FIGURES OF
SPEECH/ POETIC DEVICES
1. Alliteration
2. Assonance
3.
Consonance
4. Rhyme
5.
Anaphora
6.
Inversion
7. Enjambment
8. Climax
9.
Anti-climax
10.
Repetition
11.
Epizeuxis
12.
Polyptoton
13.
Refrain
14.
Tautology
15.
Antithesis
16. Simile
17. Metaphor
18. Personification
19.
Apostrophe
20.
Hyperbole
21. Onomatopoeia
22.
Oxymoron
23. Euphemism
24. Transferred Epithet
25. Paradox
26. Rhetorical Question
27. Exclamation
28.
Pun
29. Irony
30. Litotes
31. Euphony
32. Caesura
33. Symbolism
34. Imagery
35.
Allusion
36. Synecdoche
37. Metonymy
……………………………………………………………….
1. Alliteration (अलिटरेशन
/ uh-LIT-uh-RAY-shun) – This is a figure of speech in which the same sound is
repeated at the beginning of two or more nearby words.
हिंदी
अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें दो या दो से अधिक निकटवर्ती शब्दों के प्रारम्भ में एक ही ध्वनि की पुनरावृत्ति होती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ଦୁଇରୁ ଅଧିକ ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶବ୍ଦର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ସମାନ ଧ୍ୱନିର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି ଘଟେ।
1. She sells seashells by the seashore.
2. Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
3. The wild wind whistled through the woods.
4. Busy bees buzzed around the blossoms.
5. The fair breeze blew softly.
2. Assonance
(असोनन्स
/ ASS-uh-nuhns) – This is a figure
of speech in which the same vowel sound is repeated in nearby words.
हिंदी
अनुवाद:
यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें निकटवर्ती शब्दों में एक ही स्वर ध्वनि (vowel sound) की पुनरावृत्ति होती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ସମାନ ସ୍ୱରଧ୍ୱନି (vowel sound) ର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି ଘଟେ।
1. The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain.
2. Go and mow the lawn.
3. The light of the fire shined bright.
4. Try to light the fire tonight.
5. The bee flew free near the tree.
3. Consonance
(कॉन्सोनन्स / KON-suh-nuhns) – This is a figure of speech in which the same
consonant sound is repeated within or at the end of nearby words.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें निकटवर्ती शब्दों के भीतर या उनके अन्त में एक ही व्यंजन ध्वनि (consonant sound)
की पुनरावृत्ति होती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଭିତରେ କିମ୍ବା ଶେଷରେ ସମାନ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ଧ୍ୱନି (consonant sound)
ର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି ଘଟେ।
1. Pitter-patter.
2. The lumpy, bumpy road.
3. Stroke of luck.
4. Blank and think.
5. Add and read.
4. Rhyme (राइम / RYM) – This is a figure of speech in which words have
similar ending sounds.
हिंदी
अनुवाद:
यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें शब्दों के अन्त में समान या मिलती-जुलती ध्वनियाँ होती हैं।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଶେଷରେ ସମାନ କିମ୍ବା ସଦୃଶ ଧ୍ୱନି ଥାଏ।
1. Light – night.
2. Star – far.
3. Sky – high.
4. Day – play.
5. Tree – free.
5. Anaphora
(अनाफोरा / uh-NAF-uh-ruh) – This is a figure of speech in which the same word
or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive lines, clauses, or
sentences.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें लगातार आने वाली पंक्तियों, उपवाक्यों या वाक्यों के प्रारम्भ में एक ही शब्द या वाक्यांश की पुनरावृत्ति की जाती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କ୍ରମାଗତ ପଙ୍କ୍ତି, ଉପବାକ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ବାକ୍ୟମାନଙ୍କର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ସମାନ ଶବ୍ଦ କିମ୍ବା ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି କରାଯାଏ।
1.
I have a dream that one day...
I have a dream that justice will prevail.
2.
We shall fight on the beaches.
We shall fight on the landing grounds.
We shall never surrender.
3.
Every day I learn something new.
Every day I become more confident.
4.
If you can dream it,
If you can believe it,
If you can work for it,
you can achieve it.
5.
Let us be brave.
Let us be honest.
Let us be united.
6.
No one can stop us.
No one can discourage us.
No one can break our spirit.
7.
The more you read,
The more you learn,
The more you grow.
8.
When we work together, we succeed.
When we work together, we prosper.
9.
This nation deserves peace.
This nation deserves progress.
This nation deserves prosperity.
10. My country is my pride.
My country is my strength.
My country is my inspiration.
11. Study hard, and success will follow.
Study hard, and your future will be bright.
12. Without courage, we cannot progress.
Without courage, we cannot achieve greatness.
13. In every child there is potential.
In every child there is hope.
14. By hard work we learn discipline.
By hard work we achieve success.
15. Here comes the rain.
Here comes the wind.
Here comes the storm.
6. Inversion
(इन्वर्ज़न / एनास्ट्रोफी / in-VUR-zhun / uh-NAS-truh-fee) – This is a figure of speech in which the normal
order of words is reversed for emphasis or effect.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी विशेष प्रभाव या बल देने के लिए शब्दों के सामान्य क्रम को उलट दिया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ବିଶେଷ ଜୋର କିମ୍ବା ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ପାଇଁ ଶବ୍ଦମାନଙ୍କର ସାଧାରଣ କ୍ରମକୁ ଓଲଟାଇ ଦିଆଯାଏ।
1. Sweet are the uses of adversity.
2. Into the room came the teacher.
3. Down the street ran the child.
4. Blessed are the peacemakers.
5. Loud rang the bells.
7. Enjambment (एंजैम्बमेंट / en-JAMB-ment) – This is a figure of speech in which a sentence or
thought continues from one line to the next without a pause.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें कोई वाक्य या विचार बिना विराम के एक पंक्ति से अगली पंक्ति तक चलता रहता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ଚିନ୍ତା ବିନା ବିରାମରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପଙ୍କ୍ତିରୁ ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ପଙ୍କ୍ତିକୁ ଚାଲିଯାଏ।
1. I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o'er vales
and hills.
2. The sun set slowly beyond the
hill
And darkness covered the land.
3. She opened the door
And stepped into the room.
4. The river flowed gently
Through the silent valley.
5. He looked ahead
And saw hope in the distance.
8. Climax
(क्लाइमैक्स / KLY-max) – This is a figure of speech in which ideas are
arranged in ascending order of importance or intensity.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें विचारों, भावों या घटनाओं को उनके महत्व, शक्ति या तीव्रता के बढ़ते हुए क्रम में प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଧାରଣା, ଭାବ କିମ୍ବା ଘଟଣାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ, ଶକ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ତୀବ୍ରତାର ବୃଦ୍ଧିଶୀଳ କ୍ରମରେ ସଜାଯାଏ।
1. He whispered, spoke, and shouted.
2. We came, we saw, we conquered.
3. The child, the youth, and the man stood together.
4. She worked, struggled, and triumphed.
5. For God, for country, and for humanity.
9. Anti-climax
(एण्टी-क्लाइमैक्स / AN-tee KLY-max) – This is a figure of speech in which a serious or
important idea is followed by a trivial or less important one.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी गंभीर, महत्वपूर्ण या ऊँचे विचार के बाद अचानक कोई साधारण, तुच्छ या कम महत्वपूर्ण विचार प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ଗମ୍ଭୀର, ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ କିମ୍ବା ଉଚ୍ଚ ଧାରଣା ପରେ ହଠାତ୍ ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ, ତୁଚ୍ଛ କିମ୍ବା କମ୍ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱର ଧାରଣା ଉପସ୍ଥାପିତ କରାଯାଏ।
1. He lost his family, his fortune, and his umbrella.
2. The army marched through fire, flood, and a muddy
puddle.
3. She sacrificed her career, her comfort, and her
favourite pen.
4. He fought lions, tigers, and a house cat.
5. The speech dealt with war, peace, and missing
socks.
10. Repetition (रेपिटिशन / rep-uh-TISH-un) – This is a figure of speech in which a word, phrase,
or idea is repeated for emphasis.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी शब्द, वाक्यांश या विचार को विशेष बल देने के लिए बार-बार दोहराया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ, ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶ କିମ୍ବା ଧାରଣାକୁ ବିଶେଷ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି କରାଯାଏ।
1.
The
rain fell on the roof, the rain fell on the trees, the rain fell on the road.
2.
We
shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall
fight in the fields.
3.
He
laughed in joy, laughed in triumph, laughed in relief.
4.
The
people demanded justice, the people demanded equality, the people demanded
freedom.
5.
Again
and again he tried, but again and again he failed.
6.
She
spoke with confidence, she spoke with grace, she spoke with conviction.
7.
The
child wanted a toy, the child wanted attention, the child wanted love.
8.
Day
after day, year after year, the old man waited.
9.
I
remember the garden, I remember the flowers, I remember the fragrance.
10.
The
bell rang, the bell echoed, the bell faded into silence.
11. Epizeuxis (एपिज़्यूक्सिस / ep-ih-ZOOK-sis) – This is a figure of speech in which a word
or phrase is repeated immediately without any intervening words for emphasis.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी शब्द या वाक्यांश को बिना किसी अन्य शब्द के बीच आए तुरंत दोहराया जाता है ताकि विशेष बल या जोर दिया जा सके।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ କିମ୍ବା ବାକ୍ୟାଂଶକୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ଶବ୍ଦ ନ ରଖି ତୁରନ୍ତ ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି କରାଯାଏ, ଯାହାଦ୍ୱାରା ବିଶେଷ ଜୋର କିମ୍ବା ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ହୁଏ।
1. Never, never give up.
2. Alone, alone, all alone.
3. Run, run, run as fast as you can.
4. Oh no, no, no!
5. Sorry, sorry, I did it by mistake.
6.
Work, work, work till success comes.
7. Victory, victory, victory was on everyone's lips.
12. Polyptoton
(पॉलीप्टोटॉन / pol-IP-toh-ton) – This is a figure of speech in which words derived
from the same root are repeated in different forms.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें एक ही मूल शब्द से बने विभिन्न रूपों वाले शब्दों की पुनरावृत्ति की जाती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଏକେଇ ମୂଳ ଶବ୍ଦରୁ ଗଠିତ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପର ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି କରାଯାଏ।
1. The strong should strengthen the
weak.
2. Love
is not always lovable.
3. The judge delivered a just judgment.
4. We dream of a better dream.
5. The chooser made a wise choice.
13. Refrain
(रिफ्रेन / ree-FRAYN) – This is a figure of speech in which a line or group
of lines is repeated at regular intervals in a poem.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी कविता में एक पंक्ति या पंक्तियों के समूह को नियमित अंतराल पर बार-बार दोहराया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କବିତାରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପଙ୍କ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ପଙ୍କ୍ତିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏକ ଦଳକୁ ନିୟମିତ ବ୍ୟବଧାନରେ ପୁନଃପୁନି ଦୋହରାଯାଏ।
1. Water,
water, every where,
And all the boards did shrink;
Water, water, every where,
Nor any drop to drink.
2. I chatter,
chatter, as I flow
To join the brimming river,
For men may come and men may go,
But I go on forever.
3. The woods are
lovely, dark and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
14. Tautology
(टॉटोलॉजी / taw-TOL-uh-jee) – This is a figure of speech in which the same idea
is repeated using different words.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें एक ही विचार या अर्थ को अलग-अलग शब्दों के माध्यम से दोहराया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ସମାନ ଧାରଣା କିମ୍ବା ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଭିନ୍ନ ଭିନ୍ନ ଶବ୍ଦରେ ପୁନରାବୃତ୍ତି କରାଯାଏ।
- He repeated the same thing again.
- We returned back to the starting point.
- This is an unexpected surprise.
- The end result was successful.
- It was a true fact.
These work because each contains unnecessary repetition of the same
idea:
- repeated + again
- returned + back
- surprise + unexpected
- end + result
- fact + true
15. Antithesis
(एन्टिथेसिस / an-TITH-uh-sis) – This is a figure of speech in which contrasting
ideas are placed together in a balanced structure.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें परस्पर विरोधी विचारों को संतुलित संरचना में एक साथ रखा जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ପରସ୍ପର ବିପରୀତ ଧାରଣା କିମ୍ବା ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରାକୁ ଏକ ସନ୍ତୁଳିତ ଗଠନରେ ଏକାଠି ରଖାଯାଏ।
1. Speech is silver, but silence is gold.
2. Many are called, but few are chosen.
3. Man proposes, God disposes.
4. United we stand, divided we fall.
5. Give every man thy ear, but few thy voice.
16. Simile – (सिमिली / SIM-uh-lee)
– This is a figure of speech in which two
unlike things are directly compared using "like" or "as" to
show a likeness between them.
हिंदी
अनुवाद:
यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें दो भिन्न वस्तुओं की तुलना "like" या "as" का प्रयोग करके उनके बीच की समानता को दिखाने के लिए की जाती है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା
ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଦୁଇଟି ଭିନ୍ନ ବସ୍ତୁ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟକୁ ଦର୍ଶାଇବା ପାଇଁ "like" କିମ୍ବା "as" ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ସିଧାସଳଖ ତୁଳନା କରାଯାଏ।
1. As brave as a lion.
2. As busy as a bee.
3. He fought like a tiger.
4. Her face shone like the moon.
5. She is as gentle as a lamb.
17.
Metaphor (मेटाफर / MET-uh-for) – This is a figure of speech in which one thing is
indirectly compared to another without using "like" or "as"
to show a likeness between them.
हिंदी
अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें एक वस्तु की तुलना दूसरी वस्तु से "like" या "as" का प्रयोग किए बिना अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से की जाती है, ताकि उनके बीच की समानता को दर्शाया जा सके।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବସ୍ତୁକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ବସ୍ତୁ ସହିତ "like" କିମ୍ବା
"as" ବ୍ୟବହାର ନ କରି ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ ତୁଳନା କରାଯାଏ, ଯାହାଦ୍ୱାରା ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସାଦୃଶ୍ୟକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଏ।
1. Time is a thief.
2. The world is a stage.
3. Life is a journey.
4. Her voice is music to my ears.
5. He is a shining star.
18. Personification – (पर्सोनिफिकेशन /
per-SON-uh-fi-KAY-shun) – This is a
figure of speech in which human qualities are given to animals, objects, or
ideas.
हिंदी
अनुवाद:
यह एक अलंकार है
जिसमें पशुओं, वस्तुओं या विचारों को
मानवीय गुण प्रदान किए
जाते हैं।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ
ପଶୁ, ବସ୍ତୁ କିମ୍ବା ଧାରଣାମାନଙ୍କୁ
ମାନବୀୟ ଗୁଣ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରାଯାଏ।
1. The wind whispered through the trees.
2. The sun smiled at us.
3. The flowers danced in the breeze.
4. Opportunity knocked at the door.
5. The stars winked in the sky.
19. Apostrophe
(अपॉस्ट्रॉफी / uh-POS-truh-fee) – This is a figure of speech in which an absent
person, an abstract idea, or an object is addressed directly.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी अनुपस्थित व्यक्ति, अमूर्त विचार या निर्जीव वस्तु को सीधे संबोधित किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ଅନୁପସ୍ଥିତ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି, ଅମୂର୍ତ୍ତ ଧାରଣା କିମ୍ବା ବସ୍ତୁକୁ ସିଧାସଳଖ ସମ୍ବୋଧନ କରାଯାଏ।
O Death, where is thy sting?
O Moon, guide me tonight.
O Love, why do you trouble me?
O Time, slow down your pace.
Twinkle, twinkle, little star, how I wonder what
you are!
20.
Hyperbole (हाइपरबोली / hy-PUR-buh-lee) – This is a figure of speech in which something is
deliberately exaggerated for emphasis.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी बात को विशेष प्रभाव उत्पन्न करने के लिए जानबूझकर बढ़ा-चढ़ाकर प्रस्तुत किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି କଥାକୁ ବିଶେଷ ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଜାଣିଶୁଣି ଅତିରଞ୍ଜିତ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଏ।
1. I've told you a million times.
2. This bag weighs a ton.
3. I'm so hungry I could eat a horse.
4. She cried a river of tears.
5. He ran faster than the wind.
21. Onomatopoeia (ओनोमैटोपीया /
ON-uh-MAT-uh-PEE-uh) – This is a
figure of speech in which words imitate natural sounds.
हिंदी
अनुवाद:
यह एक अलंकार है
जिसमें शब्द किसी प्राकृतिक
ध्वनि का अनुकरण या
नकल करते हैं।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ
ଅନୁବାଦ:
ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଧ୍ୱନିର ଅନୁକରଣ କିମ୍ବା ନକଲ କରନ୍ତି।
1. The bees buzzed around the hive.
2. The snake hissed loudly.
3. The door creaked open.
4. The thunder boomed in the distance.
5. The clock ticked all night.
22. Oxymoron
(ऑक्सीमोरॉन / OX-ee-MOR-on) – This is a figure of speech in which two
contradictory words are placed together.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें परस्पर विरोधी अर्थ वाले दो शब्दों को एक साथ रखा जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ପରସ୍ପର ବିରୋଧୀ ଅର୍ଥ ଥିବା ଦୁଇଟି ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଏକାଠି ରଖାଯାଏ।
1. After the
principal left the hall, a deafening silence filled the room.
2. Leaving the native
town was a bitter sweet moment for her.
3. After working all
night, he felt like one of the living dead.
4. It is an open
secret that Kohli retires after the next ODI World Cup.
5.
The food at the restaurant was awfully
good.
6.
The old building looked pretty ugly
after the storm.
7.
Joining the team was her only choice.
8.
The restaurant is famous for its jumbo
shrimp.
9.
Please submit the original
copy of the document.
23. Euphemism
(युफ़ेमिज़्म / YOO-fuh-miz-um) – This is a figure of speech in which a mild or
pleasant expression is used instead of a harsh or unpleasant one.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी कठोर, अप्रिय या असुविधाजनक बात को सीधे कहने के बजाय उसके स्थान पर कोमल, सौम्य या सुखद अभिव्यक्ति का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି କଠୋର, ଅପ୍ରିୟ କିମ୍ବା ଅସୁବିଧାଜନକ କଥାକୁ ସିଧାସଳଖ କହିବା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ ଏକ ମୃଦୁ, ସୌମ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ସୁଖଦ ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
1. He passed away. (died)
2. She is visually challenged. (blind)
3. They are economically disadvantaged. (poor)
4. He is between jobs. (unemployed)
5. The company downsized its workforce. (fired
workers)
24. Transferred
Epithet (ट्रांसफर्ड एपिथेट / trans-FERD EP-uh-thet) – This is a figure of speech in which an adjective is
transferred from the person or thing it properly describes to another noun.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी विशेषण को उस व्यक्ति या वस्तु के स्थान पर, जिसका वह वास्तव में वर्णन करता है, किसी अन्य संज्ञा के साथ प्रयोग किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଯେଉଁ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ବସ୍ତୁକୁ ବିଶେଷଣଟି ପ୍ରକୃତରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ, ତାହାର ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ ସେହି ବିଶେଷଣକୁ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ସଂଜ୍ଞା ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
1.
He spent a sleepless night.
2.
She walked along the lonely road.
3.
We enjoyed a carefree holiday.
4.
He took a hurried breakfast.
5.
She gave me an anxious look.
Explanation:
·
A sleepless night → The night is not
sleepless; the person is.
·
A lonely road → The road is not lonely;
the traveler feels lonely.
·
A carefree holiday → The holiday is not
carefree; the people are.
·
A hurried breakfast → The breakfast is
not hurried; the eater is.
·
An anxious look → The look is not
anxious/ nervous/ worried; the person is.
25. Paradox
(पैराडॉक्स / PAIR-uh-doks) – This is a figure of speech in which a statement
appears contradictory but contains a truth.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें कोई कथन देखने में विरोधाभासी प्रतीत होता है, किन्तु उसमें एक सत्य निहित होता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି କଥନ ଦୃଶ୍ୟତଃ ବିରୋଧାଭାସୀ ମନେହୁଏ, କିନ୍ତୁ ତାହାର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଏକ ସତ୍ୟ ନିହିତ ଥାଏ।
1.
"Sweet are the uses of
adversity." — William Shakespeare
o
Adversity is unpleasant, yet it can bring
benefits and wisdom.
2.
"I must be cruel only
to be kind." — William Shakespeare
o
Harsh actions may be necessary for a person's
welfare.
3.
"The child is father of
the man." — William Wordsworth
o
Childhood shapes the adult; the younger
influences the older.
4.
"Parting is such sweet
sorrow." — William Shakespeare
o
Separation is painful, yet it has a sweetness
because of love.
5.
"Death, thou shalt
die." — John Donne
o
Death itself will ultimately be defeated.
6.
"The worse appears the
better reason." — John Milton
o
False arguments can sometimes seem more
convincing than true ones.
7.
"What a pity that youth
must be wasted on the young." — George
Bernard Shaw
o
Those who possess youth often lack the wisdom
to use it fully.
8.
"Freedom is
slavery." — George Orwell
o
A deliberate paradox used to show political
manipulation and distorted truth.
9.
"The fool doth think he
is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool." — William Shakespeare
o
True wisdom includes humility and
self-awareness.
10. "Darkness visible." — John
Milton
o
A striking paradox describing darkness so
intense that it can almost be perceived.
26. Rhetorical
Question (रेटॉरिकल क्वेश्चन / ri-TOR-i-kəl KWES-chən) – This is a figure of speech in which a question is
asked for effect or emphasis, not to get an answer.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें उत्तर प्राप्त करने के लिए नहीं, बल्कि प्रभाव उत्पन्न करने या किसी बात पर बल देने के लिए प्रश्न पूछा जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଉତ୍ତର ପାଇବା ପାଇଁ ନୁହେଁ, ବରଂ ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା କିମ୍ବା କୌଣସି କଥାକୁ ଜୋର ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ କରାଯାଏ।
1. Who does not want to be happy?
2. Can anyone stop time?
3. Is money everything in life?
4. Who knows what the future holds?
5. How can I ever forget that day?
27. Exclamation (एक्सक्लेमेशन / eks-kluh-MAY-shun) – This is a figure of speech in which
strong feelings, emotions, surprise, joy, sorrow, anger, or excitement are
expressed forcefully.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें प्रबल भावनाओं, आश्चर्य, प्रसन्नता, दुःख, क्रोध या उत्साह को प्रभावशाली ढंग से व्यक्त किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଗଭୀର ଭାବନା, ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ, ଆନନ୍ଦ, ଦୁଃଖ, କ୍ରୋଧ କିମ୍ବା ଉତ୍ସାହକୁ ଜୋରଦାର ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଏ।
1.
What a
beautiful sunset it is!
2.
Alas! The poor
bird is dead.
3.
Hurrah! We have
won the match.
4.
Oh! I forgot my
keys.
5.
Bravo! You
performed brilliantly.
28.
Pun (पन / pun) – This is a figure of speech in which a word is used
to suggest two or more meanings for humorous or clever effect.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी शब्द का प्रयोग उसके दो या अधिक अर्थों का संकेत देने के लिए हास्यपूर्ण या चतुर प्रभाव उत्पन्न करने हेतु किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦକୁ ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ତାଠାରୁ ଅଧିକ ଅର୍ଥ ସୂଚାଇ ହାସ୍ୟାସ୍ପଦ କିମ୍ବା ଚତୁର ପ୍ରଭାବ ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
1.
The dentist had a filling day.
Pun: filling
· Filling = dental material
used to repair a cavity.
· Fulfilling (sounds similar)
= satisfying or rewarding.
· Humour: The dentist's day
was busy with fillings and also satisfying.
2.
The bakery business is on a roll.
Pun: roll
· Roll = a type of
bread.
· On a roll = enjoying a
period of success.
· Humour: The bakery sells
rolls and is also doing very well.
3.
The math teacher has too many problems.
Pun: problems
· Problems = mathematical
exercises.
· Problems = difficulties or
troubles.
· Humour: A math teacher
deals with math problems, not necessarily personal troubles.
4.
The musician was noted for his talent.
Pun: noted
· Noted = famous or
recognized.
· Note = a musical sound
or symbol.
· Humour: The musician is
known for his talent and works with musical notes.
5.
The electrician was shocked by the news.
Pun: shocked
· Shocked = surprised.
· Shocked = affected by an
electric current.
· Humour: Electricians work
with electricity, which can cause shocks.
6.
The optician made a spectacle of himself.
Pun: spectacle
· Spectacle = a ridiculous
display.
· Spectacles = eyeglasses.
· Humour: An optician deals
with spectacles and has also embarrassed himself.
7.
The gardener's business is growing.
Pun: growing
· Growing = increasing or
expanding.
· Growing = cultivating
plants.
· Humour: The gardener
grows plants, and his business is also expanding.
8.
The tailor's argument was sew convincing.
Pun: sew
· Sew = to stitch
cloth.
· So = to such an
extent (same pronunciation).
· Humour: The tailor sews
clothes, and his argument was also very convincing.
9.
The clock factory workers worked around the clock.
Pun: clock
· Clock = a timepiece.
· Around the clock = continuously,
day and night.
· Humour: They work
continuously and literally work with clocks.
10. The fisherman
netted a good profit.
Pun: netted
· Netted = earned or
gained.
· Net = a tool used for
catching fish.
· Humour: The fisherman
catches fish with nets and also earns a profit.
29. Irony
(आयरनी / EYE-ruh-nee) – This is a figure of speech in which the actual
meaning is different from or opposite to what is expected.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें वास्तविक अर्थ अपेक्षित अर्थ से भिन्न या उसके विपरीत होता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ପ୍ରକୃତ ଅର୍ଥ ଆଶା କରାଯାଇଥିବା ଅର୍ଥଠାରୁ ଭିନ୍ନ କିମ୍ବା ତାହାର ବିପରୀତ ହୋଇଥାଏ।
A marriage counsellor
files for divorce.
A marriage counsellor
helps others maintain marriages.
We expect such a
person to have a successful marriage.
Divorce is
therefore unexpected.
A Facebook
post complains about how useless social media is.
The person uses
social media to criticize social media.
The action
contradicts the message.
A pilot has a
severe fear of heights.
Pilots spend
their careers flying high above the ground.
We would not
expect a pilot to be afraid of heights.
A cat gets
chased up a tree by a tiny mouse.
Normally cats
chase mice.
Here the
opposite happens.
A teacher
fails a simple spelling test.
Teachers are
expected to have good spelling skills.
Failing a simple
spelling test is unexpected.
A fire
station burns down.
A fire station
is meant to fight fires.
We expect it to
be protected from fire.
Yet it is
destroyed by the very thing it combats.
A traffic
police officer gets fined for speeding.
Traffic police
enforce speed limits.
We expect them
to obey traffic rules.
Being fined for
speeding is unexpected.
A lifeguard
needs to be rescued from drowning.
Lifeguards
rescue drowning people.
We expect them
to be strong swimmers.
Needing rescue
themselves is ironic.
A doctor
becomes ill from ignoring health advice.
Doctors give
health advice to others.
We expect them
to follow it themselves.
Ignoring it and
becoming ill is unexpected.
A chef burns
dinner.
Chefs are
experts at cooking.
We expect them
to prepare food properly.
Burning dinner
is therefore ironic.
A librarian
loses all her books.
Librarians
organize and care for books.
We expect them
to keep books safe.
Losing them is
unexpected.
A swimming
coach cannot swim.
A swimming coach
teaches others to swim.
We expect such a
person to be a good swimmer.
Being unable to
swim is ironic.
A burglar's
house is robbed.
A burglar steals
from others.
We do not expect
a burglar to become a victim of the same crime.
The situation is
ironic.
A computer
expert forgets the password to his own computer.
Computer experts
are expected to manage passwords well.
Forgetting their
own password is unexpected.
A weather
forecaster gets caught in a storm without an umbrella.
A weather
forecaster predicts the weather.
We expect such a
person to be prepared.
Being caught
unprepared is ironic.
A baker
forgets to bring a birthday cake to a party.
Bakers make
cakes professionally.
We expect them
to remember a cake.
Forgetting it is
unexpected.
An English
teacher makes a spelling mistake on the blackboard.
English teachers
teach spelling and grammar.
We expect them
to avoid such errors.
Making one is
ironic.
A security
guard gets locked out of the building.
Security guards
control access to buildings.
We expect them
to have easy entry.
Being locked out
is ironic.
A dentist has
the worst teeth in town.
Dentists care
for people's teeth.
We expect their
own teeth to be healthy.
Having poor
teeth is unexpected.
A judge is
arrested for breaking the law.
Judges uphold
and enforce the law.
We expect them
to obey it.
Being arrested
for breaking it is ironic.
30. Litotes
(लाइटोटीज़ / LYE-tuh-teez) – This is a figure of speech in which an affirmative
idea is expressed by negating its opposite.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी सकारात्मक विचार को उसके विपरीत के निषेध द्वारा व्यक्त किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ସକାରାତ୍ମକ ଧାରଣାକୁ ତାହାର ବିପରୀତ ଅର୍ଥର ନିଷେଧ ମାଧ୍ୟମରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରାଯାଏ।
- He is
not foolish.
- Literal
meaning: He is not a fool.
- Intended
meaning: He is wise or sensible.
- Instead
of directly praising him as wise, the speaker uses a negative expression.
- The
movie was not bad.
- Literal
meaning: The movie was not poor in quality.
- Intended
meaning: The movie was quite good.
- The
speaker expresses approval indirectly.
- She is
not unhappy.
- Literal
meaning: She is not sad or miserable.
- Intended
meaning: She is happy or at least content.
- The
positive idea is conveyed through a double negative.
- This
task is not impossible.
- Literal
meaning: The task can be done.
- Intended
meaning: The task is possible, though perhaps difficult.
- The
speaker avoids directly saying "possible."
- He is
no ordinary player.
- Literal
meaning: He is not an average player.
- Intended
meaning: He is an exceptional or outstanding player.
- The
speaker emphasizes excellence by denying ordinariness.
Formula for Litotes:
- not
foolish → wise
- not
bad → good
- not
unhappy → happy
- not
impossible → possible
- no
ordinary player → extraordinary player
31. Caesura
(सीज़ूरा / sih-ZYOOR-uh) – This is a figure of speech in which there is a
pause within a line of poetry.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें कविता की एक पंक्ति के भीतर जानबूझकर एक विराम (ठहराव) दिया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କବିତାର ଗୋଟିଏ ପଙ୍କ୍ତି ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଇଚ୍ଛାକୃତ ଭାବେ ଏକ ବିରାମ ବା ଠିଆ ଦିଆଯାଏ।
1. The woods are lovely, dark and deep, || But I have
promises to keep.
2. To err is human, || to forgive divine.
3. The rain fell softly || through the silent night.
4. I hear lake water lapping || with low sounds by the
shore.
5. Men may come and men may go, || but I go on
forever.
(The symbol || is used only to show the pause.)
32.
Symbolism – This is a figure of speech in which an object, person, or action
represents a deeper meaning.
1. A dove symbolizes peace.
2. A red rose symbolizes love.
3. A crown symbolizes authority.
4. A chain symbolizes bondage.
5. A white flag symbolizes surrender.
33. Imagery – This is a figure of speech in which
language appeals to one or more of the five senses.
Easy Way to Remember
Visual → Auditory → Olfactory → Gustatory → Tactile
→ Kinesthetic → Organic
(Sight → Hearing → Smell → Taste → Touch → Movement
→ Internal Feelings)
1. Visual Imagery (Sight)
1. The bright rainbow stretched across the sky.
2. The silver moon shone over the quiet lake.
3. The colourful butterflies fluttered among the
flowers.
2. Auditory Imagery (Hearing)
1. The church bells rang loudly across the valley.
2. The birds chirped cheerfully in the morning.
3. The thunder roared through the dark clouds.
3. Olfactory Imagery (Smell)
1. The sweet fragrance of roses filled the air.
2. The aroma of freshly baked bread drifted from the
kitchen.
3. The scent of wet earth rose after the rain.
4. Gustatory Imagery (Taste)
1. The crunchy chips crackled in my mouth.
2. The juicy mango tasted sweet and refreshing.
3. The sour lemon made my lips pucker.
5. Tactile Imagery (Touch)
1. The icy wind stung my face.
2. The golden sun warmed my skin.
3. The soft blanket felt cosy and comforting.
6. Kinesthetic Imagery (Movement)
1. The athlete sprinted across the field.
2. The dancer twirled gracefully on the stage.
3. The leaves swirled in the strong wind.
7. Organic Imagery (Internal Sensation)
1. My stomach growled with hunger.
2. Exhaustion weighed heavily on my body after the
race.
3. Fear made my heart pound rapidly.
34. Allusion
(अल्यूज़न / uh-LOO-zhun) – This is a figure of speech in which an indirect
reference is made to a famous person, place, event, or literary work.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी प्रसिद्ध व्यक्ति, स्थान, घटना या साहित्यिक कृति का अप्रत्यक्ष रूप से उल्लेख किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି, ସ୍ଥାନ, ଘଟଣା କିମ୍ବା ସାହିତ୍ୟିକ କୃତିକୁ ପରୋକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ ସୂଚିତ କରାଯାଏ।
1. He met his Waterloo.
Allusion: Battle of Waterloo
Background: Napoleon Bonaparte
was one of history's greatest military commanders. After many victories, he
suffered a decisive defeat at Waterloo in 1815, ending his power and ambitions.
Meaning: "He met his
Waterloo" means that he suffered a final and crushing defeat after a
period of success.
Example: After years of winning
elections, the politician met his Waterloo in the latest campaign.
2. She is a modern-day Cinderella.
Allusion: Cinderella
Background: Cinderella was a kind girl who was
mistreated by her step family and forced to live a difficult life. Eventually,
her fortunes changed dramatically, and she married a prince.
Meaning: "She is a modern-day Cinderella"
means that she rose from hardship, poverty, or obscurity to success, happiness,
or wealth.
Example: The poor village girl who became a famous
actress is a modern-day Cinderella.
3. This test is my Mount Everest.
Allusion: Mount Everest
Background: Mount Everest is the highest mountain
in the world and one of the most difficult peaks to climb. Reaching its summit
requires great courage, preparation, and determination.
Meaning: "This test is my Mount Everest"
means that the test is an extremely difficult challenge.
Example: For a student weak in mathematics, the
final mathematics examination may be his Mount Everest.
4. He is no Einstein.
Allusion: Albert Einstein
Background: Albert Einstein was a world-famous
scientist whose discoveries transformed modern physics. His name has become a
symbol of exceptional intelligence and genius.
Meaning: "He is no Einstein" means that
he is not exceptionally intelligent or brilliant.
Example: He keeps making simple mistakes in
calculations; he is no Einstein.
5. She has the patience of Job.
Allusion: Job
Background: Job, a figure in the Bible, endured
great suffering, including the loss of his wealth, family, and health. Despite
these hardships, he remained patient and faithful.
Meaning: "She has the patience of Job"
means that she is extraordinarily patient and tolerant, even in difficult
situations.
Example: Teaching a class of very noisy children
requires the patience of Job.
Quick Revision
Waterloo →
final defeat
Cinderella →
rise from hardship to success
Mount Everest →
a very difficult challenge
Einstein →
genius; "no Einstein" means not very intelligent
Job →
extraordinary patience and endurance
35. Synecdoche
(सिनेक्डोकी / si-NEK-duh-kee) – This is a figure of speech in which a part
represents the whole or the whole represents a part.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी भाग का प्रयोग पूरे के लिए या पूरे का प्रयोग किसी भाग के लिए किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ କୌଣସି ଅଂଶକୁ ସମଗ୍ରର ପ୍ରତିନିଧି ଭାବେ କିମ୍ବା ସମଗ୍ରକୁ କୌଣସି ଅଂଶର ପ୍ରତିନିଧି ଭାବେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
A. Part Represents the Whole
1. All hands on deck!
Synecdoche: hands
- Hands are only a part of a sailor's body.
- Here, hands represent the entire
sailors or crew members.
- Thus, a part stands for the whole.
2. We need more wheels in the parking lot.
Synecdoche: wheels
- Wheels are only a part of a car.
- Here, wheels represent cars.
- Thus, a part stands for the whole.
3. There were many faces in the crowd.
Synecdoche: faces
- A face is only a part of a person.
- Here, faces represent people.
- Thus, a part stands for the whole.
4. Count the heads in the room before we begin.
Synecdoche: heads
- A head is only a part of a person.
- Here, heads represent people.
- Thus, a part stands for the whole.
5. The family has thirty mouths to feed.
Synecdoche: mouths
- A mouth is only a part of a person.
- Here, mouths represent people
or family members.
- Thus, a part stands for the whole.
B. Whole Represents the Part
1. India won the match.
Synecdoche: India
- The entire country did not play.
- India
represents the Indian team.
- Thus, the whole stands for a part.
2. The school celebrated its victory.
Synecdoche: school
- The building did not celebrate.
- School
represents the students and staff.
- Thus, the whole stands for a part.
3. The village welcomed the chief guest.
Synecdoche: village
- Every villager was not present.
- Village
represents the people of the village.
- Thus, the whole stands for a part.
4. The army advanced towards the border.
Synecdoche: army
- Not every member of the army advanced.
- Army
represents a particular group of soldiers.
- Thus, the whole stands for a part.
5. The world mourned his death.
Synecdoche: world
- Every person on earth did not mourn.
- World
represents a large number of people around the world.
- Thus, the whole stands for a part.
36. Metonymy
(मेटोनिमी / meh-TON-uh-mee) – This is a figure of speech in which the name of one
thing is used for another closely associated with it.
हिंदी अनुवाद: यह एक अलंकार है जिसमें किसी वस्तु, व्यक्ति या विचार के स्थान पर उससे घनिष्ठ रूप से संबंधित किसी अन्य नाम का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅନୁବାଦ: ଏହା ଏକ ଅଳଙ୍କାର ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ବସ୍ତୁ, ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି କିମ୍ବା ଧାରଣାର ସ୍ଥାନରେ ତାହା ସହ ଘନିଷ୍ଠ ଭାବରେ ସମ୍ପର୍କିତ ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ ନାମ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
A. Symbol Represents the Person, Institution,
or Authority
1. The Crown announced new laws.
Metonymy: The Crown
- A crown is a symbol of a monarch.
- Here, the Crown represents the
king, queen, or monarchy.
- Thus, a symbol represents the authority
associated with it.
2. The Throne was inherited by the prince.
Metonymy: The Throne
- A throne is a symbol of royal power.
- Here, the Throne represents the
kingship or monarchy.
- Thus, a symbol represents the office
or authority.
3. The White House issued a statement.
Metonymy: The White House
- The building itself did not speak.
- Here, the White House represents the
U.S. President and administration.
- Thus, a symbolic place represents
the institution associated with it.
4. The Bench delivered its verdict.
Metonymy: The Bench
- A bench is associated with judges in a
court.
- Here, the Bench represents the
judges.
- Thus, a symbolic object represents
the people connected with it.
5. The Crown and the Church were often in
conflict.
Metonymy: The Crown, the Church
- The Crown represents the monarchy.
- The Church represents the religious authority.
- Thus, institutions are represented by
their symbols.
B. Place Represents an Institution or Group
1. Rashtrapati Bhavan approved the proposal.
Metonymy: Rashtrapati Bhavan
- Rashtrapati
Bhavan is the official residence of the President of India.
- Here,
Rashtrapati Bhavan represents the President's office or the Presidency.
- Thus,
a place represents the institution associated with it.
2. South Block announced the new defence
policy.
Metonymy: South Block
- South
Block houses important ministries of the Government of India.
- Here,
South Block represents the central government.
- Thus,
a place represents the authority associated with it.
3. Parliament passed the bill.
Metonymy: Parliament
- The
building itself did not pass the bill.
- Here,
Parliament represents the Members of Parliament.
- Thus,
an institution represents the people functioning within it.
4. The Supreme Court delivered its verdict.
Metonymy: The Supreme Court
- The
court building did not deliver the verdict.
- Here,
the Supreme Court represents the judges of the Supreme Court.
- Thus,
an institution represents the people exercising its authority.
5. Bollywood released several blockbuster
films this year.
Metonymy: Bollywood
- Bollywood
is associated with the Hindi film industry.
- Here,
Bollywood represents the Hindi film industry.
- Thus,
a place/name represents the industry associated with it.
6. Hollywood produces many films.
Metonymy: Hollywood
- Hollywood is a place.
- Here, it represents the American film
industry.
- Thus, a place represents the institution
associated with it.
7. Wall Street reacted positively to the news.
Metonymy: Wall Street
- Wall Street is a street in New York.
- Here, it represents the financial
sector and stock market.
- Thus, a place represents an industry.
8. Downing Street announced new policies.
Metonymy: Downing Street
- Downing Street is the residence of the
British Prime Minister.
- Here, it represents the British
government.
- Thus, a place represents an institution.
9. The Kremlin denied the allegation.
Metonymy: The Kremlin
- The Kremlin is a government complex.
- Here, it represents the Russian
government.
- Thus, a place represents an authority.
C. Tool or Object Represents the User or
Activity
1. The pen is mightier than the sword.
Metonymy: The pen, the sword
- A pen is associated with writing and
ideas.
- A sword is associated with war and force.
- Thus, the tools represent the activities
they are used for.
2. The press criticized the decision.
Metonymy: The press
- Printing presses were used to produce
newspapers.
- Here, the press represents journalists
and news media.
- Thus, an object represents the people
who use it.
3. The stage welcomed the young actor.
Metonymy: The stage
- A stage is associated with theatre.
- Here, the stage represents the
theatrical profession.
- Thus, an object represents an activity
or profession.
4. He devoted his life to the altar.
Metonymy: The altar
- An altar is associated with religious
worship.
- Here, the altar represents religious
service.
- Thus, an object represents an activity.
5. The microphone asked a difficult question.
Metonymy: The microphone
- A microphone is associated with
reporters.
- Here, the microphone represents journalists
or the media.
- Thus, an object represents the people
using it.
