Friday, 13 March 2026

Trans Fat/ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍


 Trans Fat: A Harmful Dietary Component

Trans fat, also known as trans-fatty acids, is a type of unsaturated fat that has been chemically altered to behave like saturated fat. It is considered one of the most harmful types of dietary fat due to its adverse effects on cardiovascular health.

*Formation of Trans Fat*

Trans fat is primarily created through an industrial process called hydrogenation, where hydrogen is added to liquid vegetable oils to make them solid or semi-solid. This process improves the shelf life and texture of processed foods. Additionally, trans fat can also form when oils are heated repeatedly at high temperatures, especially during deep frying.

*Types of Trans Fat*

1. *Artificial (Industrial) Trans Fat*: This is the most harmful form, produced through partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils. It is widely used in processed foods due to its long shelf life, low cost, and improved taste and texture.

2. *Natural Trans Fat*: Small amounts occur naturally in foods from ruminant animals (cows, sheep, goats), such as milk, butter, cheese, beef, and lamb. These natural forms are usually present in small quantities and are considered less harmful than industrial trans fats.

*Common Food Sources of Trans Fat*

- Processed and fried foods: French fries, fried chicken, samosas, pakoras, bhaturas, doughnuts, and fried bakery items

- Bakery and packaged foods: biscuits, cookies, cakes, pastries, crackers, ready-to-eat snacks, and microwave popcorn

- Margarine and vanaspati: vanaspati ghee, margarine, and some bakery shortenings

*Health Risks Associated with Trans Fat*

Consuming high amounts of trans fat can lead to:

- Increased risk of heart disease

- Higher LDL (bad) cholesterol

- Lower HDL (good) cholesterol

- Increased inflammation

- Higher risk of coronary artery disease

*Recommended Safe Limit of Trans Fat*

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that trans fat intake should be less than 1% of total daily calories. For a person consuming 2000 calories per day, this equals about 2 grams or less per day.

*Identifying Trans Fat on Food Labels*

Trans fat may be listed under various names, including:

- Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil

- Hydrogenated vegetable fat

- Shortening

- Vanaspati

Even if the nutrition label indicates 0g trans fat, the product may still contain small amounts per serving.

*Comparison with Saturated Fat*

Feature Saturated Fat Trans Fat

Source Mostly natural animal fats Mainly industrial hydrogenated oils

Examples Butter, ghee, coconut oil Vanaspati, margarine, processed snacks

Health Impact Raises LDL cholesterol Raises LDL and lowers HDL

Risk Level Harmful in excess Considered more harmful

*Global Efforts to Reduce Trans Fat*

Many governments and health organizations are taking steps to reduce trans fat consumption, including:

- Banning partially hydrogenated oils

- Limiting trans fat in packaged foods

- Mandatory food labeling

- Public health awareness campaigns

*Healthier Alternatives to Trans Fat*

- Mustard oil

- Groundnut (peanut) oil

- Sunflower oil

- Olive oil

- Rice bran oil

Using fresh oil and avoiding repeated heating can also help reduce health risks.

In conclusion, trans fat is a harmful dietary component that can increase the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular health issues. Limiting consumption of processed and fried foods, checking food labels, and choosing healthier oils can help mitigate these risks.

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ (Trans Fat): ଏକ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଉପାଦାନ

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍, ଯାହାକୁ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ-ଫ୍ୟାଟି ଏସିଡ୍ ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ, ଏହା ଏକ ପ୍ରକାର ଅସନ୍ତୁଳିତ ଚର୍ବି (unsaturated fat) ଯାହାକୁ ରାସାୟନିକ ଭାବେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରାଯାଇ ସନ୍ତୁଳିତ ଚର୍ବି (saturated fat) ଭଳି କରାଯାଇଥାଏ। ହୃଦ୍‌ରୋଗ ଉପରେ ଏହାର ପ୍ରତିକୂଳ ପ୍ରଭାବ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏହାକୁ ସବୁଠାରୁ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଚର୍ବି ଭାବରେ ବିବେଚନା କରାଯାଏ।

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ କିପରି ତିଆରି ହୁଏ?

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ 'ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେସନ୍' ନାମକ ଏକ ଶିଳ୍ପ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ତରଳ ପନିପରିବା ତେଲକୁ କଠିନ କିମ୍ବା ଅର୍ଦ୍ଧ-କଠିନ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସେଥିରେ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନ୍ ମିଶାଯାଏ। ଏହି ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟା ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୃତ ଖାଦ୍ୟର ସ୍ଥାୟୀତ୍ୱ (shelf life) ଏବଂ ଗଠନରେ ସୁଧାର ଆଣିଥାଏ। ଏହା ବ୍ୟତୀତ, ଯେତେବେଳେ ତେଲକୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ଉଚ୍ଚ ତାପମାତ୍ରାରେ ଗରମ କରାଯାଏ, ବିଶେଷ କରି ଛଣାଛଣି ସମୟରେ, ସେତେବେଳେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ।

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ର ପ୍ରକାର:

୧. କୃତ୍ରିମ (ଶିଳ୍ପଭିତ୍ତିକ) ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍: ଏହା ସବୁଠାରୁ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ରୂପ, ଯାହା ପନିପରିବା ତେଲର ଆଂଶିକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେସନ୍ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଉତ୍ପନ୍ନ ହୁଏ। ଏହାର କମ୍ ଖର୍ଚ୍ଚ ଏବଂ ଉନ୍ନତ ସ୍ୱାଦ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏହା ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୃତ ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ବହୁଳ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

୨. ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍: ଗାଈ, ମେଣ୍ଢା, ଛେଳି ଭଳି ପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ଠାରୁ ମିଳୁଥିବା ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଯଥା କ୍ଷୀର, ବଟର, ପନିର୍ ଏବଂ ମାଂସରେ ଅଳ୍ପ ପରିମାଣରେ ଏହା ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଭାବରେ ଥାଏ। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଶିଳ୍ପଭିତ୍ତିକ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ତୁଳନାରେ କମ୍ କ୍ଷତିକାରକ ବୋଲି ମାନାଯାଏ।

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ର ସାଧାରଣ ଉତ୍ସ:

ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୃତ ଏବଂ ଭଜା ଖାଦ୍ୟ: ଫ୍ରେଞ୍ଚ୍ ଫ୍ରାଇଜ୍, ଚିକେନ୍ ଫ୍ରାଇ, ସିଙ୍ଗଡ଼ା, ପକୁଡ଼ି, ଭଟୁରା, ଡୋନଟ୍ ଏବଂ ବେକେରୀର ଛଣା ଖାଦ୍ୟ।

ବେକେରୀ ଏବଂ ପ୍ୟାକେଟ୍ ଖାଦ୍ୟ: ବିସ୍କୁଟ୍, କୁକିଜ୍, କେକ୍, ପେଷ୍ଟ୍ରି, କ୍ରାକର୍ସ ଏବଂ ମାଇକ୍ରୋୱେଭ୍ ପପକର୍ଣ୍ଣ।

ମାର୍ଜାରିନ୍ ଏବଂ ବନସ୍ପତି: ବନସ୍ପତି ଘିଅ, ମାର୍ଜାରିନ୍ ଏବଂ କିଛି ବେକେରୀ ଶର୍ଟନିଂ।

ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟଗତ ବିପଦ:

ଅଧିକ ପରିମାଣର ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ଖାଇବା ଦ୍ୱାରା:

ହୃଦ୍‌ରୋଗର ଆଶଙ୍କା ବଢ଼ିଥାଏ।

LDL (ଖରାପ) କୋଲେଷ୍ଟ୍ରଲ୍ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଏ।

HDL (ଭଲ) କୋଲେଷ୍ଟ୍ରଲ୍ କମିଯାଏ।

ଶରୀରରେ ପ୍ରଦାହ (inflammation) ବଢ଼ିଥାଏ।

ସୁରକ୍ଷିତ ସୀମା:

ବିଶ୍ୱ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ସଂଗଠନ (WHO) ଅନୁଯାୟୀ, ଦୈନିକ ମୋଟ କ୍ୟାଲୋରୀର ୧% ରୁ କମ୍ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍। ଜଣେ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ଯଦି ଦିନକୁ ୨୦୦୦ କ୍ୟାଲୋରୀ ଖାଉଛନ୍ତି, ତେବେ ଏହା ପ୍ରାୟ ୨ ଗ୍ରାମ୍ କିମ୍ବା ତା’ଠାରୁ କମ୍ ହେବା ଉଚିତ୍।

ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଲେବଲ୍ କିପରି ପଢ଼ିବେ?

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ନାମରେ ଲେଖାଯାଇଥାଇପାରେ, ଯଥା:

Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (ଆଂଶିକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ପନିପରିବା ତେଲ)

Hydrogenated vegetable fat (ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ପନିପରିବା ଚର୍ବି)

Shortening (ଶର୍ଟନିଂ)

Vanaspati (ବନସ୍ପତି)

ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟକର ବିକଳ୍ପ:

ସୋରିଷ ତେଲ

ଚିନାବାଦାମ ତେଲ

ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟମୁଖୀ ତେଲ

ଅଲିଭ୍ ତେଲ

ରାଇସ୍ ବ୍ରାନ୍ ତେଲ

ଶେଷରେ, ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୃତ ଏବଂ ଭଜା ଖାଦ୍ୟ କମ୍ ଖାଇବା, ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଲେବଲ୍ ଯାଞ୍ଚ କରିବା ଏବଂ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟକର ତେଲ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଦ୍ୱାରା ଆମେ ଏହି ବିପଦରୁ ରକ୍ଷା ପାଇପାରିବା।

Even though many countries have reduced trans fat, some foods still commonly contain it, especially when made with partially hydrogenated oils or repeatedly heated oils. In India, a few items are particularly important to watch.

⚠️ 1. *Vanaspati (Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil)*

*Vanaspati* is one of the largest sources of industrial trans fat in India, produced by hydrogenation of vegetable oils. It's cheaper than real ghee, so it's often used in *halwai sweets*, *bakery products*, *street foods*, and *cheap restaurant cooking*.

2. *Bakery Products* (cheap commercial ones)

Some *bakery products* still contain *shortening* or *vanaspati*, which may contain trans fat. Examples: *biscuits*, *cream biscuits*, *cakes and pastries*, *puff pastries*, and *bakery buns*.

3. *Deep-Fried Street Foods*

*Street foods* may develop trans fat when oil is reheated many times at high temperatures. Examples: *samosa*, *kachori*, *pakora*, *jalebi*, and *bhatura*.

The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) has introduced rules limiting trans fat in foods to less than 2% of total fat.

✅ Simple rule for health: Try to eat more fresh home-cooked food and fewer *deep-fried* or *cheap bakery foods*.

Five surprising foods that people think are healthy but may contain hidden trans fat:

4. *Cream Biscuits*: often contain *vegetable shortening* or *hydrogenated oils*.

5. *Instant Noodles*: usually pre-fried before packaging, which can produce trans fat.

6. *Microwave Popcorn*: may contain *hydrogenated oils* or *artificial butter flavouring*.

7. *Frozen Paratha / Frozen Snacks*: often contain added fat, including *hydrogenated fats*.

8. *Non-Dairy Coffee Creamer*: often made with *hydrogenated vegetable oils*.

Trans fat usually hides in foods that are industrially processed, fried, or made with hydrogenated oils. A good health rule is: “The more natural and fresh the food, the safer it is.”

ଯଦିଓ ଅନେକ ଦେଶ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ (trans fat) କମାଇ ଦେଇଛନ୍ତି, ତଥାପି କିଛି ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ଏହା ସାଧାରଣତଃ ମିଳିଥାଏ, ବିଶେଷ କରି ଆଂଶିକ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ତେଲ (partially hydrogenated oils) କିମ୍ବା ବାରମ୍ବାର ଗରମ କରାଯାଉଥିବା ତେଲରେ ତିଆରି ଜିନିଷରେ। ଭାରତରେ, କିଛି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଜିନିଷ ପ୍ରତି ସତର୍କ ରହିବା ଜରୁରୀ।

⚠️ ୧. ବନସ୍ପତି (ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ଭେଜିଟେବୁଲ୍ ଅଏଲ୍)

ଭାରତରେ ଶିଳ୍ପଭିତ୍ତିକ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍‌ର ସବୁଠାରୁ ବଡ଼ ଉତ୍ସ ହେଉଛି ବନସ୍ପତି, ଯାହା ପରିବା ତେଲର ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେସନ୍ ଦ୍ୱାରା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ହୁଏ। ଏହା ଅସଲି ଘିଅ ତୁଳନାରେ ଶସ୍ତା, ତେଣୁ ଏହା ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ହଲୱାଇ ମିଠା, ବେକେରୀ ଉତ୍ପାଦ, ଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଟ୍ ଫୁଡ୍ ଏବଂ ଶସ୍ତା ରେଷ୍ଟୁରାଣ୍ଟ ରୋଷେଇରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

୨. ବେକେରୀ ଉତ୍ପାଦ (ଶସ୍ତା ବ୍ୟବସାୟିକ ଉତ୍ପାଦ)

କିଛି ବେକେରୀ ଉତ୍ପାଦରେ ଏବେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସର୍ଟନିଂ (shortening) କିମ୍ବା ବନସ୍ପତି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ଥାଇପାରେ। ଉଦାହରଣ: ବିସ୍କୁଟ୍, କ୍ରିମ୍ ବିସ୍କୁଟ୍, କେକ୍ ଓ ପେଷ୍ଟ୍ରି, ପଫ୍ ପେଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଏବଂ ବେକେରୀ ବନ୍।

୩. ଡିପ୍-ଫ୍ରାଏଡ୍ ଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଟ୍ ଫୁଡ୍

ଷ୍ଟ୍ରିଟ୍ ଫୁଡ୍ ବା ରାସ୍ତାକଡ଼ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ବେଳେ ତେଲକୁ ଅଧିକ ତାପମାତ୍ରାରେ ବାରମ୍ବାର ଗରମ କରିବା ଦ୍ୱାରା ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୋଇପାରେ। ଉଦାହରଣ: ସିଙ୍ଗଡ଼ା, କଚୋରି, ପକୁଡ଼ି, ଜିଲାପି ଏବଂ ଭଟୁରା।

ଭାରତୀୟ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଏବଂ ମାନକ ପ୍ରାଧିକରଣ (FSSAI) ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ପରିମାଣକୁ ମୋଟ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍‌ର ୨% ରୁ କମ୍ ରଖିବା ପାଇଁ ନିୟମ ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଛନ୍ତି।

✅ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ପାଇଁ ସରଳ ନିୟମ: ଅଧିକ ସତେଜ ଘରୋଇ ରନ୍ଧା ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଖାଇବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରନ୍ତୁ ଏବଂ ଡିପ୍-ଫ୍ରାଏଡ୍ ବା ଶସ୍ତା ବେକେରୀ ଖାଦ୍ୟ କମ୍ ଖାଆନ୍ତୁ।

ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟଜନକ ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଯାହାକୁ ଲୋକମାନେ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟକର ମନେ କରନ୍ତି କିନ୍ତୁ ସେଥିରେ ଲୁକ୍କାୟିତ ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ଥାଇପାରେ:

୪. କ୍ରିମ୍ ବିସ୍କୁଟ୍: ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ଏଥିରେ ଭେଜିଟେବୁଲ୍ ସର୍ଟନିଂ କିମ୍ବା ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ଅଏଲ୍ ଥାଏ।

୫. ଇନଷ୍ଟାଣ୍ଟ ନୁଡୁଲ୍ସ: ପ୍ୟାକେଜିଂ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ପ୍ରି-ଫ୍ରାଏଡ୍ (ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଛଣା) କରାଯାଇଥାଏ, ଯାହା ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିପାରେ।

୬. ମାଇକ୍ରୋୱେଭ୍ ପପକର୍ଣ୍ଣ: ଏଥିରେ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ଅଏଲ୍ କିମ୍ବା କୃତ୍ରିମ ବଟର ଫ୍ଲେଭର ଥାଇପାରେ।

୭. ଫ୍ରୋଜନ୍ ପରଟା / ଫ୍ରୋଜନ୍ ସ୍ନାକ୍ସ: ଏଥିରେ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ବାହାରୁ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ମିଶାଯାଇଥାଏ, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ।

୮. ନନ୍-ଡାଏରୀ କଫି କ୍ରିମର୍: ଏହା ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ଭେଜିଟେବୁଲ୍ ଅଏଲ୍ରୁ ତିଆରି ହୋଇଥାଏ।

ଟ୍ରାନ୍ସ ଫ୍ୟାଟ୍ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଶିଳ୍ପ ସ୍ତରରେ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାକୃତ, ଭଜା ହୋଇଥିବା କିମ୍ବା ହାଇଡ୍ରୋଜେନେଟେଡ୍ ତେଲରେ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତ ଖାଦ୍ୟରେ ଲୁଚି ରହିଥାଏ। ଏକ ଭଲ ସ୍ୱାସ୍ଥ୍ୟ ନିୟମ ହେଉଛି: “ଖାଦ୍ୟ ଯେତେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଏବଂ ସତେଜ ହେବ, ତାହା ସେତେ ଅଧିକ ନିରାପଦ।”

Courtesy: AI sources 

Thursday, 12 March 2026

 A Serious Concern Regarding the Teaching and Assessment of English in the CBSE Curriculum (Classes IX–XII)

Dear parents of CBSE students studying in Classes IX to XII,

I wish to draw your attention to a matter of serious academic concern regarding the teaching and assessment of English in the CBSE curriculum. English is not merely one subject among many; it is the medium through which knowledge in most other subjects is understood and expressed. Therefore, any weakness in the teaching of English can directly affect the overall intellectual development and academic confidence of students.

Over the past several years, certain features of the CBSE English curriculum and examination pattern appear to raise important questions regarding the systematic teaching of grammar, the structure of language assessment, and the opportunities provided to students to develop clear and effective written expression.

If, after reading the observations below, you find them reasonable and practical, I request you to consider discussing them with other parents, educators, and school authorities so that meaningful improvements may be considered in the larger interest of millions of students.

1. Absence of a Prescribed Grammar Textbook and Systematic Syllabus

It is deeply concerning to observe that in the CBSE curriculum from Classes IX to XII, there is no clearly prescribed grammar textbook and no systematically structured grammar syllabus for students to follow during these crucial academic years.

In most academic subjects, students are provided with well-defined textbooks and syllabi so that they know exactly what to study and how to prepare. However, in English—particularly with respect to grammar—such clarity appears to be largely absent.

Grammar forms the structural backbone of any language. Without systematic instruction in grammar—covering areas such as tenses, voice, reported speech, prepositions, clauses, sentence transformation, syntax, degrees of comparison, composition, and sentence structure—students cannot develop accuracy, clarity, or confidence in using the language effectively.

2. Nature of Grammar Questions in Examination Papers

Another surprising aspect is the pattern of grammar-related questions in the examination papers.

Instead of topic-based grammar questions that test specific grammatical knowledge, students are often asked to perform tasks such as rearranging jumbled words or sentences, inserting missing words in a passage, or editing words in a paragraph taken from random sources.

These questions frequently appear without any clearly defined grammatical framework or yardstick. As a result, both teachers and students remain uncertain about which specific rules or principles are actually being tested.

This situation naturally raises several important questions: What exactly should teachers teach in the classroom regarding grammar? How are students expected to prepare systematically without a defined syllabus? Can such random editing exercises alone build a strong foundation in English?

3. Two Different Sets of English Books in CBSE Schools

Another point that deserves attention is the existence of two different sets of English books across CBSE schools, which creates further inconsistency.

(a) In many Central Government CBSE schools, students are often provided with books such as an English Reader, a Main Course Book, and a grammar-based workbook. The workbook usually contains exercises on grammar topics such as tenses, determiners, modals, and sentence correction. However, despite the presence of such grammar exercises in the books, the Board examinations do not place corresponding emphasis on systematic grammar questions.

(b) In most private CBSE schools, students generally study the NCERT literature books: Beehive and Moments in Class IX, and First Flight and Footprints Without Feet in Class X. These books are primarily literary readers containing stories and poems and do not provide a structured grammar course.

Thus, in many schools there is no specific grammar textbook, and grammar instruction becomes fragmented or uncertain. This dual system naturally leads to confusion regarding what grammar should actually be taught and how it should be assessed.

4. Absence of Essay Writing in Examination Papers

Equally surprising is the absence of essay writing in CBSE examination papers for Classes IX to XII.

Essay writing is one of the most effective ways to develop a student’s ability to organize thoughts logically, construct arguments, express ideas clearly and coherently, and develop analytical and reflective thinking.

Removing such an important component deprives students of a vital academic skill that is essential for higher education and intellectual development.

5. Relevance to Future Competitive Examinations

It is also worth considering whether the current examination pattern truly prepares students for the demands of the future.

Most competitive examinations and higher academic assessments evaluate abilities such as reading comprehension, vocabulary and grammar fundamentals, logical reasoning, analytical writing, and structured expression.

These skills require systematic preparation and conceptual clarity, not merely the ability to manipulate random sentences in editing exercises.

6. Wider Educational Impact

Today CBSE is the largest school education board in India, with millions of students studying under its curriculum. Any gaps or inconsistencies in the teaching of a major subject like English therefore affect a vast number of learners and influence the overall standard of language education in the country.

This is not a minor technical issue—it concerns the quality of linguistic and intellectual development of an entire generation of students.

7. The Scale of the CBSE System

The Central Board of Secondary Education is one of the largest school education boards in the world. At present, more than 28,000 schools in India and abroad are affiliated with CBSE, and several million students appear for CBSE examinations every year.

Because of this enormous scale, any academic approach adopted by CBSE influences a very large section of the student population. Therefore, the clarity and effectiveness of English language teaching within the CBSE system are matters of national educational importance.

8. The Contradiction in the Claim of “Integrated Grammar”

It is sometimes argued that grammar is now taught in an “integrated manner” through reading passages, writing tasks, and editing exercises rather than through formal grammar lessons.

While integration of language skills is certainly desirable in principle, integration cannot replace systematic instruction.

For integration to work effectively, students must already possess a clear understanding of grammatical structures. Without such foundational knowledge, asking students to correct sentences or edit passages becomes largely a matter of guesswork rather than informed linguistic judgment.

In most effective language education systems, grammar is taught through a balanced approach that combines explicit instruction of grammatical concepts with their application through reading and writing tasks. If the foundational concepts themselves are never clearly taught, the idea of integrated grammar risks becoming merely a theoretical justification for the absence of structured grammar teaching.

9. Possible Measures for Improvement

For the benefit of students across the country, it may be worth considering certain constructive steps: introducing a clear and structured grammar syllabus for Classes IX to XII; prescribing a standard grammar textbook; including topic-based grammar questions in examinations; reinstating essay writing and structured composition in exam papers; and ensuring that assessments measure genuine language competence rather than mechanical editing tasks.

10. The Real Goal of Language Education

The aim of English education should be to develop clear thinking, precise expression, logical organization of ideas, and confident communication. Language teaching should not be reduced merely to manipulating disconnected sentences or performing mechanical corrections.

11. A Final Thought

Language is not merely another academic subject—it is the primary instrument through which knowledge is understood, expressed, and evaluated. If students do not develop clarity and precision in language, their performance in many other subjects may also suffer, because the ability to understand questions, interpret ideas, and present answers depends heavily on linguistic competence.

For this reason, the teaching and assessment of English deserve careful attention, clarity of purpose, and academic rigor. Raising these concerns is not an act of criticism but an expression of genuine concern for the intellectual development of millions of students studying under the CBSE system. Constructive dialogue among educators, parents, and policymakers can only strengthen the education system and ensure that future generations receive the solid language foundation they truly deserve.

12. A Collective Appeal

Given the importance of this issue, it is hoped that educators, policymakers, the Government of India, and the Ministry of Education will carefully review the present pattern and consider appropriate corrective measures in the interest of students nationwide. Quality language education is not a luxury—it is a necessity for the intellectual growth and future opportunities of young learners.

If this concern resonates with you, kindly consider discussing it with other parents, educators, and school authorities so that meaningful reforms may be considered at the earliest. Let us collectively raise this issue in the larger interest of millions of CBSE students.

The intention of this note is not criticism, but constructive concern for strengthening the quality of English education for the students studying under the CBSE system.

Wednesday, 11 March 2026

REGARDING ENGLISH SYLLBUS IN CBSE

 

1. Social Media Version (Short, Shareable)

Writing

A Serious Concern About English Teaching in CBSE (Classes IX–XII)

Many teachers and parents are increasingly worried about the current pattern of English teaching and assessment in the CBSE curriculum from Classes IX to XII.

Surprisingly, there is no prescribed grammar textbook and no clear grammar syllabus for students during these crucial academic years.

In examinations, students are mainly asked to: • Rearrange jumbled words

• Insert missing words

• Edit random paragraphs

These exercises often appear without any clear grammatical basis, leaving teachers unsure what exactly to teach and students unsure how to prepare.

Grammar is the foundation of any language. Without systematic learning of tenses, voice, reported speech, clauses, prepositions, and sentence transformation, students cannot develop accuracy or confidence in English.

Another surprising change is the absence of essay writing in many CBSE exam papers from Classes IX–XII. Essay writing helps students organize thoughts, develop arguments, and express ideas clearly — an essential academic skill.

One important question arises:

Do competitive examinations test such random editing exercises?

Most of them actually test grammar fundamentals, comprehension, vocabulary, and structured writing.

Since CBSE has the largest number of students in India, any weakness in its language teaching system affects millions of learners.

For the benefit of students across the country, it may be time to reconsider the current system and:

• Introduce a clear grammar syllabus for Classes IX–XII

• Prescribe a standard grammar textbook

• Include topic-based grammar questions in exams

• Restore essay writing and structured composition

English education should develop clear thinking and confident communication, not merely the ability to correct random sentences.

This issue deserves serious attention from educators, policymakers, and the Government of India.

Quality language education is a necessity, not a luxury.

If you are a teacher, parent, or student who believes strong language foundations matter, please share this concern.

2. Formal Letter to the Education Minister of India

Email

Subject

Concern Regarding English Teaching and Assessment in CBSE (Classes IX–XII)

Respected Sir/Madam,

I would like to draw your kind attention to an important issue regarding the teaching and assessment of English in the CBSE curriculum from Classes IX to XII.

At present, there appears to be no prescribed grammar textbook and no clearly structured grammar syllabus for students during these crucial academic years. As a result, teachers and students often remain uncertain about the specific grammatical areas that should be systematically taught and learned.

In the examination papers, topic-based grammar questions are largely absent. Instead, students are commonly required to perform tasks such as rearranging jumbled words, inserting missing words, or editing passages taken from various sources. These exercises frequently appear without a clearly defined grammatical framework.

This situation raises a few important concerns. Without systematic instruction in grammar—such as tenses, voice, reported speech, prepositions, clauses, sentence transformation, and composition—students may not develop the clarity, accuracy, and confidence necessary for effective communication in English.

Another notable observation is the absence of essay writing in many CBSE examination papers from Classes IX to XII. Essay writing is one of the most effective ways to cultivate logical thinking, structured expression, and the ability to present ideas coherently.

Since CBSE serves the largest number of students in the country, any gaps in its language teaching approach may affect the overall standard of English education for millions of learners.

In view of this, it may be worthwhile to consider the following suggestions:

Introduce a clear and structured grammar syllabus for Classes IX–XII.

Prescribe a standard grammar textbook for systematic learning.

Include topic-based grammar questions in examinations.

Reinstate essay writing and structured composition in exam papers.

Ensure that assessments measure genuine language competence.

The objective of English education should be to help students develop clear thinking, precise expression, and confident communication.

I sincerely hope that this matter may receive the attention of the Ministry of Education and that appropriate steps may be considered in the interest of students across the country.

Thank you for your time and consideration.

Yours faithfully,

Dr. Shankar D. Mishra

✅ You can copy both pieces directly and use them.

If you want, I can also make one more version that can go viral easily among teachers across India (much sharper and stronger in tone). It usually spreads faster on WhatsApp groups of teachers.

Tuesday, 10 March 2026

Key To Fill in the blanks with appropriate words Total English. Std. IX & X 2025/26.

 


Fill in the blanks with appropriate words Total English. Std. IX, 2025/26.

Exercise: 1

1.    The explosion blew ………….. our parking lot.

2.    The child was too tired to blow …………..the candles on his cake.

3.    I was breathless trying to keep …………..with my sister.

4.    Please fill this form ………….. .

5.    Why did your brother turn …………..our invitation?

6.    They are entitled …………..travel in First Class.

7.    The manager dispensed …………..the service of the teller (cashier).

8.    I exchanged my old car …………a new one.

Answers: 1. up 2. out 3. up 4. in 5. down 6. to 7. with 8. for

Exercise: 2

1.    My brother surprised me by coming to school to pick me………… .

2.    Before announcing his decision, he decided to read…………the report.

3.    The cricket match was put ………… due to heavy rain.

4.    This year the monsoon might set ………… earlier.

5.    After my father, I carried on ………… the family business.

6.    My shoulder is paining, I think the doctor should look ………… it.

7.    The students stood ………… when the principal entered the class room.

8.    He was showing ……………. his new phone when it slipped from his hand.

Answers: 1. up 2. through 3. off 4. in 5. with 6. into 7. up 8. off

Exercise: 3

1.    Courage will carry a person……………..many hardships.

2.    I refrained myself………………..giving my opinion.

3.    I called ……………….. my grandfather last week.

4.    Kindly desist ……………….. causing damage to my car.

5.    The pond abounds ……………………..fish.

6.    He will make ………………….all his property to his wife.

7.    Ajay bore …………………the first prize in the competition.

8.    The miser will not part …………………his money.

Answers: 1. through 2. from 3. on 4. from 5. with/in 6. over [officially transfer ownership] 7. away 8. with

Exercise: 4

1.    His part-time job brings…………….. a small amount of money.

2.    There has been a small reduction …………….the price of paper.

3.    I was shocked …………………….the sudden news.

4.    He has taken ……………. painting as a hobby.

5.    He made ambitious plans, but all of them fell ……………. .

6.    I take exception ………………….. your remark.

7.    The manager called ……………. an explanation from the receptionist.

8.    My aunt has to bring ……………… five children single-handed.

Answers: 1. in 2. in 3. at 4. up 5. through 6. to 7. for 8. up

Exercise: 5

1.    The new coach is popular ………………….his team.

2.    I always mix …………. the names of the twins.

3.    The old man being hard ………… hearing was unresponsive.

4.    The factory turns ………………. 5,000 bags of sugar per day.

5.    The burglars made …………………. with our money.

6.    The High Court set ……………. the decree of the Lower Court.

7.    I prevailed………………him to join our team.

8.    I was taken ……………. by the rude attitude of my friend.

Answers: 1. with 2. up 3. of 4. out 5. off/away 6. aside 7. upon/on 8. aback

Exercise: 6

1.    These seats are set ………………..for parents.

2.    Pupils must look ……………..to their teachers as their guides.

3.    The aeroplane flew …………….the clouds.

4.    I have disposed …………………..all my old books.

5.    They were sitting …………….me during dinner.

6.    A good tree brings …………………….. good fruits.

7.    Except me, no one else can work ………….this vintage car.

8.    We built a strong wall …………………. the house.

Answers: 1. aside 2. up 3. above/through 4. of 5. beside 6. forth 7. on 8. around

Exercise: 7

1.    The total expenses of our excursion came ……………..ten thousand rupees.

2.    We were amazed ………………..what the guest said.

3.    The publisher has brought …………… a book on Indian customs.

4.    The artist was blind ……………….. one eye.

5.    After his father's death, his brother has turned ……………. him.

6.    I have to run …………….. this chapter before the examination.

7.    We shall discuss this matter ……………… dinner.

8.    Since it began to rain heavily, the meeting was called ……………….. .

Answers: 1. to 2. at 3. out 4. in/of 5. against 6. through 7. over 8. off

Exercise: 8

1.    Do not brood ……………… your failure.

2.    I came ………….. some foreigners in the village.

3.    Our nanny has just walked ………… without giving notice.

4.    Music is a passion …………………. him.

5.    The Indian Army put ………………..the rebellion.

6.    She set ……………… organising the exhibition.

7.    I was taken ……………..when I heard of his death.

8.    The manager called............. an explanation for his absence.

Answers: 1. over 2. across 3. out 4. with 5. down 6. about 7. aback 8. for

Exercise: 9

1.    The caterpillar turned ………………. a beautiful butterfly.

2.    She needed a few minutes to calm ………….after the heated argument.

3.    He will certainly get ……………… the examination.

4.    He bore ……………… the first prize in the competition.

5.    At the end of the month, I end up dipping  ………….. my savings.

6.    We can no longer put …………………. with his insincerity

7.    The Principal looked ………….. the matter and punished the guilty.

8.    It would take ………………. too much time to do this project.

Answers: 1. into 2. down 3. through 4. away 5. into 6. up 7. into 8. up

Exercise: 10

1.    The storm almost lifted me ……………… my feet.

2.    She has given.………………the idea of learning Mandarin.

3.    It is difficult to come ………….such a rare picture of that era.

4.    He did not comply …………….the wishes of his father.

5.    She furnished the lawyer …………… the facts surrounding the case.

6.    He let …………………… his friends.

7.    My mother dissuaded me ………………. going abroad.

8.    It was a touching farewell, he broke…………. in the middle of his speech.

Answers: 1. off 2. up 3. by/across 4. with 5. with 6. down 7. from 8. down

Exercise: 11

1.    This question came ………… during the Monsoon session of the Parliament.

2.    The policeman ran …………….. the pickpocket.

3.    We are looking ………… to the visit of our uncle's family.

4.    The old man was run ………………… by a truck.

5.    How did all this come ……………………. ?

6.    The boat with its secrets lay………….. several feet of water.

7.    The enemy has encroached ……………. our territory.

8.    Look ……………….. my children when I am away.

Answers: 1. up, 2. after, 3. forward, 4. over, 5. about, 6. under, 7. upon, 8. after

Exercise: 12

1.    His kidnapper is still ………………….large.

2.    Amit refused the job, but he soon came …….. and accepted the offer.

3.    Malaria has broken …………….. in the colony.

4.    After the modifications, things are looking ………….. .

5.    We should bear …………….. him while he is in difficulty.

6.    He spoke so softly that I could not make ………..what he said.

7.    Do not run …………………your rivals.

8.    He was fascinated ……………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

Answers: 1. at, 2. round, 3. out, 4. up, 5. with, 6. out, 7. down, 8. by/with

 

Exercise: 13

1.    She drinks a lot of coffee………………the evenings.

2.    It is usually much warmer ………… three o’ clock in the afternoon than…… the morning.

3.    The new term starts ……………..March.

4.    They have lived in this town ………………2015.

5.    I have been waiting for you…………eight o'clock.

6.    We will finish our exams ……………….two days' time.

7.    They have lived in Delhi ……………six months.

8.    We will have our vacations…………… summer.

9.    Tom went home …………………..sunset.

10. We have been waiting ……………..over half an hour.

Answers: 1. in, 2. at/in, 3. in, 4. since, 5. since, 6. in, 7. for, 8. in, 9. at, 10. for

Exercise: 14

1.    There is a bus stop ………………….the end of the road.

2.    I was ………………….Japan when the President was there.

3.    He used to live ………………Kanpur.

4.    She lost her ring ……………………..the sand.

5.    I will meet you …………………the signpost near my house.

6.    Our house is …………………. the top of the hill.

7.    There has been an accident …………….the corner of the street.

8.    Suddenly he jumped …………………….the river.

9.    He sat ………………………..Mary and Janet.

10. He was standing …………………….the pillar.

Answers: 1. at, 2. in, 3. in, 4. in, 5. at, 6. at, 7. at, 8. into, 9. between, 10. behind/by

Exercise: 15

1.    How did such a crisis come……………..?

2.    A car broke …………….right in the middle of the road.

3.    The school will bring …………….the annual magazine.

4.    The cooks agreed to carry …………….. the chef's orders.

5.    Sudhir has run ……………….debt after the pandemic.

6.    His pride has brought …………………his downfall.

7.    She takes ………………….her mother in many ways.

8.    The Chairman will preside ………………..the meeting.

Answers:1. about, 2. down, 3. out, 4. out, 5. into, 6. about, 7. after, 8. over

Exercise: 16

1.    Our team put ………………a good fight in the debate.

2.    The enquiry officer is trying to get ………….the facts.

3.    My friend has not changed much ……………the years.

4.    The price of sugar has not come ……………… this year.

5.    Mahesh has set………………. as a property dealer.

6.    Inflation brought …………….our standard of living.

7.    The two families are living ………………the same roof.

8.    My sister dissuaded me ……………going abroad for studies.

Answers: 1. up, 2. at, 3. over, 4. down, 5. up, 6. down, 7. under, 8. from

Exercise: 17

1.    We should not deviate……………….our objective.

2.    His lack of manners will be held ………….him.

3.    She has enough assets to fall back ………….in her old age.

4.    The soldiers fought………………… the last man.

5.    Aarti has a craving …………………..more money.

6.    Yash promised to come but he never turned…………… .

7.    The family always failed ……………want of money.

8.    There was a dispute ……………..the father and the son.

Answers: 1. from, 2. against, 3. on/upon, 4. to, 5. for, 6. up, 7. for, 8. between

Exercise: 18

1.    Bobby waited in front ………………the school.

2.    The children were told to return home……………. it became dark.

3.    He wore an old muffler wrapped ……………..his neck.

4.    We saw the bird fly high …………….the tower and disappear.

5.    Music therapy is a cure ……………many ills.

6.    The thief ran ……………..the staircase and out into the yard.

7.    Mr Roy jumped into his car and drove ………..as fast as he could.

8.    Please do not get carried …………….by these rumours.

Answers: 1. of, 2. before, 3. around, 4. above, 5. for, 6. away, 7. Away, 8. away

 

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words Total English. Std. X, 2025/26.

A.

1.    Cooperation between workers stems ________ mutual consideration.

2.    She has embarked ________ the expansion of her company.

3.    The labourers are clamouring ________ revision in their wages.

4.    His kingdom plunged ________ grief after the battle.

5.    The mother was vexed ________ his son's behaviour.

6.    She remained aloof ________ her friends at the party.

7.    He could not muster ________ courage to ask for a raise in his salary.

8.    There is a rage ________ fashionable clothes among the youth.

9.    She has named her children ________ Indian cricketers.

10. At the sight of his former tenant, he flew ________ a rage.

11. During the President's visit, the entire area was cordoned ________ .

12. The actors were seen hanging ________ in the town.

13. He cut ________ on sugar consumption due to diabetes.

14. Rajat has the habit of exulting ________ the defeat of his rivals.

15. The court has yet to serve him ________ summons.

16. Most of the Board members dissented ________ his suggestion.

17. He entered the church and bowed ________ the altar.

18. The lawyer stood ________ for his client.

19. Monika put ________ an accent when she spoke.

20. The Chairman is sitting ________ the Director.

21. R.K. Narayan drew ________ folklore for the themes of his stories.

22. The man was charged ________ murder.

23. I mistook the old bearded man ________ an artist.

24. His timely help saved us ________ much trouble.

25. Hemant likes to work ________ dedicated team members.

26. None but Rita qualified ________ the competition.

27. My father read ________ my thesis before I submitted it.

28. The manager had to face a lot of opposition ________ the office.

29. Going for an early morning run will lead to a physical burn ________.

30. We can insure the car ________ theft.

31. She has decided to go ________ for engineering.

32. Today's generations need heroes to look ________.

33. Many students go to school ________ bicycle.

34. She was ________ the plane when the news of her appointment came.

35. His family usually stayed in Shimla ________ the summer.

36. Anju has been working in this office ________ January 2020.

37. He has been working in this office ________ ten years.

38. Mr. Gupta was relieved ________ his duties as a Manager.

39. My mother prevailed ________ me to join the yoga club.

40. Social media has a great influence ________ the young generation.

41. He has not been to his home town ________ December 15, 2020.

42. The bridge is built ________ the river.

43. The court proceeded ________ the criminals.

44. The car crashed ________ a tree.

45. She will join as the CEO of the company ________ Tuesday.

46. The dance reality show will be telecast ________ Monday.

47. We intend to get ________ to our ancestral village after father retires.

48. He needs to brush ________ his French before going to Paris.

49. We crawled ________ the table during the earthquake.

50. He drove ________ India visiting many temples.

51. The Annual Day function went ________ well this year.

52. I am hoping ________ a scholarship to study abroad.

53. There are skyscrapers ________ either side of the road.

54. Small birds live mainly ________ insects.

55. Many useful goods are made ________ jute.

56. He has typed only one letter ________ morning.

57. Students missed classes ________ the sports week.

58. The river water flows ________ these two canals.

59. The tutor went ________ the difficult sums.

60. I came ________ a good article in a magazine.

61. Do not let your enthusiasm carry you ________.

62. We waited for the usher to conduct us ________ our seats.

63. The houses in Japan are made ________ wood.

64. I could not make ________ the figure in the darkness.

65. The stranger knocked ________ the door.

66. Suddenly he jumped ________ the pool.

67. He was standing ________ the pillar.

68. We reached the station ________ time.

69. He sat ________ Harry and Manas.

70. He presided ________ the meeting.

71. The people have been waiting at the station ________ 6 o'clock.

72. There is a bus stop ________ the end of the road.

73. He used to live ________ Mumbai.

74. We will finish our homework ________ an hour.

75. The boy has been missing ________ Sunday.

Ans.

1. from 2. upon/on 3. for 4. into 5. with 6. from 7. up 8. for 9. after 10. into 11. off 12. about/around 13. down 14. over 15. with 16. from 17. before 18. up 19. on 20. with/beside 21. upon/on 22. with 23. for 24. from 25. with 26. for 27. through/over 28. in 29. out 30. against 31. for/into 32. up 33. by 34. on 35. during 36. since 37. for 38. of 39. upon/on 40. on/over 41. since 42. over/across 43. against 44. into 45. on 46. on 47. after/before 48. up 49. under 50. through/across 51. off 52. for 53. on 54. on 55. of 56. since 57. during 58. through 59. over/through 60. across 61. away 62. to 63. of 64. out 65. at 66. into 67. behind/by 68. in/on 69. between 70. over 71. since 72. at 73. in 74. in/within 75. Since

1.    Cooperation between workers stems from mutual consideration. (originates or derives from)

2.    She has embarked on / upon the expansion of her company. (started a new project or venture)

3.    The labourers are clamouring for revision in their wages. (demanding loudly)

4.    His kingdom plunged into grief after the battle. (suddenly entered a negative state)

5.    The mother was vexed at / with his son's behaviour. (annoyed or worried)

6.    She remained aloof from her friends at the party. (distant or uninvolved)

7.    He could not muster up courage to ask for a raise in his salary. (gather or find enough of a quality)

8.    There is a rage for fashionable clothes among the youth. (a widespread temporary enthusiasm/craze)

9.    She has named her children after Indian cricketers. (given the same name as someone else)

10. At the sight of his former tenant, he flew into a rage. (suddenly became very angry)

11. During the President's visit, the entire area was cordoned off. (blocked by police to prevent access)

12. The actors were seen hanging about / around in the town. (spending time aimlessly)

13. He cut down on sugar consumption due to diabetes. (reduced the amount of)

14. Rajat has the habit of exulting over / in the defeat of his rivals. (feeling or showing triumphant elation)

15. The court has yet to serve him with summons. (officially deliver a legal notice)

16. Most of the Board members dissented from his suggestion. (disagreed with an official opinion)

17. He entered the church and bowed before the altar. (showed respect by bending)

18. The lawyer stood up for his client. (defended or supported)

19. Monika put on an accent when she spoke. (pretended to have/imitated)

20. The Chairman is sitting beside / with the Director. (next to)

21. R.K. Narayan drew on / upon folklore for the themes of his stories. (used as a source of information/inspiration)

22. The man was charged with murder. (officially accused of a crime)

23. I mistook the old bearded man for an artist. (wrongly identified as)

24. His timely help saved us from much trouble. (prevented something bad from happening)

25. Hemant likes to work with dedicated team members. (performing a task alongside)

26. None but Rita qualified for the competition. (met the necessary conditions)

27. My father read through my thesis before I submitted it. (read from beginning to end carefully)

28. The manager had to face a lot of opposition in the office. (resistance within a place)

29. Going for an early morning run will lead to a physical burn out. (state of total exhaustion)

30. We can insure the car against theft. (provide protection against financial loss)

31. She has decided to go in for engineering. (choose as a career or interest)

32. Today's generations need heroes to look up to. (admire and respect)

33. Many students go to school by bicycle. (method of transport)

34. She was on the plane when the news of her appointment came. (physically inside a vehicle)

35. His family usually stayed in Shimla during / in the summer. (throughout a period of time)

36. Anju has been working in this office since January 2020. (from a specific point in time)

37. He has been working in this office for ten years. (over a duration of time)

38. Mr. Gupta was relieved of his duties as a Manager. (dismissed from or taken away a burden)

39. My mother prevailed upon / on me to join the yoga club. (persuaded)

40. Social media has a great influence on the young generation. (effect or impact)

41. He has not been to his home town since December 15, 2020. (from a specific date)

42. The bridge is built across / over the river. (extending from one side to the other)

43. The court proceeded against the criminals. (started a legal action)

44. The car crashed into a tree. (collided violently)

45. She will join as the CEO of the company on Tuesday. (specific day)

46. The dance reality show will be telecast on Monday. (specific day)

47. We intend to get back to our ancestral village after father retires. (return)

48. He needs to brush up his French before going to Paris. (improve a forgotten skill)

49. We crawled under the table during the earthquake. (below something)

50. He drove through / across India visiting many temples. (from one side to the other)

51. The Annual Day function went off well this year. (happened in a particular way/succeeded)

52. I am hoping for a scholarship to study abroad. (desiring a specific outcome)

53. There are skyscrapers on either side of the road. (position)

54. Small birds live mainly on insects. (eat as a staple diet)

55. Many useful goods are made from jute. (produced using a material that changes form)

56. He has typed only one letter since morning. (point in time)

57. Students missed classes during the sports week. (throughout a period)

58. The river water flows through these two canals. (moving within a passage)

59. The tutor went through the difficult sums. (examined or explained in detail)

60. I came across a good article in a magazine. (found by chance)

61. Do not let your enthusiasm carry you away. (lose self-control)

62. We waited for the usher to conduct us to our seats. (guide or lead to a place)

63. The houses in Japan are made of wood. (produced using a material that stays recognizable)

64. I could not make out the figure in the darkness. (discern or see with difficulty)

65. The stranger knocked at the door. (struck a surface to get attention)

66. Suddenly he jumped into the pool. (movement to the inside)

67. He was standing against / by the pillar. (touching for support or next to)

68. We reached the station in / on time. (in=early enough; on=punctual)

69. He sat between Harry and Manas. (middle of two people)

70. He presided over the meeting. (was in charge)

71. The people have been waiting at the station since 6 o'clock. (specific time)

72. There is a bus stop at the end of the road. (specific point)

73. He used to live in Mumbai. (large location)

74. We will finish our homework within / in an hour. (before a time limit ends)

75. The boy has been missing since Sunday. (from a specific day)

B.

1.    You must reach the place ________ sunset.

2.    He disposed ________ his old car.

3.    We find it difficult to cope ________ Hindi.

4.    We must conform ________ the school regulations.

5.    The doctor advised him ________ driving.

6.    Mr. Gupta is beset ________ grave health problems.

7.    Ritu is indifferent ________ joy or sorrow.

8.    The team was elated with joy ________ their victory.

9.    The police resorted to lathi charge ________ extreme provocation.

10. They have not yet decided ________ the venue for the concert.

11. He waited for the applause to die ________ before playing the next piece.

12. Her best friend came ________ from London to attend her wedding.

13. Quinine is an effective antidote ________ Malaria.

14. The Principal has just glanced ________ the letter.

15. Afflicted ________ tuberculosis, he died a miserable death.

16. He decided ________ a holiday abroad.

17. Do not quarrel with your friend ________ a trifle.

18. The autocrat had hunger ________ power.

19. The Chairman has consented to preside ________ the function.

20. The Director of the film was delighted ________ the public response.

21. I looked at the stars ________ the telescope.

22. He often interferes ________ her family matters.

23. His absence from the meeting was held ________ him.

24. My house is adjacent ________ the temple.

25. I have used ________ all the sugar baking this cake.

26. The country is agog ________ the rumours of a deadly virus.

27. The employees prefer the new rulers ________ the old.

28. Rita was determined to make a success ________ her playschool.

29. The poor man had no money to get ________ the river.

30. Can you take ________ more work?

31. He was entrusted ________ the task of organising the seminar.

32. The poet was distinguished ________ his great literary work.

33. He has embarked ________ a new start-up.

34. A miser hates parting ________ his money.

35. The thief jumped ________ the compound wall and escaped.

36. The aeroplane flew ________ the clouds.

37. My school dates ________ to more than a hundred years.

38. The cat was run ________ by a truck.

39. The Director entrusted the Manager ________ the entire responsibility of the company.

40. Archana disliked being excluded ________ the Debating Society of her school.

41. The godowns of wheat are infested ________ rats.

42. The entire group can do nothing ________ the problem.

43. After his failure, he brooded ________ what he had done.

44. Their new flat is ________ construction.

45. A Cabinet Minister is a Minister of State ________ rank.

46. Owing ________ cloudy weather, all the flights were delayed.

47. The labourer put the ladder ________ the wall.

48. Your request is ________ consideration.

49. She placed a blanket ________ her child.

50. Reema's honesty is ________ suspicion.

51. It is not easy to part ________ your friends.

52. We were moved ________ tears when we heard her pathetic story.

53. His mother forbade him to swim ________ the current.

54. ________ he shows his visiting pass, the guards will not let him in.

55. He drove ________ in his new car.

56. The temperature of Bhopal is ________ 40° Celsius today.

57. You can park your car ________ either side of the road.

58. There were ten shows this year ________ the five last year.

59. Has she caught up ________ her pending assignment?

60. We last played the match three months ________.

61. We can cut ________ this field instead of taking the main road.

62. Passengers are advised ________ standing on the footboard of a moving bus.

63. They have been working on the project ________ years now.

64. Ever ________ the accident, he has been afraid of boarding buses.

65. It is a hard climb ________ the hill.

66. She turned ________ the offer because she did not like the terms and conditions.

67. I will need to speak ________ my parents before I sign up for the school trip

68. The sports teacher was taken ________ when he heard how enthusiastic the team was.

Ans.

1. before/by 2. of 3. with 4. to/with 5. against 6. with 7. to 8. at/over 9. under/upon 10. on/upon 11. down 12. over 13. to/for 14. through/at 15. with 16. on/upon 17. over 18. for 19. over 20. with/at 21. through 22. in 23. against 24. to 25. in/for 26. with 27. to 28. of 29. across 30. on 31. with 32. by/for 33. on/upon 34. with 35. over 36. above/through 37. back 38. over 39. with 40. from 41. with 42. about 43. over 44. under 45. by 46. to 47. against 48. under 49. over/around 50. above 51. from 52. to 53. against 54. Unless 55. away/off 56. above/below 57. on 58. against/to 59. with 60. ago 61. across 62. against 63. for 64. since 65. up 66. down 67. to/with 68.

1.    You must reach the place before / by sunset. (earlier than a specific time)

2.    He disposed of his old car. (got rid of or sold)

3.    We find it difficult to cope with Hindi. (manage or deal effectively with)

4.    We must conform to the school regulations. (comply with rules or standards)

5.    The doctor advised him against driving. (recommended not to do something)

6.    Mr. Gupta is beset with grave health problems. (troubled or threatened persistently)

7.    Ritu is indifferent to joy or sorrow. (unconcerned or having no interest in)

8.    The team was elated with joy at their victory. (extremely happy because of an event)

9.    The police resorted to lathi charge under / on extreme provocation. (driven by a specific cause)

10. They have not yet decided on the venue for the concert. (made a final choice)

11. He waited for the applause to die down before playing the next piece. (become less loud or strong)

12. Her best friend came over from London to attend her wedding. (travelled from a distance)

13. Quinine is an effective antidote to Malaria. (a medicine that counteracts a disease)

14. The Principal has just glanced at / through the letter. (read or looked at very quickly)

15. Afflicted with tuberculosis, he died a miserable death. (suffering from a disease)

16. He decided on / against a holiday abroad. (on = chose; against = rejected)

17. Do not quarrel with your friend over a trifle. (about something insignificant)

18. The autocrat had hunger for power. (a strong desire)

19. The Chairman has consented to preside over the function. (be in charge of a formal event)

20. The Director of the film was delighted at / with the public response. (very pleased by)

21. I looked at the stars through the telescope. (using an instrument to see)

22. He often interferes in her family matters. (involved in something without invitation)

23. His absence from the meeting was held against him. (used as a reason to judge him unfavourably)

24. My house is adjacent to the temple. (next to or adjoining)

25. I have used up all the sugar baking this cake. (consumed the entire supply)

26. The country is agog with the rumours of a deadly virus. (very excited or curious)

27. The employees prefer the new rulers to the old. (like one thing better than another)

28. Rita was determined to make a success of her playschool. (achieve a good result with something)

29. The poor man had no money to get across the river. (move from one side to the other)

30. Can you take on more work? (accept a new responsibility)

31. He was entrusted with the task of organising the seminar. (given the responsibility for)

32. The poet was distinguished for / by his great literary work. (made famous or recognizable)

33. He has embarked on / upon a new start-up. (begun a new venture)

34. A miser hates parting with his money. (giving up possession of)

35. The thief jumped over the compound wall and escaped. (moved across the top of)

36. The aeroplane flew through / above the clouds. (moved within or over)

37. My school dates back to more than a hundred years. (originated at a time in the past)

38. The cat was run over by a truck. (knocked down and driven over)

39. The Director entrusted the Manager with the entire responsibility. (assigned a duty)

40. Archana disliked being excluded from the Debating Society. (kept out of)

41. The godowns of wheat are infested with rats. (overrun by pests)

42. The entire group can do nothing about the problem. (unable to change or solve)

43. After his failure, he brooded over what he had done. (thought deeply and unhappily about)

44. Their new flat is under construction. (currently being built)

45. A Cabinet Minister is a Minister of State by rank. (according to official status)

46. Owing to cloudy weather, all the flights were delayed. (because of)

47. The labourer put the ladder against the wall. (leaning for support)

48. Your request is under consideration. (being thought about or discussed)

49. She placed a blanket over her child. (covering)

50. Reema's honesty is above suspicion. (too good to be doubted)

51. It is not easy to part from your friends. (to leave or say goodbye to people)

52. We were moved to tears when we heard her pathetic story. (made to feel strong emotion)

53. His mother forbade him to swim against the current. (in the opposite direction of water flow)

54. Unless he shows his visiting pass, the guards will not let him in. (if he does not)

55. He drove off / away in his new car. (left a place)

56. The temperature of Bhopal is above 40° Celsius today. (higher than)

57. You can park your car on either side of the road. (position)

58. There were ten shows this year against the five last year. (in comparison to)

59. Has she caught up with her pending assignment? (reached the required level/finished late work)

60. We last played the match three months ago. (in the past)

61. We can cut across this field instead of taking the main road. (take a shorter route through)

62. Passengers are advised against standing on the footboard. (recommended not to do)

63. They have been working on the project for years now. (duration of time)

64. Ever since the accident, he has been afraid of boarding buses. (from that time until now)

65. It is a hard climb up the hill. (upward movement)

66. She turned down the offer because she did not like the terms. (rejected)

67. I will need to speak to / with my parents before I sign up. (talk to someone)

68. The sports teacher was taken aback when he heard how enthusiastic the team was. (surprised or shocked)

 

Copyright: Dr. Shankar D Mishra, Sr. lecturer in English

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