Wednesday, 2 April 2025

ବନ୍ଦେ ଉତ୍କଳ ଜନନୀ

 
*ଉତ୍କଳ ଦିବସ* : ବିଶ୍ୱ ବିଜୟୀ ଦୁର୍ଦ୍ଦଶ ସୈନ୍ୟ ବଳ ଉପରେ ଦୃଢ଼ ମନୋବଳ ର ବିସ୍ମୟକର ବିଜୟ :
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ବନ୍ଦେ ଉତ୍କଳ ଜନନୀ
ରକ୍ତ ରଞ୍ଜିତ ଇତିହାସ ର ସୁପ୍ତ ଶିଥିଳ ପୃଷ୍ଠା ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ପୁଣି ଥରେ ଶିହରଣ ରେ କମ୍ପିତ ହୋଇ ଉଠେ ପ୍ରତିବର୍ଷ ଏପ୍ରିଲ ମାସ ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭ ରେ ଘଟିଯାଇଥିବା ସେହି ଲୋମହର୍ଷକ ଐତିହାସିକ ବିଜୟ ଏବଂ ଭାରତ ର ସର୍ବ ପ୍ରଥମ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ ନୂତନ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଗଠନ ର ଘଟଣା ଚକ୍ର କୁ ସ୍ମରଣ କରି
ଉତ୍କଳ ର ଶେଷ ରାଜା ଶ୍ରୀ ମୁକୁନ୍ଦ ଦେବ ନିଜ ସେନାପତି ଙ୍କ ବିଶ୍ୱାସ ଘାତକତା ହେତୁ ମୋଗଲ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଙ୍କ ହାତେ ପରାସ୍ତ ହେବା ସହ ୧୫୬୮ ମସିହା ରେ ଭାରତ ବର୍ଷ ର ଶେଷ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ର ପତନ ଘଟିଥିଲା ଏବଂ ଆମ ମାତୃଭୂମି ଓଡ଼ିଶା ମୋଗଲ ସରକାର ଅଧିନ ରେ ପାଞ୍ଚଟି ପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ ହୋଇଗଲା ( ଜଳେଶ୍ବର, କଟକ, ଭଦ୍ରକ, କଳିଙ୍ଗ ଦଣ୍ଡପାଟ ଏବଂ ରାଜ ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ରୀ )
୧୭୬୫ ମସିହା ରେ ବ୍ରିଟିଶ ଆକ୍ରମଣ ସହ ମୂଳ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଦୁଇ ଅଂଶ ରେ ବିଭାଜିତ ହୋଇ ବେଙ୍ଗଲ ପ୍ରେସିଡେନ୍ସି ଏବଂ ମାଡ୍ରାସ ପ୍ରେସିଡେନ୍ସି ଅଧିନ ରେ ଶାସିତ ହେଲା
*ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ବିପ୍ଳବ ର ଶୁଭାରମ୍ଭ* :
୧୮୯୫ ମସିହା ରେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷା କୁ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଭାଷା ର ମାନ୍ୟତା ନ ମିଳିବା ରୁ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷୀ ଜନ ଅସନ୍ତୋଷ ଏକ ଭୟାବହ ବିପ୍ଳବ ର ରୂପ ନେଇଥିଲା
*ଭାରତ ର ସର୍ବ ପ୍ରଥମ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ପ୍ରଦେଶ* ର ଜନ୍ମ କଥା :
ଅସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ ବିପ୍ଲବୀ ମାନଙ୍କୁ ସନ୍ତୁଷ୍ଟ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବ୍ରିଟିଶ ସରକାର ଙ୍କ ବିଶିଷ୍ଠ ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ସାର ଏଚ ଜି କୋକେ ଏକ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରଦେଶ ଗଠନ ର ପ୍ରସ୍ତାବ ଦେଲେ, ସେଥିରେ ମିଳନ ହେବାକୁ ଥିଲା
୧. ମଧ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାନ୍ତ ର ଛତିଶଗଡ଼ ଡିଭିଜନ ରୁ ସମ୍ବଲପୁର ଜିଲ୍ଲା
୨. ପାଟନା ର କିଛି ଅଂଶ, ସୋନପୁର, ରାଇରାକୋଲ, ବାମରା, କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି
୩. ଗଂଜାମ, ଘିମ୍ସିର, ଛୋଟ ନାଗପୁର
୪. ମିଦନାପୁର, ବିଶାଖାପାଟଣା
୧୯୦୩ ମସିହା ରେ କେତେଜଣ ଉତ୍ସାହି ବିପ୍ଲବୀ ସ୍ବେଚ୍ଛାସେବୀ ମାନେ ସଂଗଠିତ ହେଲେ ଚିଲିକା ମୁହାଣ ର ରମ୍ଭା ନାମକ ସ୍ଥାନ ରେ ଏବଂ ସେଇଠାରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଲା ଏକ ସଂଘବଦ୍ଧ ଏବଂ ସଙ୍ଗଠିତ ଆନ୍ଦୋଳନ. 
ଆଗେଇ ଆସିଲେ ବେଙ୍ଗଲ ପ୍ରେସିଡେନ୍ସି ଏବଂ ମାଡ୍ରାସ ପ୍ରେସିଡେନ୍ସି ଅଧିନ ବାସିନ୍ଦା ସହସ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷୀ ବୀର ପୁତ୍ର ମାନେ. ଉନ୍ମୋଚିତ ହେଲା ଉତ୍କଳ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ନାମକ ଏକ ସଂସ୍ଥା ର ଭିତ୍ତିଭୂମି ରେ ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ପ୍ରଦେଶ ସ୍ବପ୍ନ ର ପରିକଳ୍ପନା ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ଘୁର୍ଣ୍ଣିବାତ୍ୟା
କବି ଶ୍ରୀ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀକାନ୍ତ ମହାପାତ୍ର ଙ୍କ ରଚିତ ଏବଂ କଣ୍ଠଶିଳ୍ପୀ ଶ୍ରୀ ବାଞ୍ଚନିଧି ମହାନ୍ତି ଙ୍କ ସ୍ୱର ରେ ସଜ୍ଜିତ *ବନ୍ଦେ ଉତ୍କଳ ଜନନୀ* ଗୀତ ଟି ସମସ୍ତ ଙ୍କ ମନଛୁଆଁ ହେଲା. ୧୯୧୨ ମସିହା ବାଲେଶ୍ୱର ଉତ୍କଳ ସମ୍ମିଳନୀ ସମାବେଶ ରେ ଶ୍ରୀ ଗୋପବନ୍ଧୁ ଏବଂ ମଧୁବାବୁ ଙ୍କ ଉପସ୍ଥିତି ରେ ସର୍ବ ସମ୍ମତି ରେ ଏହି ଗୀତ ଟିକୁ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ପ୍ରଦେଶ ର ପ୍ରାଦେଶିକ ଗୀତ ରୂପେ ମାନ୍ୟତା ଦିଆଯାଇ ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଗଲା
ଅକ୍ଲାନ୍ତ ପ୍ରଚେଷ୍ଟା, ଅହରହ ଉଦ୍ୟମ, ଅଭୂତପୂର୍ବ ଯୋଜନା, ଅତ୍ୟାବଶ୍ୟକ କୌଶଳ ଏବଂ ସୁସଙ୍ଗଠିତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କ୍ଷମତା ର ବିଚକ୍ଷଣ ପରିବେଷଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ ୧୯୩୬ ମସିହା ଏପ୍ରିଲ ଏକ ତାରିଖ ରେ ଆମ ଜନ୍ମ ଭୂମି ମାଁ ଉତ୍କଳ ଜନନୀ ଭାରତ ର ସର୍ବ ପ୍ରଥମ ପ୍ରଦେଶ ରୂପେ ଉପସ୍ଥାପିତ ହେଇ ପାରିଥିଲେ
ସେହି ଦିଗନ୍ତକାରୀ ପୂରୋଧା ମାନେ ଆଉ ନାହାନ୍ତି ସତ କିନ୍ତୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଗୌରବମୟ ଇତିହାସ ଆଜି ବି ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ର ହୃତ୍ ସ୍ପନ୍ଦନ କୁ ମାତୃଭୂମୀ ପ୍ରେମ ରେ ତ୍ୱରାନ୍ୱିତ କରୁଛି
ଅବିସ୍ମରଣୀୟ ଆମ ଐତିହ୍ୟ, ଆକର୍ଷଣୀୟ ଆମ ମାତୃଭୂମି, ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟମୟ ଆମ ପରମ୍ପରା ଏବଂ ସଂସ୍କୃତି, ଜଗତ ବିଖ୍ୟାତ ଆମ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ
ଆମେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ମାଟି ର ପୁତ୍ର ସନ୍ତାନ ରୂପେ ଚୀର ଗର୍ବିତ।
(ସଂଗୃହିତ)
ଗୋଲକ ନାୟକ।
------ ଅବହେଳା ଓ ଭ୍ରାନ୍ତି ------
( ମୋମୋ କୁ "ଠ" ବର୍ତ୍ତୁଳ କରି, ଭିତରେ ଛେନାପୁର ଦେଇ , ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନୀ ରେ "ଛେନା ମଣ୍ଡା" ଲେଖିଦେଲେ ସ ଚିଜ ଟି ଛେନାମଣ୍ଡା ତ ହୁଏନାହିଁ , ମୋମୋ ହୋଇ ମଧ୍ୟ ରହେ ନାହିଁ । ଆଗାମୀ ତିନିଦିନ ଭିତରେ ଆମେ ପାଳନ କରିବା ଦୁଇଟି ବଡ଼ ଉତ୍ସବ, ଆମର ଐତିହ, ଇତିହାସ ଓ ଅସ୍ମିତା କୁ ନେଇ । ସେ ଅସ୍ମିତା କିନ୍ତୁ କେବଳ ଆମ ଓଠ ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ସୀମାବଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇ ଯାଇନି ତ ? )
ଉନବିଂଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀରେ ପ୍ରକାଶିତ ଜେନ୍ ଅଷ୍ଟିନ୍ ଙ୍କ ଉପନ୍ୟାସ "ଅହମିକା ଓ ଭ୍ରାନ୍ତି" ( Pride and Prejudice) ସହିତ ଏହାର କିଛି ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ନାହିଁ । ତେବେ ଏତିକି କହିବି : ଅହମିକା ଠାରୁ ଅବହେଳା ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ଅଧିକ ଘାତକ ସିଦ୍ଧ ହୋଇଥାଏ । ଉପେକ୍ଷା ଓ ଅବହେଳାର ଶିକାର ହେଲେ ଯେମିତି ନିଷ୍ପାପ ଦେବଶିଶୁଟିଏ ବି ଅନ୍ଧଗଳିରେ ବାଟବଣା ହୋଇଯାଏ ; ଆଉ ଯେଉଁଭଳି କାମ୍ବୋଡିଆର ସହସ୍ର ବର୍ଷର ଐତିହ୍ୟ , ଐଶ୍ୱର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅରଣ୍ୟ ତଳେ ହଜିଯାଇ ଆଜିର ଆଙ୍କୋର ୱଟ୍ ପାଲଟିଯାଏ, ଠିକ୍ ସେଇଭଳି ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଗୋଟାଏ ଅଧେ ବିଷୟକୁ ନେଇ ଏ ଚର୍ଚ୍ଚା । 
ଏବେ ଏଇ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ମାସର କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡରଟି ଓଲଟି ଏପ୍ରିଲ ହେବା ଭିତରେ ଆମେ ଦୁଇ ଦୁଇଟି ବଡ଼ ଐତିହାସିକ ଦିବସ ପାଳନ କରିବା । ସେଇ ସ୍ମୃତିରେ କେତେଥର ଶଙ୍ଖ ଫୁଙ୍କା ହୋଇଯିବ ଓ ତା'ପରେ ଆଉ ବର୍ଷ ଟିଏ ବିତିଯିବ ଗଭୀର ସୁସୁପ୍ତି ଭିତରେ ପୁଣି ଆସନ୍ତା ବର୍ଷ କେଇ ଘଡ଼ି ଚେଇଁ ଆଉଥରେ ଶଙ୍ଖ ଫୁଙ୍କିବା ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ ।
୧) ପ୍ରଥମଟି ହେଲା ଚୈତ୍ର ଶୁକ୍ଳ ପ୍ରତିପଦା, "ବର୍ଷ ପ୍ରତିପଦା" ବା "ହିନ୍ଦୁ ନବବର୍ଷ", ଯାହା ଏ ବର୍ଷ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ୩୦ ତାରିଖରେ ପଡୁଛି । 
ଆମ ତିଥି ମାନଙ୍କର ବୈଶିଷ୍ଟ୍ୟ ଯଦି ଆମେ ବିଚାରକୁ ନେଉଥାଉ ତାହେଲେ, ଏଇ ତିଥିଟି ସମସ୍ତ ତିଥି ମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଶ୍ରେଷ୍ଠ । ଶାସ୍ତ୍ର ଅନୁସାରେ : ବ୍ରହ୍ମାଙ୍କ ସୃଷ୍ଟି ରଚନାର ଏହା ହିଁ ହେଉଛି ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭ ଦିବସ । କାଳ ଗଣନା ଏହି ଦିନରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଛି । ଏହି ତିଥିର ମହତ୍ତ୍ୱ କାଳେ କାଳେ ଜାଜୁଲ୍ୟମାନ ରହିଆସିଛି । ସେଇଥିପାଇଁ ତ୍ରେତୟା ଯୁଗରେ ପୁରୁଷୋତ୍ତମ ଶ୍ରୀରାମଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଓ ଦ୍ୱାପର ଯୁଗରେ ଧର୍ମରାଜ ଯୁଧିଷ୍ଠିର ନିଜ ନିଜର ସିଂହାସନ ଆରୋହଣ ପାଇଁ ଏହି ତିଥିଟିକୁ ହିଁ ବାଛିଥିଲେ । କେବଳ ସେତିକି ନୁହେଁ , ସମ୍ରାଟ ବିକ୍ରମାଦିତ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଜର ରାଜ୍ୟାଭିଷେକ ଏହି ତିଥିରେ ସମ୍ପର୍ଣ୍ଣକରି ବିକ୍ରମାବ୍ଦ ର ପ୍ରଚଳନ କରିଥିଲେ । ନିକଟ ଅତୀତରେ ବେଦ ଉଦ୍ଧାରକ ମହର୍ଷି ଦୟାନନ୍ଦ ସରସ୍ୱତୀ "ଆର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମାଜ" ର ପ୍ରତିଷ୍ଠା ପାଇଁ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ତିଥି ଟିକୁ ବରଣ କରିଥିଲେ । 
ସେଇଥି ପାଇଁ ଏବର୍ଷ ମାର୍ଚ୍ଚ ୩୦ ଡେଇଁ ୩୧ ହେବାମାତ୍ରେ କ୍ୟାଲେଣ୍ଡର ରେ କଲ୍ୟାତୀତାବ୍ଦ ବା ଯୁଗାବ୍ଦ ୫୧୨୫ ରୁ ୫୧୨୬ ହୋଇଯିବ ଓ ସମ୍ବତ୍ ବା ବିକ୍ରମ ସମ୍ବତ ହେବ ୨୦୮୧ ରୁ ୨୦୮୨ । ହଜାର ହଜାର ବର୍ଷଧରି ଏହି କାଳ ଗଣନା ଆମ ଦେଶରେ ଚଳି ଆସିଛି ଓ ଏହା ଆମର ନିଜସ୍ୱ । ସମୟର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା କୁ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିରେ ରଖି ନୂତନତା କୁ ଅପଣେଇବାରେ ଆପତ୍ତି ନାହିଁ , କିନ୍ତୁ ଆତ୍ମପରିଚୟକୁ ଜଳାଞ୍ଜଳି ଦେଇକରି କେବେ ନୁହେଁ । ପଡୋଶୀଘର ମାଉସୀଙ୍କୁ ସମ୍ମାନ କରିବା ବହୁତ ଭଲ, ସେଥିପାଇଁ ସାଧୁବାଦ । ହେଲେ, ଭ୍ରାନ୍ତି ର ବଶବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହୋଇ ପ୍ରତିବଦଳରେ ନିଜର ମାଆଙ୍କୁ ଚିରାକନା ପିନ୍ଧେଇ ଦାଣ୍ଡରେ ବସେଇଦେଲେ , କେବଳ ଧିକ୍କାର ହିଁ ପ୍ରାପ୍ୟ ହେବ । 
୨) ଠିକ୍ ସେମିତି ଏପ୍ରିଲ ୧ ତାରିଖ ଦିନ ପାଳନ ହେବ ଉତ୍କଳ ଦିବସ( ୦୧.୦୪.୧୯୩୬) । ଓଡ଼ିଶା ପାଇଁ ୧୫୬୦ ରୁ ୧୯୩୬ ମସିହାର କାଳଖଣ୍ଡଟି ଇତିହାସର ଏକ ଅଭିଶପ୍ତ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ । ଷୋଡ଼ଶ ଶତାବ୍ଦୀର ପୂର୍ବବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହଜାର ହଜାର ବର୍ଷର ଇତିହାସରେ କିନ୍ତୁ ଏ ଭୂଖଣ୍ଡ ନିରବଛ୍ଛିନ୍ନ ଭାବରେ ନିଜର ଗୌରବ ଅକ୍ଷୁର୍ଣ୍ଣ ରଖିଥିଲା । ଏପରିକି କଳିଙ୍ଗ ଯୁଦ୍ଧରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ସମ୍ରାଟ ଅଶୋକ ଏହାର ଶକ୍ତିକୁ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଭାବେ ପଦାନତ କରିପାରି ନାହାଁନ୍ତି ।
ଆଜି ବିନମ୍ରତାର ସହିତ ଏକ ଛୋଟିଆ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ : ଉତ୍କଳ ଦିବସ ତ ଆମେ ପାଳନ କରୁଛେ ଓ କରିବା , କିନ୍ତୁ ଜଣେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାବରେ ଆମେ କେତେ ଗର୍ବିତ ଓ କେତେ ଦାୟିତ୍ୱଶୀଳ ??
ବେଶି ନୁହେଁ, ଆଉ ମାତ୍ର ତିରିଶ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଭାଷାର ସ୍ଥିତି ଓ ସ୍ୱରୂପ କେମିତି ହେବ ତାହା କେବଳ ଏଇ ଗୋଟିଏ ଦୁଇଟି କଥାରୁ ଜଣାପଡିଯିବ : ଆମର ପରବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ପ୍ରଥମ ପିଢି ରେ କେତେଜଣ ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ଲେଖିପଢି ପାରନ୍ତି ?? ଆଉ ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ ପିଢ଼ି ଟି ବିଷୟ ନକହିଲେ ଭଲ ।
ଷାଠିଏ ବୟସ ଛୁଇଁଥିବା, ସମସାମୟିକ ଆମେ ସମସ୍ତେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଲେଖି ପଢି ପାରୁଥିଲେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହାର ବ୍ୟବହାର ରେ ଆଜି ଆମର ଆନ୍ତରିକତା କେତେ ? ଏବେ ଆମେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ କି ଆମର ମାତୃଭାଷା କୁ ପଦେ କିଛି ଲେଖିଲା ବେଳକୁ, କାଗଜରେ ହେଉ ବା ମୋବାଇଲ୍ ରେ ?? ଆଉ ତିରିଶ ବର୍ଷ ପରେ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କର ଆନ୍ତରିକତା ଯେଉଁ ସ୍ତରରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଥିବ ସେଇଥିରୁ ହିଁ ଆମ ମାତୃଭାଷା ର ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ଜଳଜଳ ଦିଶୁଛି !!
ଏବର ବଡ଼ବଡ଼ ଲୋକମାନେ, ବିଲାତି ନୁହଁନ୍ତି ,ଦେଶୀ ଓଡିଆ ସାହେବ ସାହେବାଣୀ ମାନେ , ତାଙ୍କ ଘରର କୁକୁର ସହିତ ବାଟ ଘାଟରେ ବି ଇଂରାଜୀ ରେ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରନ୍ତି : "ହା..ଇ.. ଟାଇଗର୍ , କମ୍ ହିଅର । ଗୁଡ଼୍ ବୟ । ସିଟ୍ ଡାଉନ୍ ...." ତେଣୁ , ସେମାନେ ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ସହିତ ଘରେ ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ କଥାବାର୍ତ୍ତା କରିବା ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ଟି ଉଠାଇବା ନାହିଁ ।
ଏବେକାର ପିଲାମାନଙ୍କ ଭିତରୁ ତପସ୍ୱିନୀ, ଚିଲିକା, ନୀଳଶୈଳ, ଛଅମାଣ ଆଠଗୁଣ୍ଠ କେତେଜଣ ପଢିଥିବେ ପଚାରିବି ନାହିଁ , କେବଳ ପଚାରିବି, ସେମାନଙ୍କ ଭିତରୁ କେତେଜଣ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ଧାଡି ମାତ୍ର କହି ପାରିବେ ସାରଳା ଦାସ, କବି ସମ୍ରାଟ ଉପେନ୍ଦ୍ର ଭଞ୍ଜ, ରାଧାନାଥ ରାୟ, ଭୀମ ଭୋଇ, ଗଙ୍ଗାଧର ମେହେର କି ଗୋଦାବରୀଶ ମହାପାତ୍ର ଙ୍କ ଉପରେ !
ଆମ ପିଲାମାନେ କେବେ ବି ଥରେ ସଂଯୁକ୍ତା ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ, ସୁନନ୍ଦା ପଟ୍ଟନାୟକ, ବାଳକୃଷ୍ଣ ଦାଶ,ରଘୁନାଥ ପାଣିଗ୍ରାହୀ, ଗୁରୁ କେଳୁଚରଣ ଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଶୁଣିବାର ଅବସର ପାଉଛନ୍ତି କି ?
ଆମେ କେବେ ସୁଯୋଗ ଦେଇଛେ ଆମର ପିଲାଙ୍କୁ , ଗଜପତି କୃଷ୍ଣଚନ୍ଦ୍ର ଦେବ, ବୀର ସୁରେନ୍ଦ୍ର ସାଏ , ମଧୁ ବାବୁ, ଉତ୍କଳମଣି କିମ୍ବା ପଠାଣି ସାମନ୍ତ ଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବା ପାଇଁ !! 
ମାତ୍ର ଅଳ୍ପକିଛି ମହାପୁରୁଷଙ୍କ ନାମ ଉଲ୍ଲେଖ କରିଛି, ସେହିପରି ଶହଶହ ପ୍ରାତଃ ସ୍ମରଣୀୟ ଙ୍କୁ ଜନ୍ମ ଦେଇଛି ରତ୍ନଗର୍ଭା ଏଇ ମାଟି ।
ସ୍ୱାଧୀନତା ପରେ, ପଚାଶ ,ଷାଠିଏ ଓ ସତୁରୀ ଦଶକରେ ଜନ୍ମ ନେଇଥିବା ଆମ ଭିତରୁ ପ୍ରାୟ ସମସ୍ତଙ୍କର ଆତ୍ମ ସମୀକ୍ଷା ର ସମୟ ହୁଏତ ଆସିଛି , ତାହାହେଲା : ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନର ଏ ବିକଟ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ପାଇଁ ଆମର ଅବଦାନ କେତେ, ତା'ର ଆକଳନ କରିବା ; ତାହା ପୁଣି ନିରପେକ୍ଷ ଭାବରେ । ଏଠି ସରକାର କିମ୍ବା ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ଆଡ଼କୁ ଆଙ୍ଗୁଳି ଦେଖାଇବା ଚଳିବ ନାହିଁ !!
ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଗଠନ ପାଇଁ ନିଜର ତନ ମନ ଧନ ସମର୍ପଣ କରିଥିବା ସେନାପତି ମାନେ ସେତେବେଳେ ଏ ଜାତିର ଦୁର୍ଗତି ଦେଖି ଗାଇଥିଲେ ......." ମାଆ ମାଆ ବୋଲି କେତେ ମୁଁ ଡାକିଲି ମାଆ କୁ ପାଇଲି ନାହିଁ ........"
କାରଣ ସେତେବେଳେ ଓଡ଼ିଆ ର ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ପରିଚୟ କିଛି ନଥିଲା । ସବୁକିଛି ହଜି ଯାଇଥିଲା । ସେହି ଯୋଦ୍ଧାମାନଙ୍କ ବଳିଦାନରୁ ଆମେ ଆମର ହୃତ ପରିଚୟ ଫେରି ପାଇଲେ, ଜୀବନଦାନ ପାଇଲା ସ୍ୱତନ୍ତ୍ର ଓଡ଼ିଶା । ହେଲେ, ଶହେଟି ବର୍ଷ ବି ନପୁରୁଣୁ ପୁଣି ଦେଖାଦେଲାଣି ସେଇ ଏକା ସମସ୍ୟା । ପରିଚୟର ସମସ୍ୟା । ମୋମୋ କୁ "ଠ" ବର୍ତ୍ତୁଳ କରି, ଭିତରେ ଛେନା ପୁର ଦେଇ, ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନୀ ରେ "ଛେନା ମଣ୍ଡା" ଲେଖିଦେଲେ ସେ ଚିଜ ଟି ଛେନାମଣ୍ଡା ତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ , ମୋମୋ ହୋଇ ମଧ୍ୟ ରହେ ନାହିଁ ।
ଯଦି ଯତ୍ନ ନ ନିଆଯାଏ, ତେବେ ନିଜର ଭାଷା, ସାହିତ୍ୟ, ସଂସ୍କୃତି, ଇତିହାସ ...ଭିତରେ ନିହିତ ଅପାର ଐଶ୍ୱର୍ଯ୍ୟ ର ଜ୍ୟୋତିପିଣ୍ଡ କୁ ଜାଣିନପାରି ଆମର ଦାୟାଦ ମାନେ ସ୍ୱପରିଚୟବିହୀନ ହୋଇ ସାମାନ୍ୟ ଜୁଳୁଜୁଳିଆ ପୋକଙ୍କ ଗହଣରେ ବି ଝାଉଁଳି ପଡି ମୁହଁ ଲୁଚେଇ ରହିବେ !!
ସମୟ ଅତିକ୍ରାନ୍ତ ହୋଇଯାଉଥିଲେ ବି ପୁରାପୁରି ଅନ୍ଧକାର ହୋଇନାହିଁ । ଏବେ ବି ପ୍ରାୟଶ୍ଚିତ କରିବାର ଅବସର ରହିଛି ।
          -------- ଶ୍ରୀନିବାସ ମାନସିଂହ

Vishnu's bowling performances in matches

 


2.04.2025


01.04.2025


31.03.2025





Saturday, 29 March 2025

GRAMMAR QUESTIONS OF ARCHER, STD X, 2025

 

CONTENTS

 

GRAMMAR

 

1. Agreement of the Verb with Its Subject

 

2. Adjectives: Order and Degrees of Comparison

 

3. Adverbs: Position and Order

 

4. Articles

 

5. Prepositions

 

6. Tenses

 

7. Active and Passive Voice

 

8. Direct and Indirect Speech

 

9. Substitution of One Part of Speech for Another

 

10. Conditionals

 

11. Interchange of Sentences

 

12. Transformation of Sentences

 

13. Synthesis of Sentences

 

Chapter : 1. Agreement of the Verb with Its Subject

EXERCISE

 

A. Choose the correct option to complete the sentences.

 

1. The writer and editor (have/has) arrived at the conference.

 

2. Fish and chips (is/are) a popular dish in the UK.

3. Emissions from factories, in addition to overconsumption of plastic (cause/causes) a rise in global temperatures.

4. The CEO, along with his advisors, (meet/meets) before the beginning of the financial year.

6. The physics book (is/are) with the teacher.

6. The Philippines (has/have) a diverse culture.

7. One third of the workforce (is/are) expected to work remotely.

8. None but the leaders of the unit (knows/know) the details of

the agreement.

9. Each runner and each cyclist (train/trains) for at least six months before the competition.

10. The jury (was/were) divided on the verdict.

11. The orchestra (tune/tunes) their instruments before the concert.

12. Mathematics (is/are) a challenging subject for many.

13 The Principal and the teacher (is/are) discussing the new curriculum.

14. The artist, with her assistants, (has/have) completed the mural.

15. Twenty per cent of the class (does/do) not have the access to computers.

16. This is one of those issues that (requires/require) immediate attention.

17 The United States (has/have) implemented new immigration policies.

18. Both the novel and the film adaptation (was/were) critically acclaimed.

19. Sandwiches and college (is/are) served as a snack in such parties.

20. Each of the books (has/have) a unique story.

 

B. Choose the correct option.

 

If you make a snowball and keep pressing and kneading it in your hands, it converts/convert into a solid lump of ice. That is/are just what the Sun does to the snowfield. It keep/keeps melting the new snow, and this press/presses down into the old snow, so that the weight of the whole thing squeeze/squeezes out the frozen snow into the valleys in the form of glaciers. And, as this process goes on year after year, the glacier would naturally keep going lower and lower down into the valley were it not for the fact that the point, or snout, as it is termed, of the glacier very frequently break/breaks off. and disappear/ disappears into the torrent of ice-water which flow/flows away from it. So some glaciers, although always moving, never grow/grows any longer, but others creep/creeps a little bit farther down each year.

 

Chapter : 2. Adjectives: Order and Degrees of Comparison

 

EXERCISE

A. Rewrite these sentences by placing the adjectives from the brackets in the correct order before the underlined word.

 

1. The scarf caught her eye at the boutique. (French silk, embroidered

2. The author lived in a cottage in the countryside (historic, quaint, tiny)

3. The lawyers prepared documents at night. (legal, lengthy, two)

4. The coins shone in the bright daylight (gold, majestic, round)

5. This store sells jewellery. (Mexican, expensive, silver)

6. The employees were asked to watch the videos. (educational, boring, three)

7. We watched in awe as the sky was filled with lanterns. (Japanese, beautiful, paper)

8. The explorers hiked through a forest to reach their destination. (lush, tropical, dense)

9. The cafe near my house offers meal options (authentic, many, nutritious)

 

 

EXERCISE

A. Fill in the blanks using the correct degree of adjectives given in the brackets.

 

1. May is the ……..month of the year. (hot)

2. This diet is not helping him. He needs a …….. diet. (nutritious)

3. There are many ways of solving this problem, but this one is the…….. .

(good)

4. Josh is one of the …….. players of the team. (fine)

5 The Eiffel Tower is …….. than the Qutb Minar. (tall)

6. Which is …….. , a bag of feathers or a bag of stones? (light)

7 This is the …….. sum I have had to solve. (difficult)

8. After she lost her job her outlook on the future grew even …….. .

(gloomy)

9. A …….. surprise awaited them after their trip. (pleasant)

10 This curry is the …….. thing on the table. (tasteless)

 

EXERCISE

 

A. Rewrite the given sentences after correcting the errors. Do not alter the meaning of the sentences.

1. Let us all meet here at a latter date.

2. Of the two proposed layouts, I like the later.

3. My brother is elder than I.

4. Muskaan was the elder of the two children.

5. Radhey is the oldest of my uncle's children.

6. This sofa is the eldest furniture in this room.

7. The latest time I saw him, he seemed rather disheartened.

8. We expect to get the nearest update in an hour.

9. The thieves were taken to the next police station.

10. I could hear people talking in the nearest room.

 

EXERCISE

A. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary but do not alter the meaning of each sentence.

 

1. Antarctica is one of the coldest places on this planet. (Begin: Very few places…..)

2. I go to the gymnasium more frequently than she does. (End: …….I do)

3. Very few people in my family are as knowledgeable as Uncle Dhar. (Begin. Uncle Dhar is)

4. Harsh is the most talkative boy in the class. (Use: more talkative)

5. Amitabh Bachchan is more popular than any other actor in India. (Use: most popular)

6. Sunday is the best day of the week. (Use: good)

7. This room is darker than the living room. (Begin: The living room….)

8. Shravni is the person most suitable for the role. (Begin: No other…..)

9. Very few poets are as great as Browning. (Use: one of the)

10. Tintin is one of the most famous comic characters in this world. (Begin: Very few)

11. Raji is not the swiftest runner in the team. (Use: as swift as…..)

12. No other person in the club is as respected as General Sharma. (Use: most respected

13. It was riskier to cross the stream using a boat than by swimming. (Use: as risky as)

 

Chapter: 3. Adverbs: Position and Order

EXERCISE

 

A. Rewrite the following sentences by inserting the adverbs given in the brackets-do not emphasise them.

 

1. I looked for the missing bag. (everywhere)

2. Rachel will come to India during Diwali. (probably)

3. I was busy creating the diorama for the project. (quite)

4 The new song by my brother's band is irritating. (rather)

5. I have encountered a psychic. (recently)

6. Motivation pushes us. (ahead)

7. You may flip through the book before answering my questions. (quickly)

8. Rajat got into an accident because he was driving. (recklessly)

9. Sheela seems to sing. (effortlessly)

10. Jaya stays quiet in the class. (seldom)

 

EXERCISE

A. Choose the sentence that has the most appropriate order of adverbs.

 

1. a. This was one of the most beautiful sculptures here ever found.

b. This was one of the most beautiful sculptures ever found here.

c. Here, this was one of the most beautiful sculptures ever found.

d. This was one of the ever found most beautiful sculptures here.

 

2 a I often used to visit the botanical garden last year.

b. Often, I used to visit the botanical garden last year.

c. I used to visit the botanical garden last year often.

d. I used to visit the botanical garden often last year.

 

3. a. The students last year staged the play Hamlet in the auditorium.

b. Last year, the students staged the play Hamlet in the auditorium.

c. The students staged the play Hamlet last year in the auditorium.

d. Last year, in the auditorium, the students staged the play Hamlet.

 

4. a Sometimes, 1 like to have a cup of tea in the evening.

b. In the evening, I like to have a cup of tea sometimes.

c. I sometimes like to have a cup of tea in the evening.

d. I like to have a cup of tea in the evening sometimes.

 

5. a. I skip breakfast nowadays rarely.

b. Nowadays I skip breakfast rarely.

c. I rarely skip breakfast nowadays.

d. Rarely nowadays I skip breakfast.

 

Chapter: 4. Articles

EXERCISE

 

A Rewrite the passage by inserting the appropriate articles (a, an or the) wherever necessary.

 

Mount Everest is located in Himalayas and is tallest mountain in world. Climbers from all over world come to Nepal to scale heights of Everest. Recently, group of climbers decided to take on challenge. They packed their bags with equipment, food, and water. As they began their ascent, they marvelled at beauty of Nature around them. They passed by lush forests and serene lakes, enjoying breathtaking views. On third day, they encountered unexpected snowstorm. They had to take shelter and wait until storm had passed. Despite hardships, they were determined to reach summit.

 

One of climbers, named Raj, mentioned that he prefers to travel on foot when exploring new places. He believes that best way to experience Nature is by immersing oneself in it. Raj also shared his favourite climbing spots, including Mount Kilimanjaro and Andes. He described feeling of accomplishment when reaching top of mountain and breathtaking views that made journey worthwhile.

 

On final day of their expedition, climbers finally reached summit of Mount Everest. It was moment of triumph and joy. They took photos to capture memory and began their descent. As they made their way down, they reflected on journey and felt sense of satisfaction. Climbing mountains is not just about reaching top, but also about experience and memories created along way.

 

B. Fill in the blanks with a, an or the Mark the blank with (X) if no articles are needed.

1. ……….. significant discovery was made by ………. researchers in ………. field of genetics.

2. After spending years in ………. Amazon rainforest, Dr. Martinez published ………. comprehensive study on ……….flora and fauna of the region.

3. He has ………. incredible talent for playing ………. piano.

4. ………. Great Wall of China is ………. iconic symbol of the Chinese civilization.

5. I saw ………. interesting documentary about life ………. Amazon rainforest.

6. ………. Shakespeare was ………. famous playwright who wrote many classic plays.

7. She is ………. expert in ………. field of quantum physics.

8. He bought ………. new computer to replace ……….old one.

9. ……….Nile River is ……….longest river in ……….world.

10. ………. intriguing aspect of her research is that it challenges ………. established theories.

11. While exploring ………. remote village, they found ……….ancient artefact that belonged to ………. lost civilization.

12. He enjoys reading ………. books on ………. philosophy and history, but he finds ………. science fiction novels more interesting.

13. ……….students were asked to submit a composition on ………. impact of ………. Industrial Revolution by ………. end of ………. term.

14. ………. most challenging part of ………. exam was ………. section on ……….organic chemistry.

15. According to ………. latest survey, ………. unemployment rate has decreased in ……….Southeast Asia.

16. During their visit to ………. National Gallery of Modern Art, they admired ……….works of ……….famous artists such as S. H. Raza and Amrita Sher-gil.

17. ………. visit to ……….Paris is incomplete without seeing ………. Eiffel Tower and taking ……….boat ride on ……….Seine River.

18. ………. second page has a detailed explanation of the points enumerated on ……….first page.

19. ……….judge and ………. jury sentenced ………. convict to prison on charges of……….arson.

 

Chapter: 5. Prepositions

 

EXERCISE

A. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions.

1. She has been working tirelessly………. the inception of the project.

2. The film festival will take place………. the last weekend of June.

3. The conference is scheduled ……….9:00 am to 5:00 pm ……….Monday to Friday.

4. Our flight to Mumbai was delayed, so we did not arrive ………. late at night.

5. They have been living in London ……….the turn of the century.

6. The museum is open ……….10:00 a.m. ………. 6.00 pm. every day except Mondays.

7. The committee will announce the results ………. the end of next week.

8. She has promised to send the report ………. tomorrow morning.

9. He has been studying Chinese ………. three years and is almost fluent now.

10 We will not know the outcome of the negotiations ………. official confirmation we receive.

11. The exhibition will be held ………. Saturday so make sure to visit ………. the afternoon.

12. They have been waiting ………. the bus stop ………. over an hour.

13 The concert tickets have been sold out ………. Weeks.

14 The store is closed ………. Sundays and public holidays.

15 They have been staying ………. the resort ………. last Monday.

16. I will call you ………. I arrive ………. the airport.

17. The event has been rescheduled ………. next month ………. the organisers request.

18. She usually goes jogging ………. the morning ………. weekends.

19. The seminar is happening ………. the first week of July.

20. He will be away ………. business ………. the next two weeks.

21. We should reach ………. an hour.

22. They slept ………. late ………. Sunday morning.

 

B. Choose the correct prepositions of time to complete the sentences.

1. She has been learning to play the piano for/since she was six years old.

2. The restaurant will be closed on/for renovations until/to the end of the month.

3. The book has been on the bestseller list in/for six consecutive weeks.

4. They have been friends from/since they met at/in high school.

5. The train will depart within/in five minutes.

6. He has been waiting in/at the doctor's office since/for almost an hour.

7. The workshop is scheduled in/on the first Monday of every month.

8. We will travel to Mussoorie at/on Christmas.

9. They reached the summit just before/within sunset, and took in the breathtaking view.

10. The new regulations will come into effect within/in the next month.

 

EXERCISE

A Fill in the blanks with the appropriate prepositions of place.

 

1. Malini stood ……….. the summit overlooking the vast valley below.

2. Faheem found himself ………. a dilemma while choosing ………… two prestigious job offers.

3. The elves discovered hidden treasures ………… the ancient ruins.

4. The chandelier hung ……….. the ceiling.

5. The hikers ventured deep ……….. the dense forest, guided only by moonlight.

6. The helicopter hovered …………. the bustling city skyline.

7. The family gathered ………… the fireplace to share stories and laughter.

8. The diver dived …………… the crystal-clear waters.

9. I was ………… the bus when I saw you sitting.

10. ………… a hundred people have complained about the lack of drinking water in their neighbourhood.

 

EXERCISE

 

B. Choose the correct preposition to complete each sentence.

1. The CEO's office is located ………. the top floor of the skyscraper.

a. at     b. in     c. on    d. above

2. They live in a quaint village nestled ………. the rolling hills.

a. between       b. among         c. beside          d. under

3. The children found a treasure chest buried ………….. the coconut tree.

a. below          b. under           c. with             d. beside

4. The astronaut floated ……….. the International Space Station.

a. on                b. in                 c. upon.           d. into

5. He placed the sculpture ………….. a marble pedestal in the art gallery.

a. in                 b. on                c. by                d. with

6. The drone flew …………… the ancient ruins, capturing breathtaking aerial views.

a. above           b. under           c. into              d. over

7. She found a secluded spot ……….. the lush green meadow to have a picnic.

a. among         b. between       c. in                 d. into

8. The ship sailed …………. the stormy seas, battling fierce waves.

a. on                b. over             c. into              d. under

9. He found his keys ……………. the clutter on his desk.

a. among         b. between       c. at                 d. in

10. The hotel room had a balcony with stunning views ……….. the city skyline.

a. of                 b. over             c. beside          d. into

11. I was …………. my brother.

a. along           b. besides        c. beside          d. after

12. She placed her order ……………. the friendly waiter at the Italian restaurant.

a. with             b. in                 c. on                d. by

13. The painting was displayed …………. the elegant museum wall.

a. in                 b. on                c. beside          d. with

14. The children played …………. the playground.

a. on                b. in                 c. at                 d. with

15. He tucked the children …………. and said good night.

a. in                 b. on                c. under           d. by

 

EXERCISE

 

A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

 

1. The trail winds ………. the dense forest, offering stunning views of the valley.

2. The concert will be held ……… the amphitheatre overlooking the city.

3. She drove …………. the mountain pass to reach the secluded cabin.

4. Whom were you speaking ……………?

5. She is proud and looks down ………….. her colleagues.

6. The length of this room corresponds ………….. the length of my room.

7. Bittu and Parth differed ……………. each other in their opinions on climate change.

8. She found herself …………. a difficult situation when dealing with the unexpected crisis.

9. Smita argued ……….. the new rules that were being implemented in her neighbourhood.

10. She battled her way ………….. the crowd.

11. We were asked to gather……………  the teacher.

12. The family manages to get ………….. with what they have.

13. Where does Akshara get her charm ……………….. ?

14. Mrs. Kapoor was bent ………………… attending the meeting.

15. Mehul promised to turn ………………. the composition by the end of the day.

16. He opted out ……………… the race.

17. The teacher told the students to work ………….. their assignments during the break.

18. Mother has been putting ………… with Toto's mercurial nature for years now.

19. Rohini needs to go ……….. the dialogues before auditioning for the part.

20. Holmes was frustrated as he could not figure ………. who had left the scarf behind.

21. The team needs to sort ……………. the issue before making any decisions.

22. They had to come ………… a compromise during the negotiation.

23. He tried to work ………… his fear of public speaking by practising regularly.

24. Iqra needs to sort ………. her clothes before donating them to charity.

25. They finally agreed ……………. the plan after hours of discussion.

26. Neela does not get ………….. with her classmates.

27. We must look …………… the elderly.

28. I have always looked ………………. my parents.

29. My father and uncles made ………….after years of disagreements.

30. Parimal's career took after……… he received the Best Performance award.

 

Chapter 6: Tenses

A. Fill in the blanks using the correct form of the verbs given in the brackets.

1. I ………….. e-mails to my best friend every week. (write)

2. The children ……….. the poem yesterday. (recite)

3. The dogs ……….. in the kennel from next week. (stay)

4. I often ……….. on rough terrains. (drive)

5. I ………….. for almost two hours. (jog)

6. The students ………….. the project before the summer break. (finish)

7. At present, I ………….. extremely happy for you. (feel)

8. I ………… this picture last night. (paint)

9. The Sun ………… brightly most mornings. (shine)

10. Gitu ………… her school soon. (change)

11. Roshni ………….. the poem before her friends do. (learn)

12. She ……….. a lovely portrait. (draw)

 

 

B. Fill in each of the numbered blanks with the correct form of the word given in the brackets. Do not copy the passage but write in correct serial order the word or phrase appropriate to the blank space.

 

1. Example; Sudha…………(a) (study) in Class X.

 

Answer: (a) studies

 

Sudha (b) (want) to become a nurse when she grows up. Right from her childhood she

(c) (dream) of becoming a nurse and helping others. In school, whenever she (d) (give) the topic ‘Your Goal in Life,’ she always (e) (write) about this dream of hers, where she (f) (see) herself as a caregiver. She (g) (watch) films and (h) (read) books with stories of nursing which (i) (motivate) her even further.

 

2. Example: Jyoti (a) (forget) how to ride the cycle.

Answer (a) had forgotten

At least she (b) (think) so. When her cousins (c) (bring) their shining, new bicycles and (d) (ask) her to join them. Jyoti (e) (tremble) inside. She (f) (wonder) where her confidence (g) (vanish). Was it the accident that (h) (rob) her of her confidence? Otherwise, she (i) (ready) to fly away on the cycle with her cousins.

 

3. Example: The athlete (a) (practise) hard.

Answer (a) had been practising

 

Each morning, she (b) (wake) up early to run and (c) (break) the timings of the previous day. She (d) (be) fitter had she not been recovering from the fever. Now she (e) (focus) on strength-building and agility. Her mother (f) (serve) her a healthy diet and her father (g) (help) her keep time. Her coach constantly (h) (encourage) her to be the best version of herself. She (i) (promise) herself that she would achieve her goal.

 

4. Example: Alice (a) (feel) useless.

Answer: (a) felt

 

Alice (b) (begin) to get very tired as she (c) (sit) by her sister on the bank of the river. She (d) (has) nothing to do. Once or twice she (e) (peep) into the book her sister (f) (read), but there (g) (be) no pictures or conversations in it. ‘What (h) (be) the use of a book,’ (i) (think) Alice, without any pictures?

 

5. Example: Everyone (a) (look) at Meg.

Answer (a) looked

Nobody (b) (speak) for a minute; then Meg (c) (say) sombrely. The reason Mother (d) (propose) this is because she (e) (contemplate) not buying any presents this Christmas. It (f) (snow); and she (g) (think) we ought not to spend money for pleasure, when our men (h) (suffer) so in the army.’ The sisters (i) (nod) their heads in agreement.

 

6 Example: The book (a) (define) pride as a feeling of honour and

self-respect.

Answer (a) defines

 

Pride (b) (come) before the fall. If we (c) (do) something well and are praised for it, let it not (d) (go) to our heads. We (e) (face) a lonely life if we let Pride

(f) (rule) us. Some philosophers (g) (consider) Pride a virtue, but in some religions it (h) (define) as a sin. While taking pride in one's work is important, it is equally important to not let it (i) (turn) into hubris.

(Hubris refers to excessive pride, arrogance, or overconfidence, often leading to a downfall or failure. In ancient Greek tragedy, hubris was considered a flaw that could bring about the protagonist's demise.)

 

7. Example: What (a) (be) his name?

Answer (a) is

 

‘I (b) (meet) him if he (c) (come) early,’ I said. ‘If I am (d) (lodge) with anyone, I (e) (want) him to be of meticulous habits. I (f) (need) to meet him first and (g) (decide) whether I want to lodge with him or not.   you (h) (inform) him about my eccentricities?’ He would like (i) (meet) me face to face as well, I am sure.

 

8. Example: I (a) (admire) my father.

Answer (a) admire

 

My father (b) (fight) for the rights of the underprivileged for years. He (c) (be) a man of conviction who (d) (hesitate) to ask for help if it (e) (concern) only himself but, always (f) (demand) that the poor (g) (help). He (h) (pioneer) this cause when in school and (i) (be) still at it.

 

9. Example: Princess Rajni (a) (be) very kind.

Answer (a) was

The princess (b) (live) in a large palace. But she (c) (long) to see if the villagers (d) (be) happy or sad. She (e) (dress) up as a commoner last month and (f) (plan) to go to the village, but the king (g) (stop) her. He (h) (be) worried for her safety. The princess (i) (remain) upset until her father decided to accompany her to the village.

 

10. Example: Last night Harry (a) (meet) Wilbur, the ghost.

Answer: (a) met

 

‘Hello, hello,’ (b) (say) Wilbur as he (c) (start) to (d) (look) around. He (e) (wear) a plumed hat on his long curly hair, and a tunic with a ruffle, which (f) (conceal) the fact that his neck was almost completely (g) (sever). He (h) (be) as pale as smoke, and Harry could see right through him if he (i) (want).

 

11. Example: I (a) (live) with my grandparents forever.

Answer (a) have lived

 

The marshes (b) (be) just a long black horizontal line then, as I (c) (stop) to look after him, and the river (d) (be) just another horizontal line. On the edge of the river, I could faintly make out only two things-the beacon by which the sailors (e) (steer), and the other, a gibbet, (gallows) with some chains hanging to it which (f) (hold) a pirate once. The man (g) (limp) on towards it, as if he (h) (be) the pirate come to life, and he (i) (go) back to hook himself up again.

 

12. Example: The night of the meeting (a) (arrive).

Answer (a) had arrived

 

All the animals (b) (be) now present except Peter the tame cat, who (c) (sleep) on a perch behind the back door last night. When Major (d) (see) that they (e) (has) all made themselves comfortable and (f) (wait) attentively, he (g) (clear) his throat and (h) (begin) to speak about how he (i) (concern) for their future.

 

13. Example: Sana (a) (has) a bright future ahead of her.

Answer (a) has

 

Sana (b) (study) in England next year. She (c) (pass) her board exams by then. She (d) (receive) offers from the schools there for some time now as her school (e) (recommend) her very highly. Sana (f) (prepare) her applications

carefully, and now her prospects (g) (look) really good. She (h) (stay) with her cousins there. They (i) (look) forward to welcoming her to England.

 

14. Example: Pip (a) (depend) so much on Poe.

Answer: (a) depended

‘We (b) (stay) together and be friends forever, won't we. Poe?’ (c) (ask) Pip. ‘Even longer,’ Poe (d) (think) of replying, but he (e) (say) otherwise. ‘If ever there is a tomorrow when we (f) (be) not together, you must (g) (remember) what I (h) (speak) to you about. You (i) (be) braver than you believe, stronger than you seem, and smarter than you think.

 

15. Example: The prospect of earning the thousand rupees (stimulate) the sporting and commercial instinct of the villagers.

Answer: (a) had stimulated

 

Children (b) (post) night and day on the outskirts of the local jungle. They (c) (head) the tiger back to the jungle. Cheaper kinds of goats (d) (leave) about with elaborate carelessness (e) (keep) him satisfied with his present quarters. The one great anxiety (f) (be) lest he should die of old age before the date that (g) (appoint) for the memsahib's shoot. Mothers carrying their babies home through the jungle after the day's work in the fields (h) (hush) their singing, lest they might (i) (curtail) the restful sleep of the tiger.

 

16. Example: Well, I (a) (follow) you to your door.

Answer (a) followed

 

This was (b) (make) sure that I was really an object of interest to the celebrated Mr. Sherlock Holmes. Then I (c) (wish) you goodnight, and (d) (go) to see my husband. We both (e) (think) the best resource was flight, when (f) (pursue) by so formidable an antagonist. As to the photograph, your client may rest in peace. I love and (g) (love) by a better man than he. I (h) (keep) it only to safeguard myself from any steps which he might take in the future. I (i) (leave) a photograph which he might care to possess.

 

Chapter 7: Active and Passive Voice:

EXERCISE

 

A. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each of them. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not alter the meaning of each sentence.

 

1. Shut the door.

Begin: Let……………… .

2. The teachers rewarded the diligent students.

End: ……………the teachers.

3. Our football club had organised a charity match for us.

Use: ……………… had been ……………….. .

4. Are you preparing a meal for your parents?

Begin: Is…………………………………?

5 Geeta wrote some patriotic poems for the competition.

End: ……………………………… Geeta.

6. The children will have eaten their breakfast by now.

Use: ………………… will have been ……………… .

7 We should carry out our responsibilities conscientiously.

Begin: Our responsibilities ………………… .

8. Doctors and nurses were helping the wounded.

End: ………………………..doctors and nurses

9. The Indian team has won the match convincingly.

Use: ……………. has been ………………. .

10. Govind will cook spaghetti for his friends.

Begin: Spaghetti ……………… .

11. Please do as I say.

End: ………………………… told.

12. The medicines were prescribed according to the symptoms by the doctor.

End: ……………………………………….symptoms.

13. Length is measured in metres.

Begin: We……………………… .

14. Not many people read print newspapers these days.

Begin: Few………………………… .

 

Chapter 8: Direct and Indirect Speech 

EXERCISE

 

A. Identify the error in the indirect speech and write the correct sentence

1. D. Ajaz said, ‘We are compiling a project on Sustainable Development Goals.’

I. Ajaz informed that they are compiling a project on Sustainable Development Goals.

 

2. D. Roshan said, ‘We do not have any electricity at home.’

1. Roshan complained that we did not have any electricity at home.

 

3. D. ‘Let us investigate the case,’  the detective said.

I. The detective suggested that they investigates the case.

 

4. D. ‘I shall never forgive him’, she said.

1. She said angrily that she will never forgive him.

 

5. D. ‘I made a mistake’, Rishi said.

I. Rishi confessed that he makes a mistake.

 

6. D. ‘Will you show me the way?’ asked Shiv.

I. Shiv enquired if I would show me the way.

 

7. D. My teacher said, ‘Write your assignments neatly.’

I. My teacher asked us write our assignments neatly.

 

8. ‘I may visit you tomorrow,’ said Sreya.

D. Sreya informed that she may meet me the following day.

 

9. D. My grandmother says, ‘Kind people are always blessed.’

I. My grandmother said kind people are always blessed.

 

10. D. ‘Two years ago, this house was not here,’ he said.

I. He informed that two years ago, this house was not there.

 

B. Two sentences are given - Sentence A is complete, but sentence B is not. Complete sentence B in a way that it matches the meaning of sentence A.

1. A. The magician enquired if I wanted to see his tricks.

B. The magician said to me, ‘………………………….. .’

2. A. My mother said, ‘May God bless you.’

B. My mother prayed……………….. .

 

3. A. Vedant said that he had completed his homework.

B. Vedant said, ‘I………………………… .’

 

4. A. My coach said, ‘I know you will play well.’

B. My coach motivated me saying………………… .’

 

5. A. ‘Can you hear me clearly, Chintu?’ asked Vani.

B. Vani asked Chintu……………………… .

 

6. A. She said, ‘I may miss school on Friday.’

B. She said that……………………… .

 

7. A. Gayatri said that she would start her voyage the day after.

B. Gayatri said, ‘……………………………… .’

 

8. A. The newcomer enquired where the ice cream parlour was.

B. The newcomer said to me, ‘……………………….. ?’

 

9. A. Shivani said, ‘I have been waiting for the new opportunity.’

B. Shivani informed ………………………. .

 

10. A. I asked Fardeen, ‘Whom have you given my bat to?’

B. I asked Fardeen ………………………… .

 

C. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not alter the meaning of each sentence.

1. Rupsa said, ‘Here is the book I was looking for.’ (Begin: Rupsa said that)

2. The villagers said, ‘We cannot live without water.’ (Begin: The villagers complained)

3. ‘Will you attend the online meeting?’ I asked my father. (Begin: I enquired)

4. ‘Do not disobey the laws of the country.’ (Begin: We were)

5. My aunt says, ‘Our lives are always full of challenges.’ (Begin: My aunt says)

6. The man said, ‘I was nowhere near the house tonight.’ (Begin: The man)

7. Ananya said, ‘I have not met them since last week.’ (Begin: Ananya said)

 

Chapter 9: Substitute of one part speech for Another

EXERCISE

 

1.Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the underlined word.

1. The plants will grow well on this soil.

Children's ……….. depends on their diet.

I water the …………. shrubs daily.

 

2. Please do not react negatively when you see my artwork.

I was surprised to see my mother's………….. .

This metal is extremely……………….. .

 

3. The train arrived at the station on time.

I waited for my cousin to ……………… .

The ……………. and departure gates are finally open.

 

4. He finally succeeded at his attempt.

His attempt was finally met with …………… .

At last, the puppy was …………. in catching its own tail.

 

5. He looked very anxious before the results.

His …………. showed on his face as he waited for the results.

Amit waited ……………… for his results.

 

6. This is the correct answer.

Brij ………………. his brother's grammar homework.

I wish I could answer these questions……………. .

 

7. Nitu completed the task perfectly.

It was a ………… day for a picnic.

The Taj Mahal is sheer ……………… .

 

B. Rewrite the following sentences by changing the part of speech as given in the brackets. Make other changes, if necessary. Do not alter the meaning of the sentence.

1. The rehearsal was smooth. (Use: smoothly)

2. The speech was constantly interrupted. (Use: interruption)

3. Mary's jealousy for her sister was concerning. (Use: concern)

4. She gave me a bright smile. (Use: brightly)

5. Kapil was made the Captain of the new. team (Use: captaincy)

6. There is nothing left to investigate. (Use investigation)

7. The length of the curtain brushed against the floor. (Use: long)

8 The King questioned the guard's loyalty. (Use: loyal)

9. Could you explain this, please? (Use: explanation)

10. We packed our bags in preparation for the journey. (Use: prepare)

11. We must preserve our natural resources. (Use: preservation)

12. Was the distribution of sweets even? (Use: distribute)

13. Anik had a sound sleep last night. (: soundly)

14. We must identify the reason for this mishap. (Use: identification)

15. The context of this passage is not clear. (Use: contextualised)

 

Chapter 10: Conditionals

A. Make sentences by joining the following pair of ideas using 'if'.

1. you drop this glass, water spill everywhere

2. win the lottery, travel the world

3. if she know of my win, happy for me

4. you invite her, she come to the party

5. work hard now, successful later

6. follow regulations, in trouble

 

B. Join the following pairs of sentences using if without altering the meaning.

1. We will reach Dehradun by 7:00 p.m. We board the bus now.

2. Give me a chance. I can explain.

3. He will be angry. I do not answer his call.

4. It was very difficult. Otherwise. I would have cracked the paper.

5. She had not received the grant from the university. She would be sad.

6. He had not worn a sweater. Else he would not have fallen sick.

 

C. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not alter the meaning of each sentence.

 

1. If my friend had not come over to my house, I would have reached the venue on time. (Use: but for)

2 If the flowers were made of chocolate, I would have eaten them. (Use: Provided)

3. If I do not participate in the chess tournament, will you be angry? (Begin: Supposing)

4. If you are not honest, you will not be respected. (Use: otherwise)

5. We will play football tomorrow if I feel better. (Begin: Should)

6. If you do not stop eating junk food you will fall sick. (Use: unless)

7. I will lend you my book if you return it on time. (Use: provided)

8. If it was not so humid, would have played outdoors. (Begin: But for)

 

Chapter 11: Interchange of sentences

EXERCISE 

A. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not alter the meaning of each sentence.

 

1. The pool is so deep that the child cannot swim in it. (Use: too)

2. Sayami distributes food to the hungry children every Sunday. (End: Sunday?)

3. Did Manish ask you to buy the groceries? (Begin: Manish)

4. That is the smallest object. (Begin: No other)                                                                                                                

5. If the Sun does not shine, I shall not be playing outside. (Begin: Unless)

6. How terrible the thunderstorm is! (End: terrible)

7. If Sunita had guessed correctly, she would have won the quiz. (Begin: Had)

8. Preethy and Ratul are coming to the party. (Add a question tag.)

9 Mohit's goal was one of the best I have ever seen. (Begin: Very few)

10. I would rather feel the pain than take medicine. (Use: prefer)

11. The history teacher told us to submit the assignment. (Begin: We)

12. The scenery was fascinating. (Begin: What…)

13. Everyone will agree that the session was interesting. (Begin: No one)

14. I am going to be really late to the party. (Add a question tag.)

15. As soon as I started singing the lullaby, my nephew fell asleep. (Begin: Hardly)

16. As soon as she heard the news, she started sobbing. (Begin: No sooner)

17. Barely had I finished one project before I started to work on the next. (Begin: As soon as)

18. The show was a success, despite a few minor problems. (Use: notwithstanding)

19. As soon as the Principal entered the room, the class fell silent. (Begin: Barely)

20. Lalit's parents denied him permission for an overnight trip. (Use: did not)

 

Chapter 12: Transformation of sentences 

 

 A. Rewrite the following sentences according to the instructions given after each. Make other changes that may be necessary, but do not alter the meaning of each sentence.

1. We had left early for the airport, but we got stuck in traffic. (Begin: Although)

2. It was well known that Mrs. Parker was talented. (Use: talent)

3. Saira is planning the event and performing a solo dance. (Use: not only …… but also)

4. In spite of being talented. Pratik did not hone his skills. (Use: but)

5. I quickly managed to recognise the bag that belonged to me. (Use: my)

6. After a long day at work, I was too tired to walk home. (Use: so…..that)

7. Only a fool would be quitting this job. (Begin: Nobody)

8. She cleaned the room and then organised her study table. (Begin: After)

 

B. Choose the correct option to rewrite the following according to the instructions given after each sentence. Do not alter the meaning of the sentence.

 

1. My brother has to apologise to me or I will never speak to him. (Begin: Unless)

 

a. Unless I never speak to him, my brother has to apologise to me.

b. Unless my brother apologises to me, I will never speak to him.

c. Unless my brother apologises to me, I never spoke to him.

d. I will never speak to my brother unless he apologises to me.

 

2. The conman finally confessed his guilt to the jury. (Use: that)

 

a. That the conman was guilty was clear from his confession to the jury.

b. The conman finally confessed that he was guilty.

c. The conman finally confessed his guilt to the jury.

d. The conman finally confessed to the jury that he was guilty.

 

3. Having finished his homework, Piyush went out to play badminton with his friends. (Use: after)

 

a. After he finished his homework, Piyush went out to play badminton with his friends.

b. Piyush went out to play badminton with his friends after having finishing his homework.

c. After finished his homework, Piyush went out to play badminton with his friends.

d. After Piyush went out to play badminton with his friends, he finished his homework.

 

4. Geetha has found the football that she had lost. (Use: but)

 

a. Geetha found the lost football.

b. The football is lost but Geetha found it.

c. Geetha found a football but it was lost.

d. Geetha had lost her football but she has found it.

 

5. Unless you leave now, you will get caught in the storm. (Begin: If)

 

a. If you get caught in the storm, you will need to leave.

b. If you leave now, you will get caught in the storm.

c. If you do not leave now you will get caught in the storm.

d. You will get caught in the storm now if you do not leave.

 

Chapter 13: Synthesis of sentences

EXERCISE

 

A. Join these sentences using the instructions given in the brackets.

1. Mr Biswas has been taken to the hospital. He had a heart attack. (Use: because)

2. He is a business person. He is a social worker. (Use: both …. and)

3. I took the decision. I am of sound mind. (Use: being)

4. Dheer has never been to Italy. Dheer has never been to Switzerland. (Use: neither…. nor)

5. Global warming is one of the greatest threats to the world. It is obvious. (Use: that)

6. The shop sells magazines. The shop sells books. (Use: as well as)

7. The mother left. The baby started crying. (Use: when)

8. The traveller was weary. The traveller was hungry. (Use: not only….. but also)

9. Ruku must practise hard. She will not be able to perform well. (Use: or)

10. I was called to the Principal's office. It was urgent. (Use: urgently)

11. They were close to the peak. They gave up. (Use: however)

12. I have complete faith. She will win the championship. (Use: that)

 

B. Join the following sentences to make one complete sentence without using and b or so. Choose the correct option.

1. Dona had to borrow some money for a sandwich. She had run out of money.

a. Dona had to borrow a sandwich as she had run out of all her money.

b. Dona had to borrow some money for a sandwich yet she had run out of all her money.

c. Dona had run out of all her sandwich because she had borrowed some money.

d Dona had to borrow some money for a sandwich as she had run out of all her money.

 

2. The drive was very pleasant. I enjoyed it.

a. I enjoyed the very pleasant drive.

b. The drive was very pleasant because I enjoyed it.

c. I enjoyed the drive who was very pleasant.

d. The drive was enjoyed pleasantly by me.

 

3. I met my cousin. She is a college professor.

a. I met my cousin since she is a college professor.

b. I met my cousin because she is a college professor.

c. I met my cousin who is a college professor.

d. I met my cousin when she was a college professor.

 

4. I was irritated. I remained silent.

a. Either I was irritated or I remained silent.

b. I was irritated because I remained silent.

c. Not only was I irritated but also I remained silent.

d Though I was irritated, I remained silent.

 

5. I am extremely upset with my fellow students. I am hurt too.

a. Beside being extremely upset with my fellow students, I am hurt.

b. Besides being extremely upset with my fellow students, I am hurt.

c. My students have hurt and upset me.

d. I am not either upset or hurt by my fellow students.

 

6. Ritika is pretty. Ritika is bright.

a Ritika is either pretty or bright.

b. Ritika is pretty since she is bright.

c. Ritika is pretty because she is bright.

d. Ritika is not only pretty but also bright.

 

7. My sister may call while I am out. Ask her to call me tomorrow.

a. If my sister calls while I am out, ask her to call me back.

b. Although I am out, ask my sister to call me tomorrow when she calls.

c. When I am out, ask my sister to call.

d. My sister, who may call while I am out, can call me tomorrow.

 

8. The players arrived. The match started.

a. Though the players arrived, the match started.

b. The match started because the players arrived.

c. The players arrived to start the match.

d. As soon as the players arrived, the match started.

 

9. Dameer creates sculptures. He exhibits them at the museum.

a. Dameer creates sculptures when he exhibits them at the museum.

b. Dameer creates sculptures as he exhibits them at the museum.

c. Dameer either creates sculptures or he exhibits them at the museum.

d. Dameer creates sculptures which he exhibits at the museum.

 

10. Sumita submitted her assignment. She went out with her friends.

a. Having gone out with her friends, Sumita submitted the assignment.

b. Having submitted the assignment, Sumita went out with her friends.

c. Sumita submitted her assignment and went out with her friends.

d. Sumita went out with her friends because she submitted the assignment.

 

11. I wish I knew how to bake. I would have baked a cake for Mother's Day.

a. If I knew how to bake, I would have baked a cake for Mother's Day.

b. If I had known how to bake, I would have baked a cake for Mother's Day.

c. If I knew how to bake a cake, I would have baked.

d. If I did not know how to bake, I would not have baked the cake.

 

12. Someone has broken the crystal vase. He will be punished.

a. He who has broken the crystal vase will be punished.

b. Someone will be punished when he breaks the crystal vase.

c. If someone has broken the crystal vase, he will be punished.

d. When someone has broken the crystal vase, he will be punished.