have deserted.
(D) They are exhausted beyond recovery.
Ans. (B) They are brim-full.
9) According to Brutus, what is the condition of their cause?
(A) It is lost.
(B) It is uncertain.
(C) It is ripe.
(D) It is forgotten.
Ans. (C) It is ripe.
10) What does Brutus say about the enemy?
(A) It is decreasing every day.
(B) It is increasing every day.
(C) It has stopped moving.
(D) It has already surrendered.
Ans. (B) It is increasing every day.
11) What does Brutus mean when he says, “We, at the height, are ready to decline”?
(A) Their strength has reached its peak and may begin to decrease.
(B) Their army has become larger than ever before.
(C) They have decided to abandon the war.
(D) They have already defeated the enemy.
Ans. (A) Their strength has reached its peak and may begin to decrease.
12) What does Brutus compare the affairs of men to?
(A) A mountain
(B) A river crossing
(C) A tide
(D) A storm
Ans. (C) A tide.
13) What does the tide lead to when it is taken at the flood?
(A) Fortune
(B) Misery
(C) Defeat
(D) Confusion
Ans. (A) Fortune.
14) What happens if the favourable tide is missed?
(A) Life becomes easier.
(B) The voyage of life becomes bound in shallows and miseries.
(C) The enemy immediately retreats.
(D) The soldiers receive more rest.
Ans. (B) The voyage of life becomes bound in shallows and miseries.
15) What does Brutus mean by “we must take the current when it serves”?
(A) They should seize a favourable opportunity.
(B) They should postpone every decision.
(C) They should follow the enemy without planning.
(D) They should remain inactive.
Ans. (A) They should seize a favourable opportunity.
16) What does Cassius finally agree to do?
(A) Return to Rome
(B) Meet the enemy at Philippi
(C) Disband his legions
(D) Remain at their present position indefinitely
Ans. (B) Meet the enemy at Philippi.
17) Why does Brutus say that nature must obey necessity?
(A) They must take some rest because the night is advancing.
(B) They must abandon their army.
(C) They must stop preparing for battle permanently.
(D) They must return to Rome immediately.
Ans. (A) They must take some rest because the night is advancing.
18) Who does Brutus call to bring his gown?
(A) Varro
(B) Claudius
(C) Lucius
(D) Messala
Ans. (C) Lucius.
19) To whom does Brutus bid farewell before the others leave?
(A) Messala, Titinius and Cassius
(B) Antony, Octavius and Caesar
(C) Varro, Claudius and Antony
(D) Lucius, Caesar and Pompey
Ans. (A) Messala, Titinius and Cassius.
20) What does Cassius fear after the disagreement?
(A) That a division may arise between their souls.
(B) That Lucius will leave the army.
(C) That Brutus will become king.
(D) That the people will immediately attack them.
Ans. (A) That a division may arise between their souls.
21) What does Brutus say in response to Cassius’s concern?
(A) “Every thing is well.”
(B) “We must return to Rome.”
(C) “I shall never trust you.”
(D) “The battle is already lost.”
Ans. (A) “Every thing is well.”
22) Where does Lucius say his instrument is?
(A) In the marketplace
(B) In the tent
(C) With Cassius
(D) Outside the camp
Ans. (B) In the tent.
23) Why does Brutus excuse Lucius’s drowsiness?
(A) Lucius has been over-watched.
(B) Lucius has refused to work.
(C) Lucius has been fighting all day.
(D) Lucius has deliberately ignored him.
Ans. (A) Lucius has been over-watched.
24) Where does Brutus tell Varro and Claudius to sleep?
(A) In Cassius’s tent
(B) On cushions in his own tent
(C) In the marketplace
(D) Outside the camp
Ans. (B) On cushions in his own tent.
25) Why does Brutus want Varro and Claudius to remain nearby?
(A) He may call them for business concerning Cassius.
(B) He wants them to leave the camp.
(C) He wants them to challenge Cassius.
(D) He wants them to take Lucius away.
Ans. (A) He may call them for business concerning Cassius.
26) Where does Brutus find the book he has been looking for?
(A) In Cassius’s pocket
(B) In the pocket of his gown
(C) Under Lucius’s instrument
(D) On Varro’s cushion
Ans. (B) In the pocket of his gown.
27) What does Lucius say about the book?
(A) He says Brutus gave it to him.
(B) He says he was sure Brutus had not given it to him.
(C) He says Cassius had borrowed it.
(D) He says he has lost it.
Ans. (B) He says he was sure Brutus had not given it to him.
28) What does Brutus ask Lucius to do after finding the book?
(A) Play a strain or two on his instrument.
(B) Carry the book to Cassius.
(C) Wake the soldiers.
(D) Leave the tent immediately.
Ans. (A) Play a strain or two on his instrument.
29) Why does Brutus say he should not urge Lucius’s duty beyond his strength?
(A) He understands that young people need rest.
(B) He thinks Lucius is disobedient.
(C) He wants Lucius to join the enemy.
(D) He does not value Lucius’s service.
Ans. (A) He understands that young people need rest.
30) What does Lucius say about his duty?
(A) He says it is Cassius’s duty.
(B) He says it is his duty to serve Brutus.
(C) He says he has no duty.
(D) He says his duty is finished.
Ans. (B) He says it is his duty to serve Brutus.
31) What does Brutus call the music played by Lucius?
(A) A cheerful tune
(B) A sleepy tune
(C) A battle tune
(D) A triumphant tune
Ans. (B) A sleepy tune.
32) What does Brutus fear the sleeping boy might do if he nods?
(A) Break his instrument
(B) Wake the entire army
(C) Lose the book
(D) Call Cassius
Ans. (A) Break his instrument.
33) What does Brutus do when Lucius falls asleep?
(A) He wakes him angrily.
(B) He takes the instrument away and lets him sleep.
(C) He sends him to Philippi.
(D) He orders him to carry a message.
Ans. (B) He takes the instrument away and lets him sleep.
34) What does Brutus check before the Ghost appears?
(A) Whether the leaf is turned down where he left reading
(B) Whether Cassius has returned
(C) Whether the army has marched
(D) Whether Lucius has left the tent
Ans. (A) Whether the leaf is turned down where he left reading.
35) What does Brutus blame for shaping the monstrous apparition?
(A) The weakness of his eyes
(B) The noise of the army
(C) The movement of the soldiers
(D) The darkness of the tent alone
Ans. (A) The weakness of his eyes.
36) What effect does the apparition have on Brutus’s body?
(A) It makes his blood cold and his hair stand on end.
(B) It makes him laugh.
(C) It makes him fall asleep.
(D) It makes him forget his name.
Ans. (A) It makes his blood cold and his hair stand on end.
37) What does Caesar’s Ghost tell Brutus?
(A) He will see Caesar at Rome.
(B) He will see Caesar at Philippi.
(C) He must leave the army.
(D) He must surrender to Cassius.
Ans. (B) He will see Caesar at Philippi.
38) How does Brutus react when the Ghost vanishes?
(A) He loses all courage permanently.
(B) He says he has taken heart and wishes to speak more with it.
(C) He immediately leaves the camp.
(D) He orders Cassius to surrender.
Ans. (B) He says he has taken heart and wishes to speak more with it.
39) What does Lucius cry out while sleeping?
(A) “The strings, my lord, are false.”
(B) “The enemy is approaching.”
(C) “Caesar has returned.”
(D) “We have won the battle.”
Ans. (A) “The strings, my lord, are false.”
40) What does Brutus ask Lucius after waking him?
(A) Whether he dreamed that he cried out
(B) Whether he saw Caesar in Rome
(C) Whether Cassius had arrived
(D) Whether the army had marched
Ans. (A) Whether he dreamed that he cried out.
41) What does Lucius say when Brutus asks whether he saw anything?
(A) He saw Caesar’s Ghost.
(B) He saw Cassius.
(C) He saw nothing.
(D) He saw the enemy.
Ans. (C) He saw nothing.
42) What does Brutus ask Varro and Claudius about their sleep?
(A) Why they cried out in their sleep
(B) Why they left the tent
(C) Why they argued with Cassius
(D) Why they refused to sleep
Ans. (A) Why they cried out in their sleep.
43) What do Varro and Claudius say about seeing anything?
(A) Both saw the Ghost.
(B) Varro saw it, but Claudius did not.
(C) Neither saw anything.
(D) Claudius saw it, but Varro did not.
Ans. (C) Neither saw anything.
44) What final instruction does Brutus give Varro and Claudius?
(A) To commend him to Cassius and tell him to set his forces on early.
(B) To tell Cassius to return to Rome.
(C) To wake Lucius and send him away.
(D) To tell Cassius to abandon Philippi.
Ans. (A) To commend him to Cassius and tell him to set his forces on early.
45) What does Brutus say about his own army’s movement after Cassius’s forces set out?
(A) His army will follow.
(B) His army will remain behind permanently.
(C) His army will return to Rome.
(D) His army will surrender.
Ans. (A) His army will follow.
46) Which event occurs first?
(A) Caesar’s Ghost appears.
(B) Cassius and Brutus discuss their military strategy.
(C) Lucius cries out in his sleep.
(D) Brutus sends a message to Cassius.
Ans. (B) Cassius and Brutus discuss their military strategy.
47) What happens immediately after Cassius agrees to meet the enemy at Philippi?
(A) Brutus says the night has advanced and they need rest.
(B) Caesar’s Ghost appears.
(C) Lucius wakes Varro.
(D) Brutus sends the final message to Cassius.
Ans. (A) Brutus says the night has advanced and they need rest.
48) Which sequence is correct?
(A) Ghost appears → Brutus finds his book → Cassius agrees to Philippi
(B) Cassius agrees to Philippi → Brutus calls Lucius for his gown → Brutus speaks of rest
(C) Lucius plays music → Cassius discusses strategy → Brutus finds his book
(D) Brutus wakes Claudius → Ghost appears → Cassius leaves
Ans. (B) Cassius agrees to Philippi → Brutus calls Lucius for his gown → Brutus speaks of rest.
49) What happens after the others leave Brutus?
(A) Lucius returns with the gown.
(B) Cassius returns with his army.
(C) Antony enters the tent.
(D) Brutus immediately leaves for Philippi.
Ans. (A) Lucius returns with the gown.
50) Which sequence correctly describes the events involving the book and music?
(A) Brutus finds the book → asks Lucius to play → Lucius plays music.
(B) Lucius finds the book → Brutus leaves → Cassius plays music.
(C) Brutus wakes Varro → Ghost appears → Lucius finds the book.
(D) Lucius leaves with the book → Cassius returns → Brutus sleeps.
Ans. (A) Brutus finds the book → asks Lucius to play → Lucius plays music.
51) Which event occurs immediately before Caesar’s Ghost appears?
(A) Brutus checks the page where he left reading.
(B) Cassius sends a messenger.
(C) Lucius calls Antony.
(D) Varro and Claudius leave the tent.
Ans. (A) Brutus checks the page where he left reading.
52) Which sequence correctly describes the Ghost episode?
(A) Brutus sees the Ghost → asks who it is → learns he will see it at Philippi → the Ghost vanishes.
(B) The Ghost vanishes → Brutus asks who it is → the Ghost enters.
(C) Brutus wakes Lucius → the Ghost appears → Cassius questions it.
(D) The Ghost appears → Lucius sees it → Brutus leaves.
Ans. (A) Brutus sees the Ghost → asks who it is → learns he will see it at Philippi → the Ghost vanishes.
53) What happens after the Ghost disappears?
(A) Brutus calls Lucius, Varro and Claudius to wake them.
(B) Brutus leaves for Rome.
(C) Cassius enters and speaks to the Ghost.
(D) Lucius takes the army to Philippi.
Ans. (A) Brutus calls Lucius, Varro and Claudius to wake them.
54) Which sequence occurs near the end of the extract?
(A) Brutus questions the attendants → learns they saw nothing → sends a message to Cassius.
(B) Brutus sends a message → the Ghost appears → Cassius questions Lucius.
(C) Lucius sees the Ghost → Brutus leaves → Varro returns with the gown.
(D) Cassius wakes Lucius → Brutus finds the book → the attendants depart.
Ans. (A) Brutus questions the attendants → learns they saw nothing → sends a message to Cassius.
55) Which literary device is used in “There is a tide in the affairs of men”?
(A) Metaphor
(B) Simile
(C) Pun
(D) Onomatopoeia
Ans. (A) Metaphor.
56) What does the “tide” metaphor represent in Brutus’s speech?
(A) A favourable opportunity that must be seized
(B) A literal sea journey
(C) The soldiers’ lack of water
(D) The arrival of a storm
Ans. (A) A favourable opportunity that must be seized.
57) Which device is used in “our legions are brim-full”?
(A) Metaphorical expression
(B) Simile
(C) Pun
(D) Apostrophe
Ans. (A) Metaphorical expression.
58) What does “our legions are brim-full” mean?
(A) Their legions are at full strength.
(B) Their soldiers are drinking water.
(C) Their camp is flooded.
(D) Their army has deserted.
Ans. (A) Their legions are at full strength.
59) Which device is prominent in “the voyage of their life”?
(A) Metaphor
(B) Alliteration only
(C) Pun
(D) Oxymoron
Ans. (A) Metaphor.
60) What is suggested by “bound in shallows and in miseries”?
(A) Missing an opportunity can lead to difficulties and failure.
(B) A ship is sailing safely.
(C) The soldiers are crossing a river.
(D) The enemy is already defeated.
Ans. (A) Missing an opportunity can lead to difficulties and failure.
61) Which literary device is used in “O murderous slumber”?
(A) Personification and apostrophe
(B) Simile only
(C) Pun
(D) Euphemism
Ans. (A) Personification and apostrophe.
62) Why is slumber called “murderous”?
(A) Sleep is personified as something that overwhelms the boy.
(B) Lucius has committed a murder.
(C) The soldiers have attacked the tent.
(D) Brutus wants to kill Lucius.
Ans. (A) Sleep is personified as something that overwhelms the boy.
63) What does “thy leaden mace” suggest?
(A) The heavy, overpowering effect of sleep
(B) A weapon carried by Lucius
(C) Caesar’s sword
(D) A musical instrument
Ans. (A) The heavy, overpowering effect of sleep.
64) Which device is used when Brutus directly addresses “O murderous slumber”?
(A) Apostrophe
(B) Simile
(C) Irony
(D) Pun
Ans. (A) Apostrophe.
65) What is the effect of the Ghost’s appearance on the dramatic atmosphere?
(A) It introduces supernatural mystery and suspense.
(B) It creates a purely comic atmosphere.
(C) It removes all tension.
(D) It turns the scene into a celebration.
Ans. (A) It introduces supernatural mystery and suspense.
66) What is the function of the Ghost’s prediction about Philippi?
(A) Foreshadowing
(B) Comic relief
(C) A flashback to Lucius’s childhood
(D) A description of a festival
Ans. (A) Foreshadowing.
For Questions 67–72, choose:
(A) Both Statement I and Statement II are true, and II explains I.
(B) Both Statement I and Statement II are true, but II does not explain I.
(C) Statement I is true, but Statement II is false.
(D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
67) Statement I: Cassius believes it is better for the enemy to seek them.
Statement II: He believes this will exhaust the enemy while his own soldiers rest.
Ans. (A) Both statements are true, and II explains I.
68) Statement I: Brutus wants to face the enemy at Philippi.
Statement II: He believes the enemy may gain numbers and encouragement by marching past the people.
Ans. (B) Both statements are true, but II does not explain I.
69) Statement I: Brutus believes that opportunities must be seized at the right time.
Statement II: He compares human affairs to a tide that can lead to fortune when taken at the flood.
Ans. (A) Both statements are true, and II explains I.
70) Statement I: Brutus is angry with Lucius for being sleepy.
Statement II: Brutus acknowledges that Lucius is over-watched and needs rest.
Ans. (D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
71) Statement I: Brutus wants Varro and Claudius to sleep in his tent.
Statement II: He may need to wake them for business concerning Cassius.
Ans. (A) Both statements are true, and II explains I.
72) Statement I: Lucius sees Caesar’s Ghost.
Statement II: Lucius tells Brutus that he saw nothing.
Ans. (D) Statement I is false, but Statement II is true.
73) Consider the following statements about Cassius’s argument:

1.     The enemy will waste its resources.

2.     The enemy’s soldiers will become tired.

3.     Brutus’s soldiers will enjoy rest.

4.     The enemy will immediately surrender.
Which combination is correct?
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (A) 1, 2 and 3 only.

74) Which statements explain Brutus’s concern about the people between Philippi and their present position?

1.     Their affection is forced.

2.     They have grudged contribution.

3.     The enemy may increase its numbers through them.

4.     They have already defeated the enemy.
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (A) 1, 2 and 3 only.

75) Which statements express Brutus’s view of the right moment for action?

1.     Their legions are brim-full.

2.     Their cause is ripe.

3.     The enemy increases every day.

4.     They should wait indefinitely.
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (A) 1, 2 and 3 only.

76) Which statements about Lucius are correct?

1.     He is Brutus’s servant.

2.     He plays an instrument.

3.     He says it is his duty to serve Brutus.

4.     He sees Caesar’s Ghost.
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2, 3 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (A) 1, 2 and 3 only.

77) Which statements about the Ghost are correct?

1.     It identifies itself as Brutus’s evil spirit.

2.     It tells Brutus he will see it at Philippi.

3.     It remains with Brutus after their conversation.

4.     Brutus wishes to speak more with it after it vanishes.
(A) 1, 2 and 4 only
(B) 1 and 3 only
(C) 2 and 3 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (A) 1, 2 and 4 only.

78) Which statements about the ending are correct?

1.     Brutus asks whether the attendants saw anything.

2.     Varro says he saw nothing.

3.     Claudius says he saw nothing.

4.     Brutus orders Cassius to abandon his forces.
(A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(B) 1 and 4 only
(C) 2 and 4 only
(D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Ans. (A) 1, 2 and 3 only.

79) What is Cassius’s emotional state when he fears division between their souls?
(A) Concern and affection
(B) Amusement
(C) Indifference
(D) Triumph
Ans. (A) Concern and affection.
80) What does Brutus’s treatment of Lucius reveal?
(A) Consideration and kindness
(B) Hatred and cruelty
(C) Jealousy
(D) Disrespect
Ans. (A) Consideration and kindness.
81) What mood is created by the description of the advancing night and the need for rest?
(A) Quiet and reflective
(B) Festive and noisy
(C) Comic and playful
(D) Triumphant and celebratory
Ans. (A) Quiet and reflective.
82) What is Brutus’s reaction when he sees the apparition?
(A) Fear and uncertainty
(B) Joy and excitement
(C) Amusement
(D) Complete indifference
Ans. (A) Fear and uncertainty.
83) What does Brutus’s wish to speak more with the Ghost after it vanishes reveal?
(A) His curiosity and desire to understand the apparition
(B) His wish to celebrate
(C) His intention to leave the army
(D) His lack of interest
Ans. (A) His curiosity and desire to understand the apparition.
84) What mood is created by Lucius’s sleepy music?
(A) Drowsiness and calm
(B) Anger and violence
(C) Celebration and excitement
(D) Public disorder
Ans. (A) Drowsiness and calm.
85) What is the mood created by the Ghost’s sudden appearance?
(A) Mysterious and frightening
(B) Cheerful and festive
(C) Entirely comic
(D) Relaxed and ordinary
Ans. (A) Mysterious and frightening.
86) Which of the following is NOT TRUE about Cassius’s argument?
(A) The enemy may waste its resources.
(B) The enemy’s soldiers may become tired.
(C) Brutus’s soldiers may rest while lying still.
(D) The enemy will certainly surrender without a fight.
Ans. (D) The enemy will certainly surrender without a fight.
87) Which statement is NOT TRUE about Brutus’s argument concerning Philippi?
(A) The people’s affection is forced.
(B) The people have grudged contribution.
(C) The enemy may gain more numbers.
(D) Brutus believes the enemy’s numbers are decreasing every day.
Ans. (D) Brutus believes the enemy’s numbers are decreasing every day.
88) Which statement is NOT TRUE about Brutus’s tide metaphor?
(A) A favourable opportunity can lead to fortune.
(B) The right moment should be seized.
(C) Missing the opportunity may lead to difficulties.
(D) Brutus advises everyone to ignore favourable opportunities.
Ans. (D) Brutus advises everyone to ignore favourable opportunities.
89) Which statement is NOT TRUE about Lucius?
(A) He is Brutus’s servant.
(B) He plays an instrument.
(C) He is sleepy.
(D) He claims to have seen Caesar’s Ghost.
Ans. (D) He claims to have seen Caesar’s Ghost.
90) Which statement is NOT TRUE about Varro and Claudius?
(A) Brutus asks them to sleep in his tent.
(B) They agree to obey his instructions.
(C) They report that they saw nothing.
(D) They refuse to carry Brutus’s message to Cassius.
Ans. (D) They refuse to carry Brutus’s message to Cassius.
91) Which statement is NOT TRUE about Caesar’s Ghost?
(A) It appears to Brutus.
(B) It tells Brutus he will see it at Philippi.
(C) It vanishes after speaking to Brutus.
(D) It tells Brutus to return to Rome immediately.
Ans. (D) It tells Brutus to return to Rome immediately.
92) Which statement is NOT TRUE about the final instructions?
(A) Brutus sends a message to Cassius.
(B) Varro and Claudius are to deliver the message.
(C) Cassius is told to set his forces on early.
(D) Brutus tells Cassius to abandon his army.
Ans. (D) Brutus tells Cassius to abandon his army.
93) What does “nimbleness” mean in Cassius’s speech?
(A) Agility and readiness to move
(B) Laziness
(C) Confusion
(D) Weakness
Ans. (A) Agility and readiness to move.
94) What does “grudged” mean in “they have grudged us contribution”?
(A) Given willingly
(B) Given unwillingly or resentfully
(C) Forgotten completely
(D) Celebrated publicly
Ans. (B) Given unwillingly or resentfully.
95) What does “brim-full” mean?
(A) Completely full
(B) Almost empty
(C) Broken
(D) Disorganised
Ans. (A) Completely full.
96) What does “ripe” mean in “our cause is ripe”?
(A) Ready for action
(B) Unimportant
(C) Already defeated
(D) Forgotten
Ans. (A) Ready for action.
97) What does “decline” mean in “We, at the height, are ready to decline”?
(A) To decrease or deteriorate
(B) To celebrate
(C) To increase forever
(D) To remain unchanged
Ans. (A) To decrease or deteriorate.
98) What does “omitted” mean in Brutus’s speech?
(A) Left out or missed
(B) Accepted
(C) Repeated
(D) Completed successfully
Ans. (A) Left out or missed.
99) What does “niggard” mean in “Which we will niggard with a little rest”?
(A) To use sparingly
(B) To increase greatly
(C) To abandon entirely
(D) To celebrate loudly
Ans. (A) To use sparingly.
100) What does “repose” mean in Cassius’s farewell?
(A) Rest
(B) Anger
(C) Battle
(D) Confusion
Ans. (A) Rest.
101) What does “o’er-watch’d” mean?
(A) Kept awake or watched for too long
(B) Well rested
(C) Fully prepared
(D) Completely forgotten
Ans. (A) Kept awake or watched for too long.
102) What does “strain” mean in “touch thy instrument a strain or two”?
(A) A short piece or passage of music
(B) A physical injury
(C) A military command
(D) A written message
Ans. (A) A short piece or passage of music.
103) What does “slumber” mean?
(A) Sleep
(B) Anger
(C) Movement
(D) Argument
Ans. (A) Sleep.
104) What does “leaden” suggest in “thy leaden mace”?
(A) Heavy and oppressive
(B) Bright and cheerful
(C) Light and delicate
(D) Musical and pleasant
Ans. (A) Heavy and oppressive.
105) What does “apparition” mean?
(A) A strange or supernatural appearance
(B) A written agreement
(C) A musical performance
(D) A military formation
Ans. (A) A strange or supernatural appearance.
106) What does “vanishest” mean?
(A) Disappear
(B) Approach
(C) Speak
(D) Return
Ans. (A) Disappear.
107) What does “commend me to my brother Cassius” mean?
(A) Give Cassius my greetings or regards.
(B) Criticise Cassius publicly.
(C) Ask Cassius to leave the army.
(D) Tell Cassius to surrender.
Ans. (A) Give Cassius my greetings or regards.
108) What does “betimes” mean in Brutus’s instruction?
(A) Early or in good time
(B) Very late
(C) Without permission
(D) Never
Ans. (A) Early or in good time.

One-Mark Questions

1) Who says that it is better for the enemy to seek them?
Ans. Cassius.
2) To whom does Cassius speak about making the enemy seek them?
Ans. Brutus.
3) What does Cassius suggest about the enemy’s movement?
Ans. He suggests that the enemy should come in search of them.
4) Who believes that better reasons must prevail over weaker ones?
Ans. Brutus.
5) To whom does Brutus explain that better reasons must prevail?
Ans. Cassius.
6) What does Brutus mean by saying that better reasons must prevail?
Ans. He means that a stronger argument should be accepted over a weaker one.
7) Which two leaders discuss their military strategy in this extract?
Ans. Brutus and Cassius.
8) What is the main subject of the discussion between Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. Their military strategy against the enemy.
9) Which enemy forces are Brutus and Cassius preparing to fight?
Ans. The forces of Antony and Octavius.
10) What is the name of the place where Brutus and Cassius decide to meet the enemy?
Ans. Philippi.
11) Who agrees to proceed to Philippi?
Ans. Cassius.
12) Who wishes to advance towards Philippi?
Ans. Brutus.
13) What does Cassius agree to do after Brutus insists on his plan?
Ans. He agrees to proceed with Brutus to Philippi.
14) What does the decision to march towards Philippi show about Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. It shows that they intend to confront the enemy in battle.
15) What is the relationship between Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. They are fellow conspirators and military leaders.
16) What is the principal conflict discussed by Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. They disagree about the best military strategy.
17) What does Brutus use to support his decisions?
Ans. Reasoning and arguments.
18) What quality does Brutus display when he insists on his plan?
Ans. Determination.
19) What quality does Cassius display when he accepts Brutus’s decision?
Ans. Willingness to cooperate.
20) What is the purpose of the military discussion?
Ans. To decide how to confront the enemy effectively.
21) Where are Brutus and Cassius planning to meet the enemy?
Ans. At Philippi.
22) Who are the commanders of the opposing forces?
Ans. Antony and Octavius.
23) Why are Brutus and Cassius preparing for battle?
Ans. They are preparing to fight the forces opposed to them.
24) What does the march towards Philippi indicate?
Ans. It indicates that a major confrontation is approaching.
25) What do Brutus and Cassius have to organise before the battle?
Ans. Their troops and military preparations.
26) What is the importance of Philippi in the extract?
Ans. It is the place where the opposing forces are to meet.
27) What does the discussion reveal about the responsibilities of Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. They must make important decisions concerning their army.
28) What does Cassius’s agreement suggest about his attitude towards Brutus?
Ans. He is prepared to cooperate with Brutus despite their disagreement.
29) What common objective do Brutus and Cassius share?
Ans. They want to defeat their enemies.
30) What kind of atmosphere is created by the preparations for battle?
Ans. An atmosphere of tension and uncertainty.
31) Who is Lucius?
Ans. He is Brutus’s servant.
32) What is Lucius doing when Brutus notices him?
Ans. He is asleep.
33) Why does Brutus allow Lucius to rest?
Ans. Lucius is tired and needs rest.
34) What does Lucius’s sleep reveal about his condition?
Ans. It reveals that he is tired.
35) What does Brutus do while his companions are resting?
Ans. He remains awake and reflects on his concerns.
36) What does the quiet atmosphere at night contribute to the scene?
Ans. It creates a mood of suspense and uneasiness.
37) What contrast is presented between Brutus and Lucius?
Ans. Brutus is awake and troubled, while Lucius is asleep.
38) Why is the scene of sleep important before the Ghost appears?
Ans. It prepares the audience for the supernatural event.
39) What does Brutus’s behaviour reveal about his character?
Ans. It reveals his seriousness and sense of responsibility.
40) What is Brutus doing when the supernatural event occurs?
Ans. He is awake in his tent.
41) Whose Ghost appears to Brutus?
Ans. The Ghost of Julius Caesar.
42) To whom does Caesar’s Ghost appear?
Ans. Brutus.
43) Where does Caesar’s Ghost appear?
Ans. In Brutus’s tent.
44) What is the Ghost’s first important effect on Brutus?
Ans. It frightens and disturbs him.
45) Whom does Brutus see in the supernatural appearance?
Ans. Julius Caesar’s Ghost.
46) What does the Ghost call itself in its conversation with Brutus?
Ans. Brutus’s evil spirit.
47) What words does the Ghost use to identify itself?
Ans. “Thy evil spirit, Brutus.”
48) Who asks the Ghost questions about its identity?
Ans. Brutus.
49) What does Brutus want to know from the Ghost?
Ans. He wants to know who it is and why it has appeared.
50) How does Brutus react to the Ghost’s appearance?
Ans. He is startled but questions it.
51) What does the Ghost’s appearance introduce into the scene?
Ans. A supernatural element.
52) What mood is created by the appearance of Caesar’s Ghost?
Ans. A mysterious and frightening mood.
53) What does the Ghost’s appearance suggest about Brutus’s state of mind?
Ans. It suggests that he is troubled by the consequences of Caesar’s death.
54) Which earlier event is connected with the appearance of Caesar’s Ghost?
Ans. The assassination of Julius Caesar.
55) Why is Caesar’s Ghost significant in the play?
Ans. It foreshadows Brutus’s approaching defeat and death.
56) What does Brutus ask the Ghost about its future appearance?
Ans. He asks when he will see it again.
57) What place does the Ghost mention in its reply to Brutus?
Ans. Philippi.
58) What does the Ghost predict by referring to Philippi?
Ans. It predicts that Brutus will meet it again at Philippi.
59) What is the significance of the Ghost’s prediction?
Ans. It foreshadows the coming battle and Brutus’s tragic fate.
60) How does the Ghost connect the supernatural world with the military events?
Ans. It links its next appearance to the battle at Philippi.
61) What does the Ghost’s prediction create in the audience?
Ans. Suspense and anticipation.
62) What does Brutus’s conversation with the Ghost reveal about him?
Ans. It reveals his courage and curiosity despite his fear.
63) What is the central supernatural event in this extract?
Ans. The appearance of Caesar’s Ghost to Brutus.
64) What is the dramatic importance of the Ghost’s appearance?
Ans. It foreshadows future tragedy and increases suspense.
65) What does Brutus do after the Ghost disappears?
Ans. He calls his sleeping companions.
66) Whom does Brutus call after the Ghost’s appearance?
Ans. Lucius, Varro, and Claudius.
67) Who is Varro?
Ans. He is one of Brutus’s attendants.
68) Who is Claudius?
Ans. He is one of Brutus’s attendants.
69) Why does Brutus call his attendants?
Ans. He wants to check whether they have seen or heard anything.
70) What do Varro and Claudius say about their sleep?
Ans. They indicate that they have been asleep.
71) Did the attendants see the Ghost as Brutus did?
Ans. No, they did not report seeing it.
72) What does the attendants’ response suggest about the Ghost’s appearance?
Ans. It suggests that the appearance may have been experienced only by Brutus.
73) Why does Brutus question his attendants after the Ghost disappears?
Ans. He wants to discover whether they witnessed the strange event.
74) What does the scene reveal about Brutus’s uncertainty?
Ans. He is unsure about the nature of the apparition.
75) What is the dramatic effect of the attendants remaining unaware of the Ghost?
Ans. It increases the mystery surrounding the apparition.
76) Whom does Brutus ask Varro and Claudius to contact?
Ans. Cassius.
77) What message does Brutus send to Cassius?
Ans. He asks Cassius to move his forces early.
78) Who are instructed to carry Brutus’s message?
Ans. Varro and Claudius.
79) Why does Brutus send a message to Cassius?
Ans. He wants Cassius to prepare to move his forces.
80) What does the order to move the forces early show?
Ans. It shows that Brutus is actively preparing for the military campaign.
81) What responsibility does Brutus give to Varro and Claudius?
Ans. He instructs them to deliver his message to Cassius.
82) How do Varro and Claudius respond to Brutus’s order?
Ans. They agree to carry it out.
83) What words do Varro and Claudius use to accept the order?
Ans. “It shall be done, my lord.”
84) Who says, “It shall be done, my lord”?
Ans. Varro and Claudius.
85) To whom is the reply “It shall be done, my lord” addressed?
Ans. Brutus.
86) What does the attendants’ reply reveal about their attitude towards Brutus?
Ans. They are obedient and respectful.
87) What is Brutus’s final practical concern in the extract?
Ans. Ensuring that Cassius receives his military instructions.
88) What does Brutus’s order reveal about his leadership?
Ans. He is decisive and attentive to military preparations.
89) What is the purpose of sending Varro and Claudius to Cassius?
Ans. To communicate Brutus’s instructions concerning the movement of troops.
90) What does the final order suggest about the events that will follow?
Ans. It suggests that the armies are preparing for the battle at Philippi.
91) What is the main theme of the extract?
Ans. Military preparation, responsibility, and the foreshadowing of tragedy.
92) Which character is most directly affected by the Ghost’s appearance?
Ans. Brutus.
93) What literary device is used when the Ghost predicts a future meeting?
Ans. Foreshadowing.
94) What does foreshadowing mean?
Ans. It is a hint about events that will happen later.
95) What dramatic element is introduced by Caesar’s Ghost?
Ans. The supernatural.
96) What effect does the Ghost have on the dramatic tension?
Ans. It increases the suspense.
97) How does the extract combine military and supernatural elements?
Ans. It presents preparations for battle alongside Caesar’s Ghost appearing to Brutus.
98) What does Brutus’s decision-making reveal about his role?
Ans. He is a leader responsible for military decisions.
99) What is the significance of the ending of the extract?
Ans. Brutus gives instructions for the army’s movement, preparing for the events at Philippi.
100) What does the extract foreshadow for Brutus?
Ans. His tragic fate in the conflict at Philippi.

THREE-MARK QUESTIONS

1) Why does Cassius think that it is better for the enemy to seek them?
Ans. Cassius believes that if the enemy comes to seek them, it will waste its resources and tire its soldiers through marching. Meanwhile, Brutus’s army can remain still and enjoy rest, defence, and nimbleness. He considers this strategy advantageous because it will weaken the enemy while preserving the strength of his own soldiers.
2) Why does Brutus disagree with Cassius’s military strategy?
Ans. Brutus argues that the people between Philippi and their present position show only forced affection towards them and have grudged their contribution. If the enemy marches past these people, it may increase its numbers and arrive refreshed and encouraged. Brutus therefore believes they should face the enemy at Philippi without allowing it this advantage.
3) What does Brutus say about the condition of their army and their cause?
Ans. Brutus says that they have tried the utmost of their friends, their legions are brim-full, and their cause is ripe. However, the enemy is increasing every day, while their own strength has reached its height and is ready to decline. He believes they must act before their advantage disappears.
4) Explain Brutus’s comparison of human affairs to a tide.
Ans. Brutus compares human affairs to a tide that leads to fortune when taken at the flood. If the favourable opportunity is missed, the voyage of life becomes bound in shallows and miseries. Through this comparison, he argues that they must take advantage of the present opportunity or risk losing their ventures.
5) What does Brutus mean by saying that they must take the current when it serves?
Ans. Brutus means that they must act while circumstances are favourable. Their legions are full and their cause is ripe, but the enemy is growing stronger every day. He fears that delaying their action will allow their own strength to decline. Therefore, he urges them to seize the opportunity without further delay.
6) How does Cassius respond to Brutus’s arguments about meeting the enemy at Philippi?
Ans. Cassius initially asks Brutus to hear him, but Brutus continues to explain his reasons. After listening to Brutus’s arguments, Cassius agrees to proceed according to his wishes. He says that they will go along and meet the enemy at Philippi, accepting Brutus’s decision about their military strategy.
7) Why does Brutus say that nature must obey necessity?
Ans. Brutus observes that the deep of night has crept upon their conversation. Since they need rest, nature must obey necessity. He proposes that they allow themselves a little sleep, using the time sparingly. His words bring their discussion to an end because they must rest before continuing their duties.
8) How do Brutus and Cassius end their conversation, and what does Cassius fear?
Ans. Cassius wishes Brutus good night and says they will rise early the next morning and depart. Before parting, he expresses sorrow that the night began badly and fears that a division may arise between their souls. Brutus reassures him by saying that everything is well, and they exchange affectionate farewells.
9) How does Brutus bid farewell to his companions before they leave?
Ans. Brutus calls Lucius to bring his gown and then bids farewell to Messala, Titinius, and Cassius. He wishes Cassius a good night and good repose, while Cassius calls him his dear brother. Brutus finally says farewell to everyone, after which all leave, leaving Brutus alone.
10) Why does Brutus excuse Lucius’s drowsiness?
Ans. When Lucius returns with the gown, Brutus notices that he speaks drowsily. He does not blame the boy because he understands that Lucius has been over-watched. Brutus calls him a poor knave and recognises that he needs rest, showing consideration for the tired servant rather than anger.
11) Why does Brutus ask Varro and Claudius to sleep in his tent?
Ans. Brutus asks Varro and Claudius to lie down and sleep on cushions in his tent. He explains that he may raise them shortly if business concerning his brother Cassius arises. Although they offer to stand and watch for his pleasure, Brutus insists that they should rest.
12) What happens when Brutus finds the book he has been searching for?
Ans. Brutus finds the book in the pocket of his gown and tells Lucius about it. Lucius says that he was sure Brutus had not given it to him. Brutus asks the boy to bear with him because he is very forgetful, then requests him to play a strain or two on his instrument.
13) How does Brutus show consideration for Lucius’s needs?
Ans. Brutus asks Lucius to play music but acknowledges that he is troubling the boy too much. When Lucius says that serving him is his duty, Brutus replies that he should not urge this duty beyond the boy’s strength. He understands that young people need rest and allows Lucius to sleep again.
14) Why does Brutus decide not to wake Lucius when the boy falls asleep?
Ans. After Lucius plays music, Brutus notices that he is overcome by sleep. He calls the tune sleepy and addresses slumber as murderous because it overwhelms the boy. Brutus fears that Lucius may break his instrument if he nods, so he gently takes it away and lets him sleep.
15) What is Brutus doing just before Caesar’s Ghost appears?
Ans. After allowing Lucius to sleep, Brutus returns to his reading. He tries to find the page where he had left off and checks whether the leaf has been turned down. At that moment, the taper burns badly, and Caesar’s Ghost enters, interrupting Brutus’s quiet reading.
16) How does Brutus describe his first reaction to the apparition?
Ans. Brutus notices that the taper burns badly and wonders who is approaching. He initially thinks that the weakness of his eyes may be creating the monstrous apparition. As it comes towards him, he asks whether it is a god, an angel, or a devil, explaining that it makes his blood cold and his hair stand on end.
17) What does Caesar’s Ghost tell Brutus, and how does Brutus respond?
Ans. When Brutus asks the apparition who it is, Caesar’s Ghost identifies itself as his evil spirit. Brutus asks why it has come. The Ghost replies that Brutus will see it at Philippi. Brutus confirms that he will see it there, and the Ghost then disappears.
18) What does Brutus say immediately after the Ghost vanishes?
Ans. After the Ghost disappears, Brutus says that he has taken heart and wishes he could have spoken with it longer. He calls it an ill spirit and then summons Lucius, Varro, and Claudius, ordering them to awake. His reaction shows that he wants to understand the mysterious apparition.
19) What does Lucius say when Brutus wakes him, and what does Brutus infer?
Ans. Lucius says that the strings of his instrument are false. Brutus understands that the boy still imagines himself to be playing the instrument in his sleep. He calls Lucius awake and asks whether he dreamed that he cried out. Lucius replies that he does not know that he cried.
20) What does Brutus ask Lucius after waking him?
Ans. Brutus asks Lucius whether he dreamed that he cried out and whether he saw anything. Lucius says that he does not know that he cried and that he saw nothing. Brutus then tells him to sleep again, showing that he does not wish to disturb the tired boy unnecessarily.
21) How do Varro and Claudius respond when Brutus questions them?
Ans. Brutus asks Varro and Claudius why they cried out in their sleep and whether they saw anything. They first express surprise at his question, asking whether they did so. When Brutus confirms it, Varro says that he saw nothing, and Claudius also declares that he saw nothing.
22) What instructions does Brutus give Varro and Claudius at the end of the extract?
Ans. Brutus asks Varro and Claudius to convey his regards to his brother Cassius. He instructs them to tell Cassius to set his forces on early, adding that his own forces will follow. Varro and Claudius promise that the instruction will be carried out before they leave.
23) How does the extract present Brutus as a considerate master?
Ans. Brutus repeatedly shows concern for Lucius’s tiredness. He excuses the boy’s drowsiness, acknowledges that he has been over-watched, and admits that he is troubling him too much. He also refuses to demand more than Lucius can manage and gently allows him to sleep when he becomes drowsy.
24) How does the extract contrast military urgency with the need for rest?
Ans. Brutus and Cassius discuss the urgency of meeting the enemy at Philippi, and Brutus argues that their opportunity may disappear if they delay. Yet, as night advances, they recognise the need for rest. Brutus also allows Lucius, Varro, and Claudius to sleep before giving his final military instructions.
25) How does the extract end, and what is Brutus’s final instruction?
Ans. After questioning Lucius, Varro, and Claudius about their cries in sleep and whether they saw anything, Brutus tells the attendants to convey his regards to Cassius. He instructs them to tell Cassius to move his forces early. Brutus adds that his own forces will follow, and the attendants agree to obey.

Four-Mark Questions

1) Why does Cassius oppose Brutus’s proposal to march to Philippi?

Ans. Cassius opposes Brutus’s proposal because he believes that their army should remain where it is and allow the enemy to come to them. He argues that the soldiers are already well supplied and that marching will exhaust them. Moreover, the enemy will become weaker as it advances, while their own forces will remain fresh. Cassius therefore considers it wiser to wait rather than undertake an unnecessary march towards Philippi.

2) Why does Brutus insist that their army should march towards Philippi?

Ans. Brutus insists on marching towards Philippi because he believes that their opponents will gain support if they are allowed to advance. According to him, the people living between the present position of the armies and Philippi may be compelled to join the enemy or may willingly support them. By marching forward, Brutus hopes to prevent the enemy from gaining such assistance and to face them before their strength increases further.

3) Explain Brutus’s comparison of human affairs with a tide or flood.

Ans. Brutus compares human affairs with a tide or flood to explain the importance of seizing the right opportunity. He observes that when the tide is at its highest, a person must take advantage of it to reach success. If the opportunity is missed, the journey may become difficult and lead to failure. Through this comparison, Brutus argues that they must act at the proper moment rather than wait until circumstances become unfavourable.

4) How do Brutus and Cassius differ in their opinions about the proper time to confront the enemy?

Ans. Cassius believes that their army should remain in its present position and let the enemy advance. He expects their own soldiers to remain fresh while the enemy becomes tired during the march. Brutus, however, argues that delay will allow the enemy to gather greater support from the surrounding areas. He therefore favours marching towards Philippi. Their disagreement arises from different assessments of the advantages of waiting and acting immediately.

5) How does the conversation between Brutus and Cassius change before they part?

Ans. At first, Brutus and Cassius discuss military strategy and disagree about whether their army should march towards Philippi. Their conversation then becomes more personal and emotional as they prepare to part. They express affection and respect for each other, and their farewell suggests the seriousness of their situation. The change from strategic argument to personal reconciliation reveals their close relationship and the uncertainty surrounding their future.

6) What does the extract reveal about Brutus’s feelings when he speaks to Lucius and the other attendants?

Ans. Brutus’s conversation with Lucius and the other attendants reveals his tiredness and his need for rest before the next day’s duties. He asks for his book and allows the attendants to settle down. Although he is concerned with military responsibilities, he treats those around him calmly. His instructions and interactions also prepare the stage for the strange supernatural experience that follows when he is left resting and the Ghost of Caesar appears.

7) What role does Lucius play in the passage, particularly in relation to Brutus’s needs?

Ans. Lucius serves Brutus by responding to his requests and helping him prepare for rest. Brutus asks him for his book and later becomes concerned with the music and the arrangements around him. Lucius’s presence shows the practical assistance Brutus receives from his attendants during the military campaign. His actions also contribute to the quiet atmosphere before the supernatural interruption. The contrast between Lucius’s ordinary duties and the Ghost’s appearance makes the scene more striking.

8) How does music contribute to the atmosphere of the scene?

Ans. Music creates a quiet and subdued atmosphere as Brutus prepares to rest. Brutus asks for music, and the attendants respond to his needs while he remains occupied with his thoughts. The music eventually gives way to sleep, making the scene appear peaceful before the unexpected appearance of Caesar’s Ghost. This contrast between the calm surroundings and the disturbing supernatural encounter increases the dramatic effect of the passage without requiring any change in the physical setting.

9) Describe the appearance of Caesar’s Ghost and the message it gives Brutus.

Ans. Caesar’s Ghost appears before Brutus while he is resting. It identifies itself as Brutus’s evil spirit and tells him that he will see it again at Philippi. The message connects the supernatural appearance with the approaching confrontation. Brutus is disturbed by the encounter and tries to understand what has happened. The Ghost’s words create a threatening atmosphere and suggest that Philippi will be an important place in Brutus’s immediate future.

10) How does Brutus react to the appearance of Caesar’s Ghost?

Ans. Brutus reacts with alarm and curiosity when Caesar’s Ghost appears before him. He addresses the apparition and attempts to discover its identity and purpose. After the Ghost declares that Brutus will see it at Philippi, Brutus is left disturbed by the encounter. He calls for his attendants and asks whether they have witnessed anything unusual. His reaction shows that the experience has affected him deeply, even though the others report seeing nothing.

11) Why does Brutus question his attendants after the Ghost disappears?

Ans. After the Ghost disappears, Brutus questions his attendants because he wants to determine whether they have also witnessed the strange appearance. He asks them whether they have seen or heard anything unusual. Their responses indicate that they have not observed what he experienced. This difference between Brutus’s experience and the attendants’ reports leaves the supernatural event unexplained. The exchange emphasises Brutus’s disturbance and the mysterious nature of the Ghost’s appearance.

12) What is the significance of the Ghost’s statement, “To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi”?

Ans. The Ghost’s statement is significant because it directly connects its appearance with Philippi, the place towards which the armies are moving. By telling Brutus that he will see it there, the Ghost makes the coming encounter seem ominous. The statement also links the supernatural episode with the military events discussed earlier in the scene. It leaves Brutus with a troubling message and increases the tension surrounding the approaching confrontation at Philippi.

13) How does the extract present Brutus as both a military leader and an individual affected by personal concerns?

Ans. Brutus appears as a military leader when he argues that the army must march towards Philippi to prevent the enemy from gaining additional support. His reasoning shows that he is concerned about the consequences of delay. At the same time, his conversations with Lucius and his response to Caesar’s Ghost reveal his personal side. He needs rest, seeks the comfort of music, and becomes disturbed by the apparition, showing the pressure he faces.

14) Why is the ending of the extract important? Explain Brutus’s final instruction concerning Cassius’s forces.

Ans. At the end of the extract, Brutus instructs that Cassius should be told to set his forces in motion early, before Brutus’s own forces follow. This instruction returns the scene from the supernatural encounter to the practical demands of military preparation. It shows that Brutus continues to act as a commander despite his disturbing experience. The ending also prepares the audience for the armies’ next movements and the approaching confrontation at Philippi.

15) How does Shakespeare combine military discussion, personal emotion, and supernatural elements in this extract?

Ans. Shakespeare begins with a disagreement between Brutus and Cassius about whether to march towards Philippi. Their strategic discussion develops into a personal farewell, revealing their affection and respect. The scene then shifts to Brutus’s quieter interactions with Lucius and the other attendants. Caesar’s Ghost suddenly interrupts this peaceful atmosphere and predicts another meeting at Philippi. By combining these elements, Shakespeare creates a scene that moves from practical decision-making to emotional reflection and supernatural tension. 

Reference To Context

Extract 1

Cassius. This it is:
'Tis better that the enemy seek us:
So shall he waste his means, weary his soldiers,
Doing himself offence; whilst we, lying still,
Are full of rest, defense, and nimbleness.

(i) What proposal does Cassius make regarding the movement of the enemy? (3 marks)

Ans. Cassius proposes that it would be better for their army to remain where it is and allow the enemy to come towards them. He believes that this strategy will give their own soldiers an advantage because they will not have to undertake a tiring march. Instead, they can wait in a favourable position while the enemy advances.

(ii) What does Cassius mean by saying that the enemy will “waste his means”? (3 marks)

Ans. By saying that the enemy will “waste his means,” Cassius means that the enemy will expend its resources while advancing towards their army. The journey will require effort and supplies, which may weaken the enemy’s position. Cassius believes that allowing the enemy to approach will place it at a disadvantage before the actual battle begins.

(iii) Explain the meaning of “weary his soldiers” and “Doing himself offence.” (3 marks)

Ans. “Weary his soldiers” means that the enemy’s soldiers will become tired while marching towards Cassius and Brutus. “Doing himself offence” means that the enemy will harm or disadvantage itself through this unnecessary effort. Cassius believes that the enemy’s advance will weaken its own strength, making it easier for their army to face it in battle.

(iv) Identify the contrast in “whilst we, lying still, / Are full of rest, defense, and nimbleness.” (3 marks)

Ans. Cassius contrasts the enemy’s tiring march with the advantages enjoyed by his own army. While the enemy wastes resources and exhausts its soldiers, Cassius and his men can remain in their present position. They will enjoy rest, maintain their defensive position, and retain their ability to move quickly when necessary. This contrast supports his argument for waiting.

(v) How does Cassius justify his military strategy in this extract? Explain the advantages he expects his army to gain. (4 marks)

Ans. Cassius justifies his strategy by arguing that it is better to let the enemy advance towards their position rather than march out to meet it. The enemy will expend its resources and tire its soldiers during the journey, thereby weakening itself. Meanwhile, Cassius’s army can remain at rest, preserve its defensive advantage, and retain its nimbleness. He believes that this difference in condition will place his soldiers in a stronger position when the two armies finally engage in battle.

Extract 2

Brutus. Good reasons must, of force, give place to better.
The people 'twixt Philippi and this ground
Do stand but in a forced affection;
For they have grudged us contribution:
The enemy, marching along by them,
By them shall make a fuller number up,
Come on refresh'd, new-added, and encouraged;
From which advantage shall we cut him off,
If at Philippi we do face him there,
These people at our back.

(i) What does Brutus mean by saying, “Good reasons must, of force, give place to better”? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus means that a reasonable argument must be abandoned when a stronger and more convincing argument is presented. He acknowledges that Cassius has offered good reasons for waiting, but he believes that his own arguments for marching towards Philippi are better. This statement introduces Brutus’s explanation of why they should advance rather than remain in their present position.

(ii) Why does Brutus say that the people between their present position and Philippi have only a “forced affection” for them? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus says that the people between their present position and Philippi show only a “forced affection” because their support is not genuine. They have grudged the contributions demanded from them. Their apparent loyalty is therefore unwilling rather than sincere. Brutus fears that these people may become more helpful to the enemy if the opposing army marches through their region.

(iii) How does Brutus believe the enemy will benefit by marching through the region? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus believes that the enemy will increase its numbers by gaining support from the people living between the two armies. As it marches through the region, it may attract additional men and receive encouragement. Consequently, the enemy will arrive refreshed, strengthened, and more confident. Brutus considers this a serious disadvantage that they should prevent by advancing towards Philippi.

(iv) Explain the meaning of “Come on refresh'd, new-added, and encouraged.” (3 marks)

Ans. The phrase means that the enemy will approach them in a stronger and more favourable condition. “Refresh'd” suggests renewed strength, “new-added” indicates an increase in numbers, and “encouraged” means that the enemy will gain confidence. Brutus fears that the march through the region will allow the opposing army to gather support and become more formidable before the battle begins.

(v) Why does Brutus insist on facing the enemy at Philippi? Explain how this strategy may prevent the enemy from gaining an advantage. (4 marks)

Ans. Brutus insists on facing the enemy at Philippi because he fears that the people between their present position and Philippi may strengthen the opposing army. Since these people resent the contributions demanded from them, their loyalty is uncertain. If the enemy marches through their region, it may increase its numbers and gain encouragement. By advancing to Philippi, Brutus hopes to prevent the enemy from enjoying this advantage and to confront it before it becomes stronger.

Extract 3

Cassius. Hear me, good brother.

Brutus. Under your pardon. You must note beside,
That we have tried the utmost of our friends,
Our legions are brim-full, our cause is ripe:
The enemy increaseth every day;
We, at the height, are ready to decline.
There is a tide in the affairs of men,
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune;
Omitted, all the voyage of their life
Is bound in shallows and in miseries.
On such a full sea are we now afloat;
And we must take the current when it serves,
Or lose our ventures.

(i) What does Cassius request when he says, “Hear me, good brother”? (3 marks)

Ans. Cassius politely asks Brutus to listen to what he wants to say. His words show that he wishes to continue the discussion about their military strategy. By addressing Brutus as “good brother,” he expresses familiarity and respect. The line introduces Cassius’s attempt to present his views before Brutus explains why he believes that marching towards Philippi is necessary.

(ii) Why does Brutus say that they have “tried the utmost of our friends”? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus means that they have already obtained all the support they can expect from their friends. He believes that their efforts to gather assistance have reached their limit. He adds that their legions are full and their cause is ripe, suggesting that their preparations are complete. Therefore, he considers the present moment suitable for taking action against the enemy.

(iii) Explain the meaning of “The enemy increaseth every day; / We, at the height, are ready to decline.” (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus observes that the enemy is growing stronger with each passing day, while their own army has reached its highest point of strength and may soon begin to weaken. He believes that further delay could reduce their advantage. These lines support his argument that they should act immediately instead of waiting for the enemy to become even stronger.

(iv) Identify and explain the literary device in “There is a tide in the affairs of men.” (3 marks)

Ans. The line contains a metaphor. Brutus compares human affairs to the movement of the tide. Just as a favourable tide can help a voyage, a favourable opportunity in life can lead to success. If the opportunity is missed, a person may face difficulties. Through this comparison, Brutus stresses the importance of recognising and using the right moment to achieve success.

(v) How does Brutus develop the image of the tide to justify his decision to march towards Philippi? (4 marks)

Ans. Brutus compares their present situation to a ship sailing on a full sea. He believes they have reached a favourable moment because their army is fully prepared and their cause is ripe. The enemy, however, is growing stronger daily. If they fail to use this opportunity, their advantage may disappear. Therefore, Brutus argues that they must take the current while it serves, or risk losing their chance of success.

Extract 4

Cassius. Then, with your will, go on;
We'll along ourselves, and meet them at Philippi.

Brutus. The deep of night is crept upon our talk,
And nature must obey necessity;
Which we will niggard with a little rest.
There is no more to say?

Cassius. No more. Good night:
Early to-morrow will we rise, and hence.

(i) What decision does Cassius accept, and where will they meet the enemy? (3 marks)

Ans. Cassius accepts Brutus’s decision to march forward and meet the enemy at Philippi. Although Cassius had earlier argued that they should remain in their present position and let the enemy approach, he now agrees to proceed with Brutus’s plan. His words show that the discussion has ended and that both leaders are prepared to follow the decision to confront the enemy at Philippi.

(ii) Explain the meaning of “The deep of night is crept upon our talk.” (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus means that their discussion has continued until late at night. The expression “crept upon” suggests that night has advanced gradually while they have been talking. Brutus recognises that the hour has become late and that they cannot continue their discussion indefinitely. His words introduce the need to end their conversation and prepare for rest before the following day’s activities.

(iii) What does Brutus mean by saying, “And nature must obey necessity”? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus means that human beings must attend to their natural needs even when circumstances demand continued effort. Although they have important military matters to consider, they cannot ignore the body's need for rest. The word “necessity” refers to the unavoidable demands of their situation. Brutus therefore accepts that they must stop talking and take some rest before beginning their activities again.

(iv) Why does Brutus say that they will “niggard with a little rest”? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus means that they will allow themselves only a small amount of rest because their responsibilities require them to act early the next morning. The word “niggard” suggests using or allowing something sparingly. Since they have decided to meet the enemy at Philippi, they cannot spend much time resting. Their brief rest will prepare them for the important duties awaiting them the following day.

(v) How does this extract bring the discussion between Brutus and Cassius to a close and prepare for the next day's events? (4 marks)

Ans. Cassius accepts Brutus’s decision to march towards Philippi, bringing their disagreement about military strategy to an end. Brutus observes that night has advanced and reminds Cassius that they must obey the body's need for rest. However, they will allow themselves only a little rest. Cassius then wishes Brutus good night and declares that they will rise early the next morning and depart. The extract thus closes their discussion and establishes their immediate plan.

Extract 5

Cassius. O my dear brother!
This was an ill beginning of the night:
Never come such division 'tween our souls!
Let it not, Brutus.

Brutus. Every thing is well.

Cassius. Good night, my lord.

Brutus. Good night, good brother.

Tintinius. [with MESSALA] Good night, Lord Brutus.

Brutus. Farewell, every one.

(i) Why does Cassius call the beginning of the night “ill”? (3 marks)

Ans. Cassius calls the beginning of the night “ill” because he and Brutus have experienced a disagreement over their military strategy. Although they have settled the question of marching towards Philippi, Cassius is troubled by the division between them. He fears that such a disagreement may damage their close relationship. His words reveal his emotional distress and his desire to preserve their friendship.

(ii) What does Cassius mean by “Never come such division 'tween our souls”? (3 marks)

Ans. Cassius means that he never wants such a disagreement to arise between himself and Brutus again. The expression “division 'tween our souls” suggests a deep emotional separation rather than a simple difference of opinion. Cassius values his relationship with Brutus and is distressed that they have argued. He therefore appeals to Brutus to ensure that their personal bond remains strong despite their differences.

(iii) How does Brutus respond to Cassius’s emotional appeal? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus responds calmly by saying, “Everything is well.” His reply suggests that he does not wish to prolong the disagreement or allow it to disturb their relationship. Unlike Cassius, who openly expresses his concern, Brutus offers brief reassurance. His response helps bring the tension to an end, allowing both men to exchange good-night wishes and prepare for the following day.

(iv) What do the exchanges of “Good night” and “Farewell” reveal about the characters' relationship? (3 marks)

Ans. The exchanges reveal mutual respect and affection among the characters. Cassius addresses Brutus as “my lord” and “my dear brother,” while Brutus replies with “good brother.” Titinius also respectfully wishes Brutus good night. These expressions show that, despite their recent disagreement, the men remain connected by personal loyalty and respect. Brutus’s final “Farewell, every one” formally ends the gathering.

(v) Explain how this extract presents the emotional relationship between Cassius and Brutus after their disagreement. (4 marks)

Ans. The extract reveals that Cassius is deeply troubled by the disagreement he has had with Brutus. He calls it an “ill beginning” and hopes that such a division will never occur between their souls again. His words express affection and fear of emotional separation. Brutus, however, responds calmly, assuring him that everything is well. Their mutual use of brotherly expressions shows that their bond remains important despite their difference of opinion.

Extract 6

Brutus. This is a sleepy tune. O murderous slumber,
Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy,
That plays thee music? Gentle knave, good night;
I will not do thee so much wrong to wake thee:
If thou dost nod, thou break'st thy instrument;
I'll take it from thee; and, good boy, good night.
Let me see, let me see; is not the leaf turn'd down
Where I left reading? Here it is, I think.

(i) Why does Brutus call the music “a sleepy tune”? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus calls the music “a sleepy tune” because it is making Lucius drowsy. The boy has been playing music for Brutus, but the effect of the tune is to make him sleepy rather than keep him alert. Brutus notices Lucius’s condition and speaks gently about it. The expression establishes a quiet atmosphere as the scene moves towards Brutus’s own attempt to rest.

(ii) Explain the meaning of “O murderous slumber, / Lay'st thou thy leaden mace upon my boy.” (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus personifies slumber as a powerful figure carrying a heavy mace. He imagines sleep striking Lucius with its “leaden mace,” making the boy drowsy while he plays music. The word “murderous” is an exaggeration that emphasises the force of sleep. This figurative expression shows Brutus’s awareness of Lucius’s tiredness and adds poetic colour to the quiet scene.

(iii) Why does Brutus decide not to wake Lucius? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus decides not to wake Lucius because he can see that the boy is becoming sleepy while playing music. He calls him a “gentle knave” and wishes him good night. Brutus feels that waking him would be unfair when he is already tired. He therefore allows Lucius to rest, showing consideration for the boy rather than insisting that he continue playing.

(iv) Why does Brutus take the instrument from Lucius? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus takes the instrument from Lucius because he fears that the sleepy boy may nod off and break it. He says that if Lucius nods, he may damage the instrument he is playing. Brutus therefore removes it from him and again wishes him good night. This action shows his practical concern for Lucius and his belongings while maintaining the gentle mood of the scene.

(v) What does Brutus do after wishing Lucius good night, and what does this reveal about his state of mind? (4 marks)

Ans. After wishing Lucius good night, Brutus returns to his book and tries to find the place where he had stopped reading. He asks himself whether the page has been turned down and then thinks he has found the correct place. This action shows that he intends to resume reading despite the late hour. His quiet behaviour contrasts with the military disagreement earlier and prepares for the supernatural interruption that follows.

Extract 7
[Enter the Ghost of CAESAR]
How ill this taper burns! Ha! who comes here?
I think it is the weakness of mine eyes
That shapes this monstrous apparition.
It comes upon me. Art thou any thing?
Art thou some god, some angel, or some devil,
That makest my blood cold and my hair to stare?
Speak to me what thou art.

Caesar. Thy evil spirit, Brutus.

Brutus. Why comest thou?

Caesar. To tell thee thou shalt see me at Philippi.

Brutus. Well; then I shall see thee again?

Caesar. Ay, at Philippi.

Brutus. Why, I will see thee at Philippi, then.
[Exit Ghost]
Now I have taken heart thou vanishest:
Ill spirit, I would hold more talk with thee.
Boy, Lucius! Varro! Claudius! Sirs, awake! Claudius!

(i) What does Brutus observe about the taper, and what does he think causes the apparition? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus observes that the taper is burning poorly. When he sees the strange apparition, he initially thinks that the weakness of his eyes may be creating the monstrous figure. His words show that he is uncertain about what he is seeing. The dim light and his suspicion about his eyesight establish an atmosphere of mystery as the Ghost approaches him.

(ii) How does Brutus describe the apparition, and what effect does it have on him? (3 marks)

Ans. Brutus describes the apparition as monstrous and wonders whether it is a god, an angel, or a devil. He says that it makes his blood cold and his hair stand on end. These expressions reveal his fear and astonishment at the supernatural figure. Although frightened, he gathers the courage to question it and asks it to reveal its identity.

(iii) What does the Ghost tell Brutus when he asks, “Why comest thou”? (3 marks)

Ans. When Brutus asks why it has come, the Ghost tells him that he will see it at Philippi. It repeats this message when Brutus asks whether he will meet it there again. The Ghost provides no further explanation in this extract. Its repeated reference to Philippi makes the place seem ominous and connects the supernatural encounter with the coming events.

(iv) Explain the meaning and significance of the Ghost's words, “Thy evil spirit, Brutus.” (3 marks)

Ans. The Ghost identifies itself as Brutus’s evil spirit. These words give the apparition a threatening and mysterious character. Rather than offering a comforting explanation, the Ghost presents itself as something disturbing. Its statement intensifies Brutus’s uncertainty about the supernatural encounter. The line also prepares for the Ghost’s ominous message that Brutus will see it again at Philippi.

(v) How does Brutus react when the Ghost disappears, and what does he do next? (4 marks)

Ans. When the Ghost disappears, Brutus remarks that it vanishes just as he has gained courage. He calls it an evil spirit and says that he would like to continue speaking with it. His words show that his fear has given way partly to curiosity and a desire for answers. He then calls Lucius, Varro, and Claudius, ordering them to wake up. His actions show his determination to discover whether anyone else has witnessed the apparition.