Tuesday, 1 July 2025

Five simple and safe exercises for back pain relief and prevention

 5 simple and safe exercises for back pain relief and prevention. These can be done at home with no equipment.



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🔹 1. Pelvic Tilt


Purpose: Strengthens lower back and abdominal muscles


How to do:


Lie on your back with knees bent, feet flat


Tighten your stomach and push your lower back toward the floor


Hold for 5–10 seconds, then relax


Repeat 10–15 times



✅ Helps reduce stiffness in the lower back



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🔹 2. Knee-to-Chest Stretch


Purpose: Stretches lower back and relieves tightness


How to do:


Lie on your back, knees bent


Bring one knee to your chest while keeping the other foot on the floor


Hold for 15–30 seconds, then switch legs


Do 2–3 times each leg



✅ Improves flexibility and blood flow to the lower back



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🔹 3. Cat-Cow Stretch


Purpose: Improves spine mobility


How to do:


Get on your hands and knees


Inhale: arch your back down (cow), lift your head


Exhale: round your back (cat), tuck chin to chest


Repeat 10–15 times, moving slowly with breath



✅ Good for both upper and lower back stiffness



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🔹 4. Bridge Exercise


Purpose: Strengthens glutes and lower back


How to do:


Lie on your back, knees bent, arms at sides


Lift your hips until your shoulders–hips–knees form a straight line


Hold for 5–10 seconds, lower down slowly


Repeat 10–15 times



✅ Supports lower spine by building core strength



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🔹 5. Child’s Pose (Yoga Stretch)


Purpose: Gentle stretch for spine and back muscles


How to do:


Kneel on the floor, sit back on heels


Stretch your arms forward and lower your chest toward the floor


Relax and breathe deeply, hold for 20–30 seconds


Repeat 2–3 times



✅ Calms and relaxes the entire back

Courtesy : ChatGPT 

TO KILL A MOCKING BIRD

 

Difficult Words and Meanings

1. Oblivious (adjective): unaware or unconscious of something. In this context, Atticus is unaware of the night bugs dancing over his head.

2. Propped (verb): supported or leaned something against something else. Here, Atticus is sitting with his back against the front door.

3. Bare bulb (noun): an unshaded or uncovered light bulb. The light from the bare bulb illuminates Atticus sitting against the door.

4. Made to run (phrase): tried to run or attempted to run. Jem caught the narrator as they tried to run towards Atticus.

5. Short cut (noun): a shorter route or path. The narrator and Jem were taking a shortcut across the square.

6. Dusty (adjective): covered with dust or dirt. The cars that came in from the Meridian highway were dusty.

7. Deliberately (adverb): intentionally or on purpose. Atticus folded his newspaper deliberately before dropping it in his lap.

8. Sneaked (verb): moved quietly or stealthily. Jem and the narrator sneaked across the square to get closer to the jail.

9. Discreet (adjective): careful or subtle in one's actions. They tried to get near enough to see what was happening without being noticed.

10. Substance (noun): a solid or material thing. As the men got out of the cars, their shadows became solid shapes in the light.

1. Sickeningly comic (adjective): a situation that is ironically or absurdly humorous, despite being serious or unpleasant.

2. Near-whispers (noun): soft, quiet voices, almost but not quite whispering.

3. Succinct (adjective): brief and to the point, without unnecessary words.

4. Snipe hunt (noun): a wild goose chase or a practical joke where people are given an imaginary task.

5. A'that (phrase): a colloquial or dialectical way of saying "of that" or "about that".

6. Somebody's man would get jumped (phrase): someone would get into trouble or be physically harmed.

7. Broke away (verb): suddenly moved away from someone or something.

8. Dark smelly bodies (phrase): a group of people who are crowded together and have a strong, unpleasant odor.

9. Killed my joy (phrase): took away my happiness or excitement.

10. Lingering fingers (phrase): fingers that move slowly and carefully, often with a sense of reluctance or sadness.

11. Budging (verb): moving or changing position, often used to describe someone who is stubborn or resistant.

12. Mutual defiance (phrase): a situation where two people are standing up to each other, often with a sense of stubbornness or resistance.

13. Burly (adjective): large and strong, often used to describe someone who is physically imposing.

1. Yanked (verb): pulled or jerked suddenly and forcefully.

2. Barefooted (adverb): without shoes on one's feet.

3. Pleading justification (phrase): arguing that one's actions are justified or reasonable.

4. Assembly (noun): a group of people gathered together, often for a specific purpose.

5. Sullen-looking (adjective): having a sulky or unfriendly appearance.

6. Entailment (noun): a legal restriction on property, often limiting its use or inheritance.

7. Friendly overture (phrase): a gesture or attempt to be friendly or approachable.

8. Fallen flat (phrase): failed to have the desired effect or response.

9. Futility (noun): the state of being useless or ineffective.

10. Chance acquaintance (phrase): someone one meets by chance, rather than through a deliberate effort.

11. Last-ditch effort (phrase): a final or desperate attempt to achieve something.

12. Aggregation (noun): a group of people or things gathered together.

13. Fascination (noun): a state of being extremely interested or attracted to something.

Meanings

1. Uncouth (adjective): lacking refinement or good manners, often used to describe behavior or appearance.

2. Drying up (phrase): losing one's train of thought or faltering in speech.

3. Idiocy (noun): foolish or absurd behavior.

4. Impassive (adjective): showing no emotion or expression.

5. Peculiar (adjective): unusual or unexpected.

6. Ramshackle (adjective): in a state of disrepair or needing maintenance, often used to describe old or worn-out vehicles.

7. Going-over (phrase): a thorough cleaning or inspection, often used to describe a quick wipe or cleaning of one's face.

 

Difficult Words and Meanings of the text

peeked up: quickly looked over

shadows became substance: here,

people could be seen clearly

a sickeningly comic aspect of an unfunny situation: here. a funny side of a situation that was not funny at all

Heck's bunch: people belonging to the group led by Heck

snipe hunt: a wild goose chase; a practical joke by giving people an imaginary task

succinct: to the point

a'that: of that

It do: here, it does

somebody's man would get jumped: here, somebody would get into trouble

his face killed my joy: the look on his face took my happiness away

cheerful acquiescence: to happily submit and accept without questioning

mutual defiance: here, their resistance towards each other

yanked: pulled

in view of his prospects: in view of what was in store for him

entailment: limitations or restrictions imposed on property

my friendly overture had fallen flat: here, my first move towards making friends hadn't succeeded

last-ditch effort: a last desperate attempt

aggregation: here, a group that had come together

uncouth: crude and unrefined

slowly drying up: here, not talking any longer

impassive: expressionless

shuffled: moved with short sliding steps

ramshackle: in bad shape and needing repair

 

Character Descriptions

1. Scout (Jean Louise Finch): The narrator, a young girl who is curious, determined, and fiercely protective of her family. She is also naive and sometimes speaks her mind without thinking.

2. Atticus Finch: Scout's father, a lawyer who is calm, wise, and morally upright. He is trying to protect Tom Robinson from a lynch mob.

3. Jem: Scout's older brother, who is also fiercely protective of his family and wants to help his father. He is stubborn and sometimes defies Atticus's instructions.

4. Mr. Cunningham: A local farmer who is part of the mob that has come to lynch Tom Robinson. However, when Scout talks to him, he shows a softer side and eventually decides to disperse the mob.

5. Tom Robinson: A black man who has been accused of a crime and is being held in jail. He is the target of the lynch mob and is being protected by Atticus.

6. Dill: Scout and Jem's friend, who is visiting from out of town. He is curious and wants to help Atticus, but is also scared of the mob.

7. Heck Tate: The sheriff of the county, who is mentioned as being supposedly on his way to the jail, but is actually on a "snipe hunt" with his men.

8. Walter Cunningham Jr.: Mr. Cunningham's son, who is mentioned as being in Scout's grade at school and having been brought home for dinner by the Finches.

Summary

The scene unfolds as Atticus Finch sits outside the jailhouse, guarding Tom Robinson, a black man falsely accused of a crime. Scout, Jem, and Dill follow Atticus to the jail, unaware of the danger that awaits them. When they arrive, they see a group of men, including Mr. Cunningham, gathered outside the jail, intent on lynching Tom.

 

As the tension builds, Scout's innocence and childlike perspective lead her to approach Mr. Cunningham, whom she knows from her interactions with his son, Walter. Despite the volatile atmosphere, Scout's conversation with Mr. Cunningham humanizes him, and he begins to see the situation from a different perspective.

 

Through Scout's conversation, Mr. Cunningham's demeanor changes, and he eventually decides to disperse the mob. The men, who had been intent on taking the law into their own hands, quietly leave the scene, and the tension is diffused.

 

Throughout the scene, Atticus's character is showcased as calm, brave, and morally upright. He stands firm in his determination to protect Tom, despite the danger posed by the mob. Scout's admiration for her father is evident, and her actions inadvertently help to resolve the situation.

 

The scene highlights the themes of racial tension, injustice, and the loss of innocence. It also showcases the complex relationships between characters, particularly between Scout and her father, Atticus, and between Scout and Mr. Cunningham.

 

Text

A long extension cord ran between the bars of a second-floor window and down the side of the building.

In the light from its bare bulb, Atticus was sitting propped against the front door. He was sitting in one of his office chairs and he was reading, oblivious of the night bugs dancing over his head.

 I made to run but Jem caught me. "Don't go to him," he said. "He might not like it. He's all right, let's go home. I just wanted to see where he was."

We were taking a short cut across the square when four dusty cars came in from the Meridian highway, moving slowly in a line. They went around the square, passed the bank building, and stopped in front of the jail.

Nobody got out. We saw Atticus look up from his newspaper. He closed it, folded it deliberately, dropped it in his lap, and pushed his hat to the back of his head.

He seemed to be expecting them.

"Come on," whispered Jem.

We sneaked across the square, across the street, until we were in the shelter of the Jitney Jungle door. Jem peeked up the sidewall.

"We can get closer," he said.

We ran to Tyndal's Hardware door-near enough, at the same time discreet.

In ones and twos, men got out of the cars. Shadows became substance as light revealed solid shapes moving towards the jail door. Atticus remained where he was.

The men hid him from view.

"He in there, Mr Finch?" a man said.

"He is, “we heard Atticus answer, "and he's asleep. Don't wake him up.”

In obedience to my father, there followed what I later realized was a sickeningly comic aspect of an unfunny situation-the men talked in near-whispers.

“You know what we want," another man said. "Get aside from the door, Mr Finch."

"You can turn around and go home again, Walter, Atticus said pleasantly. "Heck Tate's around somewhere."

"The hell he is," said another man.

"Heck's bunch's so deep in the woods they won't get out till morning."

"Indeed? Why so?"

"Called 'em off on a snipe hunt," was the succinct answer. "Didn't you think a'that, Mr Finch!"

"Thought about it, but didn't believe it. Well, then, my father's voice was still the same, "that changes things, doesn't it?"

"It do," another deep voice said. Its owner was a shadow.

"Do you really think so?"

This was the second time I heard Atticus ask that question in two days, and it meant somebody's man would get jumped. This was too good to miss. I broke away from Jem and ran as fast as I could to Atticus.

Jem shrieked and tried to catch me, but I had a lead on him and Dill. I pushed my way through dark smelly bodies and burst into the circle of light.

"Hey, Atticus?"

I thought he would have a fine surprise, but his face killed my joy. A flash of plain fear was going out of his eyes, but returned when Dill and Jem wriggled into the light.

When I glanced around, I discovered that these men were strangers. They were not the people I saw last night. Hot embarrassment shot through me-I had leaped triumphantly into a ring of people I had never seen before.

Atticus got up from his chair, but he was moving slowly, like an old man. He put the newspaper down very carefully, adjusting its creases with lingering fingers.

They were trembling a little.

 

"Go home, Jem," he said. "Take Scout and Dill home."

We were accustomed to prompt, if not always cheerful acquiescence to Atticus's instructions, but from the way he stood, Jem was not thinking of budging.

"Go home, I said."

Jem shook his head. As Atticus's fists went to his hips, so did Jem's and as they faced each other, I could see little resemblance between them: Jem's soft brown hair and eyes, his oval face and snug-fitting ears were our mother's, contrasting oddly with Atticus' greying black hair and square-cut features, but they were somehow alike. Mutual defiance made them alike.

"Son, I said go home."

Jem shook his head.

"I'll send him home," a burly man said, and grabbed Jem roughly by the collar. He yanked Jem nearly off his feet.

"Don't you touch him!" I kicked the man swiftly. Barefooted, I was surprised to see him fall back in real pain. I intended to kick his shin, but aimed too high.

"That'll do, Scout." Atticus put his hand on my shoulder.

"Don't kick folks. No….." he said, as I was pleading justification." Ain't nobody gonna do Jem that way," I said.

"All right, Mr Finch, get'em outa here," someone growled. "You got fifteen seconds to get'em outa here."

In the midst of this strange assembly, Atticus stood trying to make Jem mind him. "I ain't going," was his steady answer to Atticus's threats, requests, and finally, "Please, Jem, take them home."

I was getting a bit tired of that, but felt Jem had his own reasons for doing as he did, in view of his prospects once Atticus did get home. I looked around the crowd. It was a summer's night, but the men were dressed, most of them, in overalls and denim shirts buttoned up to the collars. I thought they must be cold-natured, as their sleeves were unrolled and buttoned at the cuffs. Some wore hats pulled firmly down over their ears. They were sullen-looking, sleepy-eyed men, who seemed unused to late hours. I sought once more for a familiar face, and at the centre of the semicircle I found one.

"Hey, Mr Cunningham."

The man did not hear me, it seemed.

"Hey, Mr Cunningham. How's your entailment gettin' along?"

Mr Walter Cunningham's legal affairs were well known to me; Atticus had once described them at length. The big man blinked and hooked his thumbs in his overall straps. He seemed uncomfortable; he cleared his throat and looked away My friendly overture had fallen flat.

Mr Cunningham wore no hat, and the top half of his forehead was white in contrast to his sun-scorched face, which led me to believe that he wore one most days. He shifted his feet, clad in heavy work shoes.

 

"Don't you remember me, Mr Cunningham?

I'm Jean Louise Finch. You brought us some hickory nuts one time, remember?" 1 began to sense the futility one feels when unacknowledged by a chance acquaintance.

"I go to school with Walter, 1 began again. "He's your boy, ain't he? Ain't he, sir?"

Mr Cunningham was moved to a faint nod. He did know me, after all.

"He's in my grade," I said, "and he does right well. He's a good boy," I added.

"a real nice boy. We brought him home for dinner one time. Maybe he told you about me. I beat him up one time but he was real nice about it. Tell him hey for me, won't you?"

Atticus had said it was the polite thing to talk to people about what they were interested in, not about what you were interested in. Mr Cunningham displayed no interest in his son, so I tackled his entailment once more in a last-ditch effort to make him feel at home.

"Entailments are bad," I was advising him, when I slowly awoke to the fact that I was addressing the entire aggregation. The men were all looking at me, some had their mouths half-open. Atticus had stopped poking at Jem-they were standing together besides Dill. Their attention amounted to fascination. Atticus' mouth, even, was half-open, an attitude he had once described as uncouth. Our eyes met and he shut it.

 

"Well, Atticus, I was just sayin' to Mr Cunningham that entailments are bad an' all that, but you said not to worry, it takes a long time sometimes … that you all'd ride it out together …"1 was slowly drying up, wondering what idiocy I had committed.

Entailments seemed all right enough for living-room talk.

    I began to feel sweat gathering at the edges of my hair; I could stand anything but a bunch of people looking at me. They were quite still.

"What's the matter?" I asked.

Atticus said nothing. I looked around and up at Mr Cunningham, whose face was equally impassive. Then he did a peculiar thing. He squatted down and took me by both shoulders.

"I'll tell him you said hey, little lady," he said. Then he straightened up and waved a big paw.

"Let's clear out," he called. "Let's get going, boys."

As they had come, in ones and twos, the men shuffled back to their ramshackle cars. Doors slammed, engines coughed, and they were gone.

I turned to Atticus, but Atticus had gone to the jail and was leaning against it, with his face to the wall. I went to him and pulled his sleeve. "Can we go home now?"

He nodded, produced his handkerchief, gave his face a going-over and blew his nose violently.

"Mr Finch?"

A soft husky voice came from the darkness above, "They gone?"

Atticus stepped back and looked up.

"They've gone," he said. "Get some sleep, Tom. They won't bother you anymore."

Saturday, 28 June 2025

MAJOR QUESTIONS ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE PLAY "JULIUS CAESAR"


1. The year and place of the formation of the 1st Triumvirate among whom

2. Year of marriage between Pompey and Julia and how long this marriage continue?

3. The full name of Caesar and Pompey 4. The year and place of the battle between CAESAR and Pompey and its result 

5. The names of Pompey's sons

6. The year and place of the battle between CAESAR and Pompey's sons and its consequence 

7. The year of Caesar's return to Rome 

8.The year of Caesar's assassination, by whom?

1. Formation of the First Triumvirate


Year: 60 BCE


Place: Rome


Members:


Gaius Julius Caesar


Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Note: It was an informal political alliance, not officially recognized by law.

2. Marriage Between Pompey and Julia

Year of Marriage: 59 BCE

Duration: Until 54 BCE (about 5 years)

End of Marriage: Julia died in childbirth or miscarriage in 54 BCE.

Importance: This marriage was a key bond between Caesar and Pompey, which broke after her death.

3. Full Names

Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar

Pompey: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

4. Battle Between Caesar and Pompey

Year: 48 BCE

Place: Battle of Pharsalus, in Thessaly, Greece

Result:

Caesar decisively defeated Pompey.

Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated on orders of Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII.


5. Names of Pompey's Sons

Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey the Younger)

Sextus Pompeius

6. Battle Between Caesar and Pompey’s Sons

Year: 45 BCE

Place: Battle of Munda, in southern Spain

Consequence:

Caesar defeated the Pompeian forces.

Gnaeus Pompeius was captured and executed.

Sextus Pompeius escaped and later became a threat to the Second Triumvirate.

7. Caesar's Return to Rome

Year: 45 BCE (after the Battle of Munda, Caesar returned as sole ruler)

8. Caesar's Assassination

Year: 44 BCE

Date: 15 March 44 BCE (Ides of March)

By Whom: A group of Roman senators, including:

Marcus Junius Brutus

Gaius Cassius Longinus and others (~60 conspirators)

Motive: They feared Caesar's growing power and possible monarchy.

Courtesy : ChatGPT 

ABOUT JULIUS CAESAR

 


The second act of "Julius Caesar" concludes with Caesar being swayed to go to the Senate by Decius, who reinterprets Calpurnia's dream in a way that appeals to Caesar's ego. The act ends with Caesar, accompanied by the conspirators, heading towards the Senate, unaware of the plot against him. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Caesar's indecision:

Caesar is initially hesitant to go to the Senate due to Calpurnia's ominous dreams and warnings. 

Decius's manipulation:

Decius, one of the conspirators, skillfully reinterprets Calpurnia's dream, suggesting that it signifies Caesar will be crowned king. 

Caesar's decision:

Driven by his ambition and swayed by Decius's flattery, Caesar decides to go to the Senate. 

The conspirators' plan:

The conspirators, including Brutus, are present and ready to escort Caesar to the Senate, where they intend to assassinate him. 

Trebonius's aside:

In an aside, Trebonius reveals his role in the conspiracy, stating he will stay close to Caesar, implying he will be in position to act when the time comes. 

Act 2's cliffhanger:

The act concludes with Caesar and the conspirators leaving for the Senate, leaving the audience anticipating the climax of the play in the next act. 

In William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, both the Soothsayer and Artemidorus serve important roles as warners or prophets of doom, trying to prevent the assassination of Caesar. However, their roles differ slightly in form and method.


🔮 Soothsayer

Role: Prophetic warner

  • The Soothsayer appears early in the play (Act 1, Scene 2) and famously warns Caesar:
    👉 "Beware the Ides of March."

  • He represents fate, intuition, and superstition.

  • Caesar dismisses him, calling him a "dreamer" and ignoring his warning.

  • In Act 3, Scene 1, the Soothsayer meets Caesar again near the Capitol. Caesar mocks him, saying “The Ides of March are come,” and the Soothsayer replies:
    👉 "Ay, Caesar, but not gone."

🔁 Function:

  • He symbolizes the ignored voice of fate.
  • His presence adds to the tension and dramatic irony, as the audience knows what Caesar does not: that danger is real and close.

📜 Artemidorus

Role: Rational warner

  • Artemidorus is a scholar or teacher of rhetoric who has discovered the conspiracy.
  • In Act 2, Scene 3, he writes a letter to Caesar naming all the conspirators and warning him to stay away from them.
  • In Act 3, Scene 1, he tries to give the letter to Caesar directly.

👉 Quote:

“Caesar, read mine first; for mine’s a suit
That touches Caesar nearer.”

Paraphrase: "Caesar, read my petition first, because it's about something that affects you more closely."

In this paraphrase, the original quote's poetic language is simplified to convey the speaker's request to Caesar, emphasizing the personal relevance of their petition. 

This line is spoken just before Caesar enters the Senate, where the conspirators are about to assassinate him.

Artemidorus, a Roman citizen and teacher of rhetoric, has learned of the conspiracy to murder Caesar. 

  • However, Caesar ignores it, saying:
    👉 "What touches us ourself shall be last served."
    And goes on without reading the letter.
  • Caesar will deal with matters that personally affect him only after attending to matters of state. It highlights Caesar's prioritization of his public role over his private concerns, showcasing his sense of duty and perhaps, a degree of self-importance. 
  • In the play, Artemidorus tries to hand Caesar a letter warning him of the assassination plot. Caesar, however, brushes him aside, stating that his personal concerns will be addressed after he has dealt with the matters at hand. This line reveals a potential flaw in Caesar's character – his overconfidence and inability to recognize the immediate danger he is in. It also reflects the belief that a ruler's personal needs are secondary to the needs of the state.

🔁 Function:

  • Artemidorus represents reason, logic, and loyalty.
  • He is the last realistic chance to save Caesar, but again, Caesar's pride and carelessness blind him to danger.

🔗 Summary Comparison

Aspect Soothsayer Artemidorus
Type of warning Mysterious, supernatural Rational, factual
How he warns Verbal prophecy Written letter
When Several times, esp. Act 1 & 3 Act 2 Scene 3 & Act 3 Scene 1
Response by Caesar Dismissed as superstition Ignored due to arrogance
Represents Fate and ignored omens Reason and ignored truth

🎭 Dramatic Purpose:

  • Both characters heighten dramatic irony, as the audience knows Caesar is heading toward death despite repeated warnings.
  • They highlight Caesar's tragic flaw: hubris (excessive pride), which leads him to ignore both mystical and rational warnings.

  • Popilius Lena is not explicitly part of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar, but he is a senator who interacts with the conspirators before the assassination, causing them anxiety. He approaches Cassius and wishes him "good luck" with his "enterprise", which makes the conspirators fear their plot has been discovered. However, Popilius's comment is ambiguous and could be interpreted as a general wish for the success of whatever Cassius is about to do, rather than a specific reference to the assassination. Ultimately, he is not one of the main conspirators, but his words create dramatic tension and heighten the suspense of the scene. 

*Metellus Cimber's brother, Publius Cimber, was banished for an unspecified crime. The play does not provide details about the nature of the offense. The banishment of Publius Cimber is significant because it becomes a key element in the conspirators' plan to assassinate Caesar. 

Here's why it's important in the play:

Distraction:

The conspirators use Metellus Cimber's plea to Caesar to repeal the banishment as a distraction while they surround and assassinate Caesar. 

Caesar's Stubbornness:

Caesar's refusal to grant the pardon, despite the pleas of Metellus and others, highlights his perceived arrogance and inflexibility, which contributes to the senators' decision to kill him. 

Symbolism:

Publius Cimber's banishment, and Caesar's refusal to revoke it, symbolizes Caesar's absolute power and the growing fear among some senators that he was becoming a tyrant. 

Courtesy: Google AI & ChatGPT 

Friday, 27 June 2025

 


Vegetable salads offer a wide array of health benefits due to their rich nutrient content, including vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They aid in digestion, support weight management, boost hydration, improve skin health, and promote heart health. Additionally, salads can help regulate blood sugar levels, strengthen the immune system, and enhance overall well-being. 

Detailed Benefits:

Rich in Nutrients:

Vegetable salads are packed with essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate and potassium. 

Improved Digestion:

The high fiber content in salads helps regulate digestion and prevents constipation. 

Weight Management:

Salads are naturally low in calories and high in fiber, which can help you feel full and satisfied, aiding in weight management. 

Hydration:

Many vegetables in salads, like lettuce (Lettuce is a type of leafy green vegetable commonly used in salads, sandwiches, and other dishes. सलाद पत्ता (Salad Patta) or पत्ता गोभी (Patta Gobhi) is used to refer to lettuce, although "lettuce" itself is also widely understood and used in India.) and cucumber, have high water content, contributing to your daily hydration needs. 

Heart Health:

Leafy greens in salads are rich in folate (Folate is a type of B vitamin (Vitamin B9) that's essential for various bodily functions, such as cell growth, DNA synthesis, and preventing birth defects.

- फोलेट (Folate) को विटामिन बी9 के रूप में भी जाना जाता है, जो शरीर के लिए एक आवश्यक पोषक तत्व है जो कोशिका वृद्धि, डीएनए संश्लेषण, और जन्म दोषों को रोकने में मदद करता है।) and antioxidants, which can help reduce inflammation and lower blood pressure, promoting heart health. 

Immune System Boost:

The vitamins and antioxidants in salads strengthen the immune system, helping the body fight off infections. 

Skin Health:

Vitamins and antioxidants in salads can improve skin health, giving it a healthy glow. 

Blood Sugar Control:

Fiber in salads slows down the absorption of sugar, helping to regulate blood sugar levels and prevent spikes. 

Good Source of Fiber:

Salads provide a significant amount of dietary fiber, which is crucial for digestive health and can help lower cholesterol levels. 

Enhances Energy Levels:

Salads can provide a burst of energy due to the easily digestible nutrients and fiber, which can lead to improved focus and overall well-being. 

May Reduce Cancer Risk:

Studies suggest that a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, like those found in salads, may reduce the risk of certain cancers, such as breast, colorectal, (Colorectal refers to the colon and rectum, which are parts of the large intestine in the human body. Colorectal health issues can include conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, and diverticulitis.

- बृहदांत्र और मलाशय (Brihadantra aur Malashay) or कोलोरेक्टल (Colorectal) is used to refer to the colon and rectum.) and throat cancers. 

Courtesy Google AI/ Meta AI

Wednesday, 25 June 2025

TOTAL ENGLISH, STD 9, Key To Prepositions, (SET-1)

 


1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. We discussed the project ……… a cup of tea.

2. He was cautioned …….. driving rashly.

3. The soldiers penetrated deep ………. the jungle.

4. The student is leaning …………. the wall.

5. Friends learn to bear ………… one another's shortcomings.

6. ………… me, no one else can do this work.

7. They are bent ………….. creating problems for me.

8. My father impressed …………. me the need to work hard.

Ans.

1. We discussed the project over a cup of tea.

2. He was cautioned for driving rashly.

3. The soldiers penetrated deep into the jungle.

4. The student is leaning against the wall.

5. Friends learn to bear with one another's shortcomings.

6. Except me, no one else can do this work.

7. They are bent on creating problems for me.

8. My father impressed upon me the need to work hard.

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. His lack of punctuality will be held ……….. him.

2. The manager has dispensed ……….. his services.

3. The lawyer furnished me ……………a copy of the order.

4. We were astonished ……………her sudden visit.

5. He does not want to part …………… his money.

6. I refrained …………. giving my opinion.

7. The ship is bound ……………. Austria.

8. He was running too fast. I could not keep ……………. with him.

Ans.

1. His lack of punctuality will be held against him.

2. The manager has dispensed with his services.

3. The lawyer furnished me with a copy of the order.

4. We were astonished at her sudden visit.

5. He does not want to part with his money.

6. I refrained from giving my opinion.

7. The ship is bound for Austria.

8. He was running too fast. I could not keep up with him.

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I have disposed ………. my old books.

2. The Chairman will preside …………… the meeting.

3. The King was blind ……….. one eye.

4. The labourers were sleeping ………….. the shade of a tree.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction …………. the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply ……………the wishes of his father.

7. She reconciled herself ……………..her fate.

8. The teacher complied ………………. our request.

Ans.

1. I have disposed of my old books.

2. The Chairman will preside over the meeting.

3. The King was blind in one eye.

4. The labourers were sleeping in the shade of a tree.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction in the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply with the wishes of his father.

7. She reconciled herself to her fate.

8. The teacher complied with our request.

4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. We were amazed ………. what the police said.

2. His statement does not correspond ………….. yours.

3. The storm almost lifted me ………….. my feet.

4. He quarrelled with her ………….. a trifle.

5. The leader is popular ……………. his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still …………… large.

7. The roof gave …………… under the weight of the snow.

8. The candidate won victory …………. his rivals.

Ans.

1. We were amazed at what the police said.

2. His statement does not correspond with yours.

3. The storm almost lifted me off my feet.

4. He quarrelled with her over a trifle.

5. The leader is popular with his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still at large.

7. The roof gave way under the weight of the snow.

8. The candidate won victory over his rivals.

5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. He was very put ………… when he was betrayed by his friends.

2. She burst …………. tears after hearing the bad news.

3. He was fascinated ………………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

4. I dip ………… my savings at the end of the month.

5. I was shocked …………… the sudden news.

6. The two families are living ……………. the same roof.

7. He changed …………. his night clothes.

8. He was so patient that he won ………..his critics.

Ans.

1. He was very put out when he was betrayed by his friends.

2. She burst into tears after hearing the bad news.

3. He was fascinated by the idea of becoming an engineer.

4. I dip into my savings at the end of the month.

5. I was shocked by the sudden news.

6. The two families are living under the same roof.

7. He changed into/out of his night clothes.

8. He was so patient that he won over his critics.

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I take exception ……….. your remark.

2. The patient is …………recovery.

3. The team protested ………… the referee's decision.

4. The trader is too miserly to part ………….. his money.

5. Kindly desist ………….. doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed …………….. the services of her maid.

7. He has acted in conformity …………… your wishes.

8. The scheme has fallen ……………… for want of finance.

Ans.

1. I take exception to your remark.

2. The patient is in recovery.

3. The team protested against the referee's decision.

4. The trader is too miserly to part with his money.

5. Kindly desist from doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed with the services of her maid.

7. He has acted in conformity with your wishes.

8. The scheme has fallen through for want of finance.

7. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The enemy has encroached ………… our territory.

2. The old man passed …………a learned man.

3. We sent ……… the doctor.

4. His request for a leave was turned …………….. .

5. There was a dispute …………… the father and the son.

6. The child is hard …………… hearing.

7. It has been a long time ………….. I received a letter from him.

8. He looked …………. on the poor people.

Ans.

1. The enemy has encroached on our territory.

2. The old man passed for (was taken top be/was mistaken) a learned man.

3. We sent for the doctor.

4. His request for a leave was turned down.

5. There was a dispute between the father and the son.

6. The child is hard of hearing.

7. It has been a long time since I received a letter from him.

8. He looked down on the poor people.

8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I prevailed ……….. him to join our group.

2. She connived ……….. her friend's misdeeds.

3. The captain called ……….. an explanation.

4. The Manager is looking ……….. the matter.

5. We shall discuss this matter ……….. a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man………..difficulties.

7. I came ……….. my aunt in the restaurant.

8. If she does not work hard, she will lag ………..in her work.

Ans.

1. I prevailed upon him to join our group.

2. She connived at her friend's misdeeds.

3. The captain called for an explanation.

4. The Manager is looking into the matter.

5. We shall discuss this matter over a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man through difficulties.

7. I came across my aunt in the restaurant.

8. If she does not work hard, she will lag behind in her work.

9. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Many factors enter………. the contract.

2. There is no exception ………. this rule.

3. I am faced ……….  a serious problem.

4. She got ……….  the shock in a short time.

5. The aeroplane flew ………. above the clouds.

6. He let ……….  his friends.

7. He is devoid ……….  common sense.

8. The police rounded ……….  antisocial elements last night.

Ans.

1. Many factors enter into the contract.

2. There is no exception to this rule.

3. I am faced with a serious problem.

4. She got over the shock in a short time.

5. The aeroplane flew above the clouds.

6. He let down (disappointed) his friends.

7. He is devoid of common sense.

8. The police rounded up antisocial elements last night.

10. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The manager was ………. pressure to take back the employee.

2. Who will take……….when the Headmaster retires?

3. Finally, he repented ………. his mistake.

4. He was not willing to take ………. the challenge.

5. Do not brood ………. your failure.

6. He has a craving ……….more money.

7. The family always failed ………. want of help.

8. I wonder what he is aiming ………..

Ans,

1. The manager was under pressure to take back the employee.

2. Who will take over when the Headmaster retires?

3. Finally, he repented of his mistake.

4. He was not willing to take on the challenge.

5. Do not brood over your failure.

6. He has a craving for more money.

7. The family always failed for want of help.

8. I wonder what he is aiming at.

11. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. She is quick ………. grasping the meaning.

2. The dog ran …………. the road.

3. The new Principal has brought ………… many changes.

4. We built a strong wall ………… the house.

5. The pond abounds ………………. fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me …………going abroad for studies.

7. I was taken ………. by the shameless attitude of my friend.

8. He is conversant ……….the rules of the game.

Ans.

1. She is quick at grasping the meaning.

2. The dog ran along the road.

3. The new Principal has brought about many changes.

4. We built a strong wall around the house.

5. The pond abounds with fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me from going abroad for studies.

7. I was taken aback by the shameless attitude of my friend.

8. He is conversant with the rules of the game.

12. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. He was afflicted ……… a strange disease.

2. We should not deviate ……….. our objectives.

3. He does not have control …………..his son.

4. The manager called …………. an explanation from the receptionist.

5. Burglars broke ……….. the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out ……….. giving notice.

7. The police refused to comply ………….. his request.

8. He is too miserly to part ……….. his money.

Ans.

1. He was afflicted with a strange disease.

2. We should not deviate from our objectives.

3. He does not have control over his son.

4. The manager called for an explanation from the receptionist.

5. Burglars broke into the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out without giving notice.

7. The police refused to comply with his request.

8. He is too miserly to part with his money.

13. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. He was fascinated …………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken aback ………. the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate ………….. our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me …………. going abroad.

5. I came ………. some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called …………. an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall ………….. the house.

8. The soldiers fought ………. the last man.

Ans.

1. He was fascinated by the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken aback by the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate from our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me from going abroad.

5. I came across some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called for an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall around the house.

8. The soldiers fought to the last man.

14. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I dip ………….. my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed …………… him to join our team.

3. The family always failed …………. want of help.

4. We were amazed …………. what the police said.

5. I have disposed ………… the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held …………… him.

7. The Chairman will preside ………… the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed ………….. his services.

Ans.

1. I dip into my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed upon him to join our team.

3. The family always failed for want of help.

4. We were amazed at what the police said.

5. I have disposed of the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held against him.

7. The Chairman will preside over the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed with his services.

15. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. She furnished him ……… the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception to your remark.

3. The man has not changed much …………. the years.

4. The King was blind ………… one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me ………… my feet.

6. The boat lay ……….. several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached ……….. our territory.

8. Music is a passion ………….. him.

Ans.

1. She furnished him with the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception to your remark.

3. The man has not changed much over the years.

4. The King was blind in one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me off my feet.

6. The boat lay under several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached upon our territory.

8. Music is a passion for him.

16. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. He whispered and I could not make ……….. what he said.

2. Do not run ……….. your rivals.

3. Our stock of rice has run ……… .

4. The High Court set ………… the decree of the Lower Court.

5. Friends learn to bear …………. one another's shortcomings.

6. ……….. for me, no one else can do this work.

7. How did all this come ……………?

8. We shall look ………… your problem next week.

Ans.

1. He whispered and I could not make out what he said.

2. Do not run down your rivals.

3. Our stock of rice has run out.

4. The High Court set aside the decree of the Lower Court.

5. Friends learn to bear with one another's shortcomings.

6. Except for me, no one else can do this work.

7. How did all this come about?

8. We shall look into your problem next week.

17. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Cholera has broken ………. in our village.

2. Since it began to rain heavily, the meeting was called ……….. .

3. Courage will carry a man ………. many hardships.

4. The price of gold has not come ………….this year.

5. He does not want to part …………. his money.

6. I refrained ………… giving my opinion.

7. He bore ……….. the first prize in the competition.

8. He broke ………….. in the middle of his speech.

Ans.

1. Cholera has broken out in our village.

2. Soon after it began to rain heavily, the meeting was called off.

3. Courage will carry a man through many hardships.

4. The price of gold has not come down this year.

5. He does not want to part with his money.

6. I refrained from giving my opinion.

7. He bore off the first prize in the competition.

8. He broke off in the middle of his speech.

18. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. I called ……….. the Minister yesterday.

2. It is difficult to come ……….. that rare book.

3. She has her property to fall back ……….. in her old age.

4. This question came ……….. during the last session of the Parliament.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction ……….. the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply ……….. the wishes of his father.

7. He will certainly get ……….. the examination.

8. He made ambitious plans, but all of them fell ……….. .

Ans.

1. I called on the Minister yesterday.

2. It is difficult to come by that rare book.

3. She has her property to fall back on in her old age.

4. This question came up during the last session of the Parliament.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction in the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply with the wishes of his father.

7. He will certainly get through the examination.

8. He made ambitious plans, but all of them fell through.

19. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. She set …………… organising the exhibition.

2. She takes …………… her mother in many ways.

3. The old man was run …………… by a speeding truck.

4. I should bear with him while he is in difficulty.

5. The leader is popular …………… his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still ……………large.

7. His pride has brought …………… his crisis.

8. The teacher called for an explanation …………… his absence.

Ans.

1. She set about organising the exhibition.

2. She takes after her mother in many ways.

3. The old man was run over by a speeding truck.

4. I should bear with him while he is in difficulty.

5. The leader is popular with his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still at large.

7. His pride has brought about his crisis.

8. The teacher called for an explanation for his absence.

20. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Don't look down ………… the poor.

2. The burglars made ………… with our money.

3. The Fire Brigade put ………… the fire.

4. He has run………… debt after the incident.

5. I was shocked ………… the sudden news.

6. The two families are rowing ………… the same boat.

7. I have to go ………… this chapter before the exam.

8. We are looking ………… to the visit of our uncle.

Ans.

1. Don't look down upon the poor.

2. The burglars made off with our money.

3. The Fire Brigade put out the fire.

4. He has run into debt after the incident.

5. I was shocked at the sudden news.

6. The two families are rowing in the same boat.

7. I have to go through this chapter before the exam.

8. We are looking forward to the visit of our uncle.

21. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The number of voters has fallen ………. this year.

2. The bus broke ………. on the highway.

3. These seats are set ………. for the handicapped.

4. It would take ………. too much time to do this project.

5. Kindly desist ………. doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed ………. the services of her man.

7. She could not put up ………. his violent temper.

8. He promised to come but he never turned ………..

Ans.

1. The number of voters has fallen off this year.

2. The bus broke down on the highway.

3. These seats are set apart for the handicapped.

4. It would take up too much time to do this project.

5. Kindly desist from doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed with the services of her man.

7. She could not put up with his violent temper.

8. He promised to come but he never turned up.

22. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Inflation brought ……….. our standard of living.

2. She has to bring ……….. five children.

3. Amit refused the job at first, but he soon came ……….. and accepted the offer.

4. The burglars broke ……….. our shop.

5. There was a dispute ……….. the father and the son.

6. The child is hard ………..hearing.

7. He has set ……….. as a property dealer.

8. Malaria has broken ……….. in the town.

Ans.

1. Inflation brought down our standard of living.

2. She has to bring up five children.

3. Amit refused the job at first, but he soon came round (change one’s decision or opinion) and accepted the offer.

4. The burglars broke into our shop.

5. There was a dispute between the father and the son.

6. The child is hard of hearing.

7. He has set up (started working independently) as a property dealer.

8. Malaria has broken out in the town.

23. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The hunger strike was called ………. last night.

2. The total expenses of our excursion have come ………. a big sum.

3. The old man was run ………. by a truck.

4. She has grappled ………. all her difficulties.

5. We shall discuss this matter ………. a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man ………. difficulties.

7. After the modifications, things are looking ………. .

8. The policeman ran ………. the thief.

Ans.

1. The hunger strike was called off last night.

2. The total expenses of our excursion have come to a big sum.

3. The old man was run over by a truck.

4. She has grappled with all her difficulties.

5. We shall discuss this matter over a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man through difficulties.

7. After the modifications, things are looking up.

8. The policeman ran after the thief.

24. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The winter season has set ………… .

2. Ajay bore ………… the first prize in the competition.

3. He has taken ………… painting as a hobby.

4. I was taken aback when I heard of his death.

5. The aeroplane flew ………… the clouds.

6. He let ………… his friends.

7. The Major agreed to carry ………… the Commander's orders.

8. A good tree brings ………… good fruit.

Ans.

1. The winter season has set in.

2. Ajay bore away the first prize in the competition.

3. He has taken to painting as a hobby.

4. I was taken aback when I heard of his death.

5. The aeroplane flew above the clouds.

6. He let down his friends.

7. The Major agreed to carry out the Commander's orders.

8. A good tree brings forth good fruit.

25. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. How did such a crisis come ……….?

2. The thief broke ………. the shop at night.

3. After his father's death, his brother has turned ………. him.

4. Pupils must look ………. to their teachers as their parents.

5. Do not brood ………. your failure.

6. He has a craving ………. more money.

7. The publisher has brought ………. a book on Indian customs.

8. It was a touching farewell; he broke ………. in the middle of his speech.

Ans.

1. How did such a crisis come about?

2. The thief broke into the shop at night.

3. After his father's death, his brother has turned against him.

4. Pupils must look up to their teachers as their parents.

5. Do not brood over your failure.

6. He has a craving for more money.

7. The publisher has brought out a book on Indian customs.

8. It was a touching farewell; he broke down in the middle of his speech.

26. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. We can no longer put …….. his insincerity.

2. Look …….. my children when I am away.

3. He will make …….. all his property to his wife.

4. Where did they put you …….. for a week?

5. The pond abounds …….. fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me ……..going abroad for studies.

7. Our team put …….. a good fight in the debate.

8. The Principal looked …….. the matter and punished the guilty.

Ans.

1. We can no longer put up with his insincerity.

2. Look after my children when I am away.

3. He will make over (legally transfer ownership) all his property to his wife.

4. Where did they put you up (give someone a place to stay temporarily) for a week?

5. The pond abounds with fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me from going abroad for studies.

7. Our team put up a good fight in the debate.

8. The Principal looked into the matter and punished the guilty.

27. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The Indian Army put ………… the rebellion.

2. His part-time job brings ………… a small amount of money.

3. The factory turns ………… 5,000 bags of sugar per day.

4. The enquiry officer is trying to get …………the facts.

5. Burglars broke ………… the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out ………… giving notice.

7. We look ………… to our teacher as our guide.

8. The school will bring ………… the annual magazine.

Ans.

1. The Indian Army put down the rebellion.

2. His part-time job brings in a small amount of money.

3. The factory turns out 5,000 bags of sugar per day.

4. The enquiry officer is trying to get at the facts.

5. Burglars broke into the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out without giving notice.

7. We look up to our teacher as our guide.

8. The school will bring out the annual magazine.

28. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. He was fascinated ………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken ……… by the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate ……… our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me ……… going abroad.

5. I came ……… some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called ……… an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall ……… the house.

8. The soldiers fought………the last man.

Ans.

1. He was fascinated by the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken aback by the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate from our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me from going abroad.

5. I came across some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called for an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall around the house.

8. The soldiers fought to the last man.

29. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. I dip …………. my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed …………. him to join our team.

3. The family always failed …………. want of help.

4. We were amazed at what the police said.

5. I have disposed …………. the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held …………. him.

7. The Chairman will preside …………. the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed …………. his services.

Ans.

1. I dip into my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed upon him to join our team.

3. The family always failed for want of help.

4. We were amazed at what the police said.

5. I have disposed of the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held against him.

7. The Chairman will preside over the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed with his services.

30. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. She furnished him ……….. the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception ……….. your remark.

3. The man has not changed much ……….. the years.

4. The King was blind ……….. one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me ………..my feet.

6. The boat lay ……….. several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached ……….. our territory.

8. Music is a passion ……….. him.

Ans.

1. She furnished him with the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception to your remark.

3. The man has not changed much over the years.

4. The King was blind in one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me off my feet.

6. The boat lay under several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached upon our territory.

8. Music is a passion for him.

Compiled by Dr. Shankar D Mishra

Contact for any doubt in ICSE/CBSE Grammar. (8249297412)