Saturday, 28 June 2025

MAJOR QUESTIONS ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE PLAY "JULIUS CAESAR"


1. The year and place of the formation of the 1st Triumvirate among whom

2. Year of marriage between Pompey and Julia and how long this marriage continue?

3. The full name of Caesar and Pompey 4. The year and place of the battle between CAESAR and Pompey and its result 

5. The names of Pompey's sons

6. The year and place of the battle between CAESAR and Pompey's sons and its consequence 

7. The year of Caesar's return to Rome 

8.The year of Caesar's assassination, by whom?

1. Formation of the First Triumvirate


Year: 60 BCE


Place: Rome


Members:


Gaius Julius Caesar


Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey)

Marcus Licinius Crassus

Note: It was an informal political alliance, not officially recognized by law.

2. Marriage Between Pompey and Julia

Year of Marriage: 59 BCE

Duration: Until 54 BCE (about 5 years)

End of Marriage: Julia died in childbirth or miscarriage in 54 BCE.

Importance: This marriage was a key bond between Caesar and Pompey, which broke after her death.

3. Full Names

Caesar: Gaius Julius Caesar

Pompey: Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus

4. Battle Between Caesar and Pompey

Year: 48 BCE

Place: Battle of Pharsalus, in Thessaly, Greece

Result:

Caesar decisively defeated Pompey.

Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was assassinated on orders of Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII.


5. Names of Pompey's Sons

Gnaeus Pompeius (Pompey the Younger)

Sextus Pompeius

6. Battle Between Caesar and Pompey’s Sons

Year: 45 BCE

Place: Battle of Munda, in southern Spain

Consequence:

Caesar defeated the Pompeian forces.

Gnaeus Pompeius was captured and executed.

Sextus Pompeius escaped and later became a threat to the Second Triumvirate.

7. Caesar's Return to Rome

Year: 45 BCE (after the Battle of Munda, Caesar returned as sole ruler)

8. Caesar's Assassination

Year: 44 BCE

Date: 15 March 44 BCE (Ides of March)

By Whom: A group of Roman senators, including:

Marcus Junius Brutus

Gaius Cassius Longinus and others (~60 conspirators)

Motive: They feared Caesar's growing power and possible monarchy.

Courtesy : ChatGPT 

ABOUT JULIUS CAESAR

 


The second act of "Julius Caesar" concludes with Caesar being swayed to go to the Senate by Decius, who reinterprets Calpurnia's dream in a way that appeals to Caesar's ego. The act ends with Caesar, accompanied by the conspirators, heading towards the Senate, unaware of the plot against him. 

Here's a more detailed breakdown:

Caesar's indecision:

Caesar is initially hesitant to go to the Senate due to Calpurnia's ominous dreams and warnings. 

Decius's manipulation:

Decius, one of the conspirators, skillfully reinterprets Calpurnia's dream, suggesting that it signifies Caesar will be crowned king. 

Caesar's decision:

Driven by his ambition and swayed by Decius's flattery, Caesar decides to go to the Senate. 

The conspirators' plan:

The conspirators, including Brutus, are present and ready to escort Caesar to the Senate, where they intend to assassinate him. 

Trebonius's aside:

In an aside, Trebonius reveals his role in the conspiracy, stating he will stay close to Caesar, implying he will be in position to act when the time comes. 

Act 2's cliffhanger:

The act concludes with Caesar and the conspirators leaving for the Senate, leaving the audience anticipating the climax of the play in the next act. 

In William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar, both the Soothsayer and Artemidorus serve important roles as warners or prophets of doom, trying to prevent the assassination of Caesar. However, their roles differ slightly in form and method.


๐Ÿ”ฎ Soothsayer

Role: Prophetic warner

  • The Soothsayer appears early in the play (Act 1, Scene 2) and famously warns Caesar:
    ๐Ÿ‘‰ "Beware the Ides of March."

  • He represents fate, intuition, and superstition.

  • Caesar dismisses him, calling him a "dreamer" and ignoring his warning.

  • In Act 3, Scene 1, the Soothsayer meets Caesar again near the Capitol. Caesar mocks him, saying “The Ides of March are come,” and the Soothsayer replies:
    ๐Ÿ‘‰ "Ay, Caesar, but not gone."

๐Ÿ” Function:

  • He symbolizes the ignored voice of fate.
  • His presence adds to the tension and dramatic irony, as the audience knows what Caesar does not: that danger is real and close.

๐Ÿ“œ Artemidorus

Role: Rational warner

  • Artemidorus is a scholar or teacher of rhetoric who has discovered the conspiracy.
  • In Act 2, Scene 3, he writes a letter to Caesar naming all the conspirators and warning him to stay away from them.
  • In Act 3, Scene 1, he tries to give the letter to Caesar directly.

๐Ÿ‘‰ Quote:

“Caesar, read mine first; for mine’s a suit
That touches Caesar nearer.”

Paraphrase: "Caesar, read my petition first, because it's about something that affects you more closely."

In this paraphrase, the original quote's poetic language is simplified to convey the speaker's request to Caesar, emphasizing the personal relevance of their petition. 

This line is spoken just before Caesar enters the Senate, where the conspirators are about to assassinate him.

Artemidorus, a Roman citizen and teacher of rhetoric, has learned of the conspiracy to murder Caesar. 

  • However, Caesar ignores it, saying:
    ๐Ÿ‘‰ "What touches us ourself shall be last served."
    And goes on without reading the letter.
  • Caesar will deal with matters that personally affect him only after attending to matters of state. It highlights Caesar's prioritization of his public role over his private concerns, showcasing his sense of duty and perhaps, a degree of self-importance. 
  • In the play, Artemidorus tries to hand Caesar a letter warning him of the assassination plot. Caesar, however, brushes him aside, stating that his personal concerns will be addressed after he has dealt with the matters at hand. This line reveals a potential flaw in Caesar's character – his overconfidence and inability to recognize the immediate danger he is in. It also reflects the belief that a ruler's personal needs are secondary to the needs of the state.

๐Ÿ” Function:

  • Artemidorus represents reason, logic, and loyalty.
  • He is the last realistic chance to save Caesar, but again, Caesar's pride and carelessness blind him to danger.

๐Ÿ”— Summary Comparison

Aspect Soothsayer Artemidorus
Type of warning Mysterious, supernatural Rational, factual
How he warns Verbal prophecy Written letter
When Several times, esp. Act 1 & 3 Act 2 Scene 3 & Act 3 Scene 1
Response by Caesar Dismissed as superstition Ignored due to arrogance
Represents Fate and ignored omens Reason and ignored truth

๐ŸŽญ Dramatic Purpose:

  • Both characters heighten dramatic irony, as the audience knows Caesar is heading toward death despite repeated warnings.
  • They highlight Caesar's tragic flaw: hubris (excessive pride), which leads him to ignore both mystical and rational warnings.

  • Popilius Lena is not explicitly part of the conspiracy to assassinate Caesar, but he is a senator who interacts with the conspirators before the assassination, causing them anxiety. He approaches Cassius and wishes him "good luck" with his "enterprise", which makes the conspirators fear their plot has been discovered. However, Popilius's comment is ambiguous and could be interpreted as a general wish for the success of whatever Cassius is about to do, rather than a specific reference to the assassination. Ultimately, he is not one of the main conspirators, but his words create dramatic tension and heighten the suspense of the scene. 

*Metellus Cimber's brother, Publius Cimber, was banished for an unspecified crime. The play does not provide details about the nature of the offense. The banishment of Publius Cimber is significant because it becomes a key element in the conspirators' plan to assassinate Caesar. 

Here's why it's important in the play:

Distraction:

The conspirators use Metellus Cimber's plea to Caesar to repeal the banishment as a distraction while they surround and assassinate Caesar. 

Caesar's Stubbornness:

Caesar's refusal to grant the pardon, despite the pleas of Metellus and others, highlights his perceived arrogance and inflexibility, which contributes to the senators' decision to kill him. 

Symbolism:

Publius Cimber's banishment, and Caesar's refusal to revoke it, symbolizes Caesar's absolute power and the growing fear among some senators that he was becoming a tyrant. 

Courtesy: Google AI & ChatGPT 

Friday, 27 June 2025

 


Vegetable salads offer a wide array of health benefits due to their rich nutrient content, including vitamins, minerals, and fiber. They aid in digestion, support weight management, boost hydration, improve skin health, and promote heart health. Additionally, salads can help regulate blood sugar levels, strengthen the immune system, and enhance overall well-being. 

Detailed Benefits:

Rich in Nutrients:

Vegetable salads are packed with essential vitamins and minerals, such as vitamins A, C, and K, as well as folate and potassium. 

Improved Digestion:

The high fiber content in salads helps regulate digestion and prevents constipation. 

Weight Management:

Salads are naturally low in calories and high in fiber, which can help you feel full and satisfied, aiding in weight management. 

Hydration:

Many vegetables in salads, like lettuce (Lettuce is a type of leafy green vegetable commonly used in salads, sandwiches, and other dishes. เคธเคฒाเคฆ เคชเคค्เคคा (Salad Patta) or เคชเคค्เคคा เค—ोเคญी (Patta Gobhi) is used to refer to lettuce, although "lettuce" itself is also widely understood and used in India.) and cucumber, have high water content, contributing to your daily hydration needs. 

Heart Health:

Leafy greens in salads are rich in folate (Folate is a type of B vitamin (Vitamin B9) that's essential for various bodily functions, such as cell growth, DNA synthesis, and preventing birth defects.

- เคซोเคฒेเคŸ (Folate) เค•ो เคตिเคŸाเคฎिเคจ เคฌी9 เค•े เคฐूเคช เคฎें เคญी เคœाเคจा เคœाเคคा เคนै, เคœो เคถเคฐीเคฐ เค•े เคฒिเค เคเค• เค†เคตเคถ्เคฏเค• เคชोเคทเค• เคคเคค्เคต เคนै เคœो เค•ोเคถिเค•ा เคตृเคฆ्เคงि, เคกीเคเคจเค เคธंเคถ्เคฒेเคทเคฃ, เค”เคฐ เคœเคจ्เคฎ เคฆोเคทों เค•ो เคฐोเค•เคจे เคฎें เคฎเคฆเคฆ เค•เคฐเคคा เคนै।) and antioxidants, which can help reduce inflammation and lower blood pressure, promoting heart health. 

Immune System Boost:

The vitamins and antioxidants in salads strengthen the immune system, helping the body fight off infections. 

Skin Health:

Vitamins and antioxidants in salads can improve skin health, giving it a healthy glow. 

Blood Sugar Control:

Fiber in salads slows down the absorption of sugar, helping to regulate blood sugar levels and prevent spikes. 

Good Source of Fiber:

Salads provide a significant amount of dietary fiber, which is crucial for digestive health and can help lower cholesterol levels. 

Enhances Energy Levels:

Salads can provide a burst of energy due to the easily digestible nutrients and fiber, which can lead to improved focus and overall well-being. 

May Reduce Cancer Risk:

Studies suggest that a diet rich in vegetables and fruits, like those found in salads, may reduce the risk of certain cancers, such as breast, colorectal, (Colorectal refers to the colon and rectum, which are parts of the large intestine in the human body. Colorectal health issues can include conditions such as colorectal cancer, polyps, and diverticulitis.

- เคฌृเคนเคฆांเคค्เคฐ เค”เคฐ เคฎเคฒाเคถเคฏ (Brihadantra aur Malashay) or เค•ोเคฒोเคฐेเค•्เคŸเคฒ (Colorectal) is used to refer to the colon and rectum.) and throat cancers. 

Courtesy Google AI/ Meta AI

Wednesday, 25 June 2025

TOTAL ENGLISH, STD 9, Key To Prepositions, (SET-1)

 


1. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. We discussed the project ……… a cup of tea.

2. He was cautioned …….. driving rashly.

3. The soldiers penetrated deep ………. the jungle.

4. The student is leaning …………. the wall.

5. Friends learn to bear ………… one another's shortcomings.

6. ………… me, no one else can do this work.

7. They are bent ………….. creating problems for me.

8. My father impressed …………. me the need to work hard.

Ans.

1. We discussed the project over a cup of tea.

2. He was cautioned for driving rashly.

3. The soldiers penetrated deep into the jungle.

4. The student is leaning against the wall.

5. Friends learn to bear with one another's shortcomings.

6. Except me, no one else can do this work.

7. They are bent on creating problems for me.

8. My father impressed upon me the need to work hard.

2. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. His lack of punctuality will be held ……….. him.

2. The manager has dispensed ……….. his services.

3. The lawyer furnished me ……………a copy of the order.

4. We were astonished ……………her sudden visit.

5. He does not want to part …………… his money.

6. I refrained …………. giving my opinion.

7. The ship is bound ……………. Austria.

8. He was running too fast. I could not keep ……………. with him.

Ans.

1. His lack of punctuality will be held against him.

2. The manager has dispensed with his services.

3. The lawyer furnished me with a copy of the order.

4. We were astonished at her sudden visit.

5. He does not want to part with his money.

6. I refrained from giving my opinion.

7. The ship is bound for Austria.

8. He was running too fast. I could not keep up with him.

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I have disposed ………. my old books.

2. The Chairman will preside …………… the meeting.

3. The King was blind ……….. one eye.

4. The labourers were sleeping ………….. the shade of a tree.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction …………. the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply ……………the wishes of his father.

7. She reconciled herself ……………..her fate.

8. The teacher complied ………………. our request.

Ans.

1. I have disposed of my old books.

2. The Chairman will preside over the meeting.

3. The King was blind in one eye.

4. The labourers were sleeping in the shade of a tree.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction in the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply with the wishes of his father.

7. She reconciled herself to her fate.

8. The teacher complied with our request.

4. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. We were amazed ………. what the police said.

2. His statement does not correspond ………….. yours.

3. The storm almost lifted me ………….. my feet.

4. He quarrelled with her ………….. a trifle.

5. The leader is popular ……………. his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still …………… large.

7. The roof gave …………… under the weight of the snow.

8. The candidate won victory …………. his rivals.

Ans.

1. We were amazed at what the police said.

2. His statement does not correspond with yours.

3. The storm almost lifted me off my feet.

4. He quarrelled with her over a trifle.

5. The leader is popular with his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still at large.

7. The roof gave way under the weight of the snow.

8. The candidate won victory over his rivals.

5. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. He was very put ………… when he was betrayed by his friends.

2. She burst …………. tears after hearing the bad news.

3. He was fascinated ………………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

4. I dip ………… my savings at the end of the month.

5. I was shocked …………… the sudden news.

6. The two families are living ……………. the same roof.

7. He changed …………. his night clothes.

8. He was so patient that he won ………..his critics.

Ans.

1. He was very put out when he was betrayed by his friends.

2. She burst into tears after hearing the bad news.

3. He was fascinated by the idea of becoming an engineer.

4. I dip into my savings at the end of the month.

5. I was shocked by the sudden news.

6. The two families are living under the same roof.

7. He changed into/out of his night clothes.

8. He was so patient that he won over his critics.

6. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I take exception ……….. your remark.

2. The patient is …………recovery.

3. The team protested ………… the referee's decision.

4. The trader is too miserly to part ………….. his money.

5. Kindly desist ………….. doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed …………….. the services of her maid.

7. He has acted in conformity …………… your wishes.

8. The scheme has fallen ……………… for want of finance.

Ans.

1. I take exception to your remark.

2. The patient is in recovery.

3. The team protested against the referee's decision.

4. The trader is too miserly to part with his money.

5. Kindly desist from doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed with the services of her maid.

7. He has acted in conformity with your wishes.

8. The scheme has fallen through for want of finance.

7. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The enemy has encroached ………… our territory.

2. The old man passed …………a learned man.

3. We sent ……… the doctor.

4. His request for a leave was turned …………….. .

5. There was a dispute …………… the father and the son.

6. The child is hard …………… hearing.

7. It has been a long time ………….. I received a letter from him.

8. He looked …………. on the poor people.

Ans.

1. The enemy has encroached on our territory.

2. The old man passed for (was taken top be/was mistaken) a learned man.

3. We sent for the doctor.

4. His request for a leave was turned down.

5. There was a dispute between the father and the son.

6. The child is hard of hearing.

7. It has been a long time since I received a letter from him.

8. He looked down on the poor people.

8. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I prevailed ……….. him to join our group.

2. She connived ……….. her friend's misdeeds.

3. The captain called ……….. an explanation.

4. The Manager is looking ……….. the matter.

5. We shall discuss this matter ……….. a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man………..difficulties.

7. I came ……….. my aunt in the restaurant.

8. If she does not work hard, she will lag ………..in her work.

Ans.

1. I prevailed upon him to join our group.

2. She connived at her friend's misdeeds.

3. The captain called for an explanation.

4. The Manager is looking into the matter.

5. We shall discuss this matter over a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man through difficulties.

7. I came across my aunt in the restaurant.

8. If she does not work hard, she will lag behind in her work.

9. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. Many factors enter………. the contract.

2. There is no exception ………. this rule.

3. I am faced ……….  a serious problem.

4. She got ……….  the shock in a short time.

5. The aeroplane flew ………. above the clouds.

6. He let ……….  his friends.

7. He is devoid ……….  common sense.

8. The police rounded ……….  antisocial elements last night.

Ans.

1. Many factors enter into the contract.

2. There is no exception to this rule.

3. I am faced with a serious problem.

4. She got over the shock in a short time.

5. The aeroplane flew above the clouds.

6. He let down (disappointed) his friends.

7. He is devoid of common sense.

8. The police rounded up antisocial elements last night.

10. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. The manager was ………. pressure to take back the employee.

2. Who will take……….when the Headmaster retires?

3. Finally, he repented ………. his mistake.

4. He was not willing to take ………. the challenge.

5. Do not brood ………. your failure.

6. He has a craving ……….more money.

7. The family always failed ………. want of help.

8. I wonder what he is aiming ………..

Ans,

1. The manager was under pressure to take back the employee.

2. Who will take over when the Headmaster retires?

3. Finally, he repented of his mistake.

4. He was not willing to take on the challenge.

5. Do not brood over your failure.

6. He has a craving for more money.

7. The family always failed for want of help.

8. I wonder what he is aiming at.

11. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. She is quick ………. grasping the meaning.

2. The dog ran …………. the road.

3. The new Principal has brought ………… many changes.

4. We built a strong wall ………… the house.

5. The pond abounds ………………. fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me …………going abroad for studies.

7. I was taken ………. by the shameless attitude of my friend.

8. He is conversant ……….the rules of the game.

Ans.

1. She is quick at grasping the meaning.

2. The dog ran along the road.

3. The new Principal has brought about many changes.

4. We built a strong wall around the house.

5. The pond abounds with fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me from going abroad for studies.

7. I was taken aback by the shameless attitude of my friend.

8. He is conversant with the rules of the game.

12. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. He was afflicted ……… a strange disease.

2. We should not deviate ……….. our objectives.

3. He does not have control …………..his son.

4. The manager called …………. an explanation from the receptionist.

5. Burglars broke ……….. the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out ……….. giving notice.

7. The police refused to comply ………….. his request.

8. He is too miserly to part ……….. his money.

Ans.

1. He was afflicted with a strange disease.

2. We should not deviate from our objectives.

3. He does not have control over his son.

4. The manager called for an explanation from the receptionist.

5. Burglars broke into the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out without giving notice.

7. The police refused to comply with his request.

8. He is too miserly to part with his money.

13. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. He was fascinated …………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken aback ………. the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate ………….. our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me …………. going abroad.

5. I came ………. some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called …………. an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall ………….. the house.

8. The soldiers fought ………. the last man.

Ans.

1. He was fascinated by the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken aback by the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate from our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me from going abroad.

5. I came across some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called for an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall around the house.

8. The soldiers fought to the last man.

14. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. I dip ………….. my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed …………… him to join our team.

3. The family always failed …………. want of help.

4. We were amazed …………. what the police said.

5. I have disposed ………… the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held …………… him.

7. The Chairman will preside ………… the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed ………….. his services.

Ans.

1. I dip into my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed upon him to join our team.

3. The family always failed for want of help.

4. We were amazed at what the police said.

5. I have disposed of the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held against him.

7. The Chairman will preside over the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed with his services.

15. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:

1. She furnished him ……… the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception to your remark.

3. The man has not changed much …………. the years.

4. The King was blind ………… one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me ………… my feet.

6. The boat lay ……….. several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached ……….. our territory.

8. Music is a passion ………….. him.

Ans.

1. She furnished him with the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception to your remark.

3. The man has not changed much over the years.

4. The King was blind in one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me off my feet.

6. The boat lay under several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached upon our territory.

8. Music is a passion for him.

16. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. He whispered and I could not make ……….. what he said.

2. Do not run ……….. your rivals.

3. Our stock of rice has run ……… .

4. The High Court set ………… the decree of the Lower Court.

5. Friends learn to bear …………. one another's shortcomings.

6. ……….. for me, no one else can do this work.

7. How did all this come ……………?

8. We shall look ………… your problem next week.

Ans.

1. He whispered and I could not make out what he said.

2. Do not run down your rivals.

3. Our stock of rice has run out.

4. The High Court set aside the decree of the Lower Court.

5. Friends learn to bear with one another's shortcomings.

6. Except for me, no one else can do this work.

7. How did all this come about?

8. We shall look into your problem next week.

17. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Cholera has broken ………. in our village.

2. Since it began to rain heavily, the meeting was called ……….. .

3. Courage will carry a man ………. many hardships.

4. The price of gold has not come ………….this year.

5. He does not want to part …………. his money.

6. I refrained ………… giving my opinion.

7. He bore ……….. the first prize in the competition.

8. He broke ………….. in the middle of his speech.

Ans.

1. Cholera has broken out in our village.

2. Soon after it began to rain heavily, the meeting was called off.

3. Courage will carry a man through many hardships.

4. The price of gold has not come down this year.

5. He does not want to part with his money.

6. I refrained from giving my opinion.

7. He bore off the first prize in the competition.

8. He broke off in the middle of his speech.

18. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. I called ……….. the Minister yesterday.

2. It is difficult to come ……….. that rare book.

3. She has her property to fall back ……….. in her old age.

4. This question came ……….. during the last session of the Parliament.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction ……….. the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply ……….. the wishes of his father.

7. He will certainly get ……….. the examination.

8. He made ambitious plans, but all of them fell ……….. .

Ans.

1. I called on the Minister yesterday.

2. It is difficult to come by that rare book.

3. She has her property to fall back on in her old age.

4. This question came up during the last session of the Parliament.

5. Recently there has been a small reduction in the price of petrol.

6. He did not comply with the wishes of his father.

7. He will certainly get through the examination.

8. He made ambitious plans, but all of them fell through.

19. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. She set …………… organising the exhibition.

2. She takes …………… her mother in many ways.

3. The old man was run …………… by a speeding truck.

4. I should bear with him while he is in difficulty.

5. The leader is popular …………… his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still ……………large.

7. His pride has brought …………… his crisis.

8. The teacher called for an explanation …………… his absence.

Ans.

1. She set about organising the exhibition.

2. She takes after her mother in many ways.

3. The old man was run over by a speeding truck.

4. I should bear with him while he is in difficulty.

5. The leader is popular with his followers.

6. His kidnapper is still at large.

7. His pride has brought about his crisis.

8. The teacher called for an explanation for his absence.

20. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Don't look down ………… the poor.

2. The burglars made ………… with our money.

3. The Fire Brigade put ………… the fire.

4. He has run………… debt after the incident.

5. I was shocked ………… the sudden news.

6. The two families are rowing ………… the same boat.

7. I have to go ………… this chapter before the exam.

8. We are looking ………… to the visit of our uncle.

Ans.

1. Don't look down upon the poor.

2. The burglars made off with our money.

3. The Fire Brigade put out the fire.

4. He has run into debt after the incident.

5. I was shocked at the sudden news.

6. The two families are rowing in the same boat.

7. I have to go through this chapter before the exam.

8. We are looking forward to the visit of our uncle.

21. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The number of voters has fallen ………. this year.

2. The bus broke ………. on the highway.

3. These seats are set ………. for the handicapped.

4. It would take ………. too much time to do this project.

5. Kindly desist ………. doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed ………. the services of her man.

7. She could not put up ………. his violent temper.

8. He promised to come but he never turned ………..

Ans.

1. The number of voters has fallen off this year.

2. The bus broke down on the highway.

3. These seats are set apart for the handicapped.

4. It would take up too much time to do this project.

5. Kindly desist from doing harm to my son.

6. She dispensed with the services of her man.

7. She could not put up with his violent temper.

8. He promised to come but he never turned up.

22. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. Inflation brought ……….. our standard of living.

2. She has to bring ……….. five children.

3. Amit refused the job at first, but he soon came ……….. and accepted the offer.

4. The burglars broke ……….. our shop.

5. There was a dispute ……….. the father and the son.

6. The child is hard ………..hearing.

7. He has set ……….. as a property dealer.

8. Malaria has broken ……….. in the town.

Ans.

1. Inflation brought down our standard of living.

2. She has to bring up five children.

3. Amit refused the job at first, but he soon came round (change one’s decision or opinion) and accepted the offer.

4. The burglars broke into our shop.

5. There was a dispute between the father and the son.

6. The child is hard of hearing.

7. He has set up (started working independently) as a property dealer.

8. Malaria has broken out in the town.

23. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The hunger strike was called ………. last night.

2. The total expenses of our excursion have come ………. a big sum.

3. The old man was run ………. by a truck.

4. She has grappled ………. all her difficulties.

5. We shall discuss this matter ………. a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man ………. difficulties.

7. After the modifications, things are looking ………. .

8. The policeman ran ………. the thief.

Ans.

1. The hunger strike was called off last night.

2. The total expenses of our excursion have come to a big sum.

3. The old man was run over by a truck.

4. She has grappled with all her difficulties.

5. We shall discuss this matter over a cup of tea.

6. Courage will carry a man through difficulties.

7. After the modifications, things are looking up.

8. The policeman ran after the thief.

24. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The winter season has set ………… .

2. Ajay bore ………… the first prize in the competition.

3. He has taken ………… painting as a hobby.

4. I was taken aback when I heard of his death.

5. The aeroplane flew ………… the clouds.

6. He let ………… his friends.

7. The Major agreed to carry ………… the Commander's orders.

8. A good tree brings ………… good fruit.

Ans.

1. The winter season has set in.

2. Ajay bore away the first prize in the competition.

3. He has taken to painting as a hobby.

4. I was taken aback when I heard of his death.

5. The aeroplane flew above the clouds.

6. He let down his friends.

7. The Major agreed to carry out the Commander's orders.

8. A good tree brings forth good fruit.

25. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. How did such a crisis come ……….?

2. The thief broke ………. the shop at night.

3. After his father's death, his brother has turned ………. him.

4. Pupils must look ………. to their teachers as their parents.

5. Do not brood ………. your failure.

6. He has a craving ………. more money.

7. The publisher has brought ………. a book on Indian customs.

8. It was a touching farewell; he broke ………. in the middle of his speech.

Ans.

1. How did such a crisis come about?

2. The thief broke into the shop at night.

3. After his father's death, his brother has turned against him.

4. Pupils must look up to their teachers as their parents.

5. Do not brood over your failure.

6. He has a craving for more money.

7. The publisher has brought out a book on Indian customs.

8. It was a touching farewell; he broke down in the middle of his speech.

26. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. We can no longer put …….. his insincerity.

2. Look …….. my children when I am away.

3. He will make …….. all his property to his wife.

4. Where did they put you …….. for a week?

5. The pond abounds …….. fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me ……..going abroad for studies.

7. Our team put …….. a good fight in the debate.

8. The Principal looked …….. the matter and punished the guilty.

Ans.

1. We can no longer put up with his insincerity.

2. Look after my children when I am away.

3. He will make over (legally transfer ownership) all his property to his wife.

4. Where did they put you up (give someone a place to stay temporarily) for a week?

5. The pond abounds with fish.

6. My sister dissuaded me from going abroad for studies.

7. Our team put up a good fight in the debate.

8. The Principal looked into the matter and punished the guilty.

27. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. The Indian Army put ………… the rebellion.

2. His part-time job brings ………… a small amount of money.

3. The factory turns ………… 5,000 bags of sugar per day.

4. The enquiry officer is trying to get …………the facts.

5. Burglars broke ………… the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out ………… giving notice.

7. We look ………… to our teacher as our guide.

8. The school will bring ………… the annual magazine.

Ans.

1. The Indian Army put down the rebellion.

2. His part-time job brings in a small amount of money.

3. The factory turns out 5,000 bags of sugar per day.

4. The enquiry officer is trying to get at the facts.

5. Burglars broke into the shop at night.

6. Our driver has just walked out without giving notice.

7. We look up to our teacher as our guide.

8. The school will bring out the annual magazine.

28. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. He was fascinated ………. the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken ……… by the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate ……… our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me ……… going abroad.

5. I came ……… some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called ……… an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall ……… the house.

8. The soldiers fought………the last man.

Ans.

1. He was fascinated by the idea of becoming an engineer.

2. I was taken aback by the shameless attitude of my friend.

3. We should not deviate from our objective.

4. My mother dissuaded me from going abroad.

5. I came across some foreigners in the village.

6. The manager called for an explanation from the receptionist.

7. We built a strong wall around the house.

8. The soldiers fought to the last man.

29. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. I dip …………. my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed …………. him to join our team.

3. The family always failed …………. want of help.

4. We were amazed at what the police said.

5. I have disposed …………. the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held …………. him.

7. The Chairman will preside …………. the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed …………. his services.

Ans.

1. I dip into my savings at the end of the month.

2. I prevailed upon him to join our team.

3. The family always failed for want of help.

4. We were amazed at what the police said.

5. I have disposed of the old books.

6. His lack of punctuality will be held against him.

7. The Chairman will preside over the meeting.

8. The Principal has dispensed with his services.

30. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.

1. She furnished him ……….. the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception ……….. your remark.

3. The man has not changed much ……….. the years.

4. The King was blind ……….. one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me ………..my feet.

6. The boat lay ……….. several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached ……….. our territory.

8. Music is a passion ……….. him.

Ans.

1. She furnished him with the facts surrounding the case.

2. I take exception to your remark.

3. The man has not changed much over the years.

4. The King was blind in one eye.

5. The storm almost lifted me off my feet.

6. The boat lay under several feet of water.

7. The enemy has encroached upon our territory.

8. Music is a passion for him.

Compiled by Dr. Shankar D Mishra

Contact for any doubt in ICSE/CBSE Grammar. (8249297412) 

Sunday, 22 June 2025

TEST QUESTIONS, POEMS, STD. 10, ICSE

 I. Read the extract given below and answer the questions, carrying 2 Marks each, that follow:


When great souls die, the air around us becomes light, rare, sterile We breathe, briefly. Our eyes, briefly, see with a hurtful clarity Our memory, suddenly sharpened, examines, gnaws on kind words unsaid, promised walks never taken.

(i) What is the effect of the death of great souls on the air around us? What does it suggest?


(ii) Which figure of speech is used in the lines given below? What does it suggest?


We breathe, briefly


Our eyes, briefly/see


(iii) What do our eyes see with hurtful clarity? Why?


(iv) What happens to 'Our memory' after the death of a loved one?


(v) Explain how does this extract portray the feelings of despair and regret felt by the bereaved person after the loss of someone close.


II. Read the extract given below and answer the questions,carrying 2 Marks each, that follow:


She dropped her glove, to prove his love, then looked at him and smiled; He bowed, and in a moment leaped among the lions wild:


The leap was quick, return was quick, he has regained his place, Then threw the glove, but not with love, right in the lady's face.


"By God!" said Francis, "rightly done!" and he rose from where he sat


"No love, quoth he, "but vanity, sets love a task like that."


(i) Who is 'She' referred to in this extract? Where did she drop her glove? Why did she do so?

(ii) Why did she look at him and smiled? What does it reveal about her?


(iii) How did de Lorge react to her smile? What forced him to do so?


(iv) How did de Lorge come back from the pit unharmed? How did he react after coming back? How did King Francis react to it?


(v) Explain briefly the theme of the poem.

Friday, 20 June 2025

THE NON- FINITES

 Non-Finites (Non-Finite Verbs)

Definition:

Non-finite verbs are verb forms that do not show tense, number, or person. They do not act as the main verb in a sentence and cannot stand alone as the predicate. Instead, they usually function as:

nouns, adjectives, and adverbs.

Non-finite verbs can act as adverbs when they modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb — explaining how, why, when, where, or under what condition an action happens. Among the three types of non-finite verbs — infinitives, gerunds, and participles — the ones that most commonly function adverbially are:



---


✅ 1. Infinitives (to + base verb) as Adverbs


Infinitives can modify a verb and answer "Why?" or "For what purpose?"


๐Ÿ”น Example:


She studies hard to succeed.

→ "To succeed" tells us why she studies — it's an adverbial infinitive phrase.


He ran to help his friend.

→ "To help his friend" shows the purpose of running.




---


✅ 2. Present Participles (-ing form) as Adverbs


Present participles can act as adverbials when they describe how or when an action occurs.


๐Ÿ”น Example:


She walked out smiling.

→ "Smiling" tells us how she walked out — an adverbial modifier.


He sat by the window reading a book.

→ "Reading a book" tells what he was doing while sitting — adverbial participial phrase (modifies sat).




---


✅ 3. Perfect Participles (Having + past participle) as Adverbials


They show time relationship or cause with respect to the main verb.


๐Ÿ”น Example:


Having finished the work, he went home.

→ "Having finished..." tells when or under what condition he went — adverbial participial phrase.




---


✅ 4. Bare Infinitives (without "to") as Adverbs (less common)


Usually appear after verbs like make, let, help, see, hear, feel etc.


๐Ÿ”น Example:


I saw her dance.

→ "Dance" explains what I saw her do — adverbial to saw.




---


๐Ÿ” Summary Table


Non-Finite Verb Type Adverbial Use Example Function (answers)


Infinitive To succeed, To help He trained to win. Why? For what?

Present Participle Smiling, Reading a book She stood smiling. How? When?

Perfect Participle Having done, Having left Having eaten, he slept. When? Why?

Bare Infinitive Dance, Run I saw her run. What did I see?




---


Would you like exercises or deeper examples of each?



*Types of Non-Finites:

1. Infinitives

Form: to + base verb (e.g., to run, to eat, to dance)

Use: As a noun, adjective, or adverb

Examples:

To sleep is important. → (noun)

I have a book to read. → (adjective)

She ran to catch the bus. → (adverb)

2. Gerunds

Form: verb + ing (used as a noun)

Use: Acts like a noun

Examples:

Swimming is fun.

He enjoys reading.

Walking is good for health.

*******

✅ All Uses of Gerund (Basic + Advanced)

1. ✅ As the Subject of a Sentence

> Gerund acts like the doer of the action.

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

Learning is a lifelong process.

2. ✅ As the Object of a Verb

> Some verbs always take gerunds as objects.

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

I enjoy dancing.

She avoided answering the question.

3. ✅ As the Object of a Preposition

> Gerunds always follow prepositions.

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

He is fond of singing.

They left without notifying us.

4. ✅ As Subject Complement (after “be” or linking verbs)

> Gerund completes the subject’s identity.

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

His job is cleaning cars.

My hobby is painting.

5. ✅ After Certain Phrases and Expressions

> Many idiomatic expressions are followed by gerunds.

๐Ÿ“Œ Examples:

It’s no use arguing.

I can’t help laughing.

It’s worth trying.

6. ✅ As Part of a Gerund Phrase

> A gerund phrase includes the gerund and its object/modifiers.

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

Playing the guitar at night helps me relax.

7. ✅ After Possessive Nouns or Pronouns

> The possessive form can modify a gerund.

๐Ÿ“Œ Examples:

I appreciate your helping me.

Do you mind my being late?

(Note: In casual speech, people often say “you helping me,” but in formal English, “your helping” is preferred.)

8. ✅ After Certain Adjectives + Prepositions

๐Ÿ“Œ Examples:

She is interested in learning Spanish.

He is good at drawing.

They are afraid of losing.

9. ✅ After Verbs That Require a Gerund (Not Infinitive)

๐Ÿ“Œ Common verbs that take gerunds:

avoid, enjoy, finish, suggest, recommend, keep, consider, admit, deny, miss, imagine, postpone

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

She suggested going by train.

10. ✅ Used in Apposition to a Noun

> Gerund phrase restates or explains a noun.

๐Ÿ“Œ Example:

His passion, collecting stamps, has lasted years.

The skill, baking cakes, takes time to develop.

11. ✅ In Legal/Official/Signboard Language

> Gerunds are used for rules, instructions, prohibitions, etc.

๐Ÿ“Œ Examples:

No smoking.

Parking is prohibited.

Running in the hall is not allowed.

12. ✅ As Object of Certain Adjective + Gerund Patterns

๐Ÿ“Œ Examples:

He’s busy studying.

She’s tired of waiting.

They’re accustomed to working late.

๐Ÿง  Final Tip:

If a verb is acting like a noun, and ends in -ing, it’s usually a gerund, not a participle.


Difference between an Absolute Gerund and Absolute Participle:

The term "absolute" in grammar refers to phrases that are grammatically independent of the rest of the sentence and typically describe circumstance or condition.

1. Absolute Gerund

2. Absolute Participle


A participle is a verb-form that acts like an adjective. An absolute participle phrase gives background action or condition, and does not connect grammatically with the main subject.

๐Ÿ”น Structure:


> Noun or pronoun + participle (+ object/complement)

✅ Examples of Absolute Participle:

1. The match being over, we went home.

➤ "being over" describes the match.

2. The sun having set, they returned to camp.

➤ "having set" modifies the sun.

3. Weather permitting, we’ll go for a picnic.

➤ "permitting" describes the weather's condition.


3. Participles

Present participle: verb + ing (used as adjective)

Past participle: usually verb + ed / irregular form

Use: Acts like an adjective

Examples:

The crying baby is hungry. → (present participle)

The broken window was fixed. → (past participle)

✅ Key Differences (Finite vs. Non-Finite)


Feature Finite Verb Non-Finite Verb


Shows tense Yes No

Subject-verb agreement Yes No

Acts as main verb Yes No (depends on a finite verb)

Examples She plays well. She loves to play guitar.

✅ Quick Tip to Identify:


Ask: "Can this verb tell us the time (past/present/future) of the action?"

If yes → Finite

If no → Non-finite



Thursday, 19 June 2025

JULIUS CAESAR : BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE PLAY IN ENGLISH AND HINDI



Pompey became Caesar’s son-in-law through political marriage—a common strategy among Roman elites to form alliances.
Here’s how it happened:
Marriage Alliance:
In 59 BCE, Gaius Julius Caesar offered his daughter Julia in marriage to Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great).
At the time, Pompey was much older than Julia (he was nearly 30 years older). The marriage helped strengthen trust and loyalty between Caesar and Pompey during their political rise.
Julia and Pompey reportedly had a loving and stable relationship, which helped maintain peace between the two powerful men.

This alliance helped to cement the First Triumvirate—an informal political alliance among: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus in 60 BCE. It was not an official or legal institution of the Roman Republic, but rather a private agreement among three powerful men to dominate Roman politics.

Why Was the First Triumvirate Formed?
Each member had personal ambitions and political goals that they could not achieve alone due to opposition from the Roman Senate:
1. Julius Caesar wanted to become consul and gain a military command to build his reputation and power. He needed support for his land reforms and political agenda.
2. Pompey the Great had returned victorious from eastern campaigns (e.g., defeating Mithridates VI of Pontus. He achieved this victory in the Third Mithridatic War, specifically at the Battle of the Lycus in 66 BC. This victory led to Mithridates fleeing to the Crimean Peninsula and ultimately contributed to the end of the war.) Pompey wanted the Senate to ratify his settlements in the East and distribute land to his veterans, but they resisted.
3. Marcus Crassus, the wealthiest man in Rome wanted tax relief and political support for his allies, especially the publicani (tax collectors) in Asia. (Publicani were public contractors, often wealthy individuals or companies, who managed the collection of public revenues, such as taxes and customs duties, or undertook public works projects. They essentially acted as intermediaries between the Roman state and the public, bidding for contracts to collect taxes or manage state property and then profiting from the difference between what they collected and what they paid the state.)

Thus, they joined forces to overcome the Senate's resistance and mutually support each other's interests.

What Was the Result of the formation of the First Triumvirate?
Immediate Effects: Caesar was elected Consul {Diplomat/Ambassador/ Representative}in 59 BCE with their support. He passed laws favouring both Pompey (land for soldiers) and Crassus (financial relief). Caesar received a five-year command in Gaul, where he built a powerful army and reputation.

(Julius Caesar was elected consul in 59 BC. He ran for the position to gain political power and influence, and to further his ambitions of military glory and political dominance. He achieved this by forming an alliance with Pompey and Crassus, known as the First Triumvirate, which helped him overcome opposition from the Senate and secure the consulship. 
Here's a more detailed explanation:
Political Ambitions:
Caesar desired the consulship as a stepping stone to greater power and influence. It was the highest office in the Roman Republic, and holding it would allow him to enact laws, command armies, and shape Roman policy. 
First Triumvirate:
Caesar strategically allied himself with Pompey and Crassus, two powerful and influential figures in Rome. This alliance, the First Triumvirate, provided him with the necessary political and financial support to win the consulship. 
Senate Opposition:
The Senate, traditionally opposed to Caesar's rise, attempted to thwart his ambitions by assigning unfavourable provinces to the future consuls and supporting a rival candidate, Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus. 
Overcoming Obstacles:
Despite the Senate's efforts, Caesar secured the consulship, demonstrating his political acumen and ability to rally support. 
Consulship as a Launchpad:
Caesar's consulship in 59 BC marked a turning point in his career. It allowed him to enact policies that benefited his allies, further consolidated his power, and ultimately paved the way for his military campaigns in Gaul. 
* Gaul was a historical region of western Europe during the Iron Age and Roman era, roughly encompassing modern-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of the Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland. It was primarily inhabited by Celtic tribes, known as the Gauls, who were later conquered by the Roman Republic under Julius Caesar.

Long-term Consequences:
1. The alliance weakened the Roman Republic by bypassing traditional Senate power.
2. After Crassus died in 53 BCE (at the Battle of Carrhae), tensions grew between Caesar and Pompey.
3. Pompey aligned with the Senate against Caesar, leading to the Roman Civil War.
4. Caesar emerged victorious and later became dictator for life, ending the Republic and paving the way for the Roman Empire.

The End of the Alliance:
Julia died in 54 BCE, likely during childbirth. Her death weakened the personal bond between Caesar and Pompey. After Crassus died in 53 BCE, the Triumvirate collapsed. Eventually, Pompey turned against Caesar, leading to the civil war that began with Caesar crossing the Rubicon in 49 BCE.

*
The Battle of Pharsalus (48 BCE/Before the Common Era) was fought because of a power struggle between two of Rome’s most powerful leaders:
Julius Caesar (leader of the Populares faction)
Pompey the Great (leader of the Optimates, supported by the Roman Senate
Reason:
The battle was the climax of a civil war that broke out due to:
1. Power rivalry between Caesar and Pompey
1. The Senate’s fear of Caesar’s growing popularity and military success
1. Caesar’s defiance of the Senate by crossing the Rubicon River in 49 BCE, which was considered an act of war
1. Pompey being appointed by the Senate as the defender of the Republic
The Immediate Cause:
Caesar had marched into Italy and taken control without resistance.
Pompey and the Senate fled to Greece, where they raised a large army.
Caesar pursued Pompey and engaged him in battle at Pharsalus, in central Greece.
The Result:
Decisive victory for Caesar
Pompey fled to Egypt, where he was later murdered
This battle made Caesar the most powerful man in Rome.
*Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) was killed in 48 BCE
in Egypt, specifically Pelusium, a port city on the eastern edge of the Nile Delta, by agents of the Egyptian Pharaoh Ptolemy XIII, who hoped to win favour with Julius Caesar, who was pursuing Pompey after defeating him in the Battle of Pharsalus.
Context:
After losing the Battle of Pharsalus in Greece (48 BCE) to Caesar during the Roman civil war, Pompey fled to Egypt, seeking refuge. However, the young Egyptian king Ptolemy XIII, trying to gain Caesar's support in his own conflict against his sister Cleopatra, betrayed and murdered Pompey upon his arrival.
When Caesar arrived shortly afterward and was presented with Pompey’s severed head, he was reportedly shocked and saddened, as Pompey had once been his ally and son-in-law.

The Battle of Munda, fought on 17 March 45 BCE, was the final and decisive battle of Julius Caesar’s civil war against the Pompeian forces.
Background:
After the defeat of Pompey the Great (Caesar’s rival) at the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BCE and Pompey’s death in Egypt, his sons Gnaeus Pompey and Sextus Pompey, along with Titus Labienus (a former ally of Caesar), continued the resistance in Hispania (modern-day Spain).

The Battle: Caesar faced a strong and determined Pompeian army near the town of Munda. Despite being outnumbered and on unfavorable terrain, Caesar personally led his troops in the attack.
The fighting was fierce and lasted for hours, with Caesar later remarking it was the only time he fought for his life. But, a tactical shift of troops by Gnaeus to meet a Roman cavalry (horse regiment) attack was misunderstood by the rest of his army. Thinking a retreat had begun, they broke, Caesar’s legions (masses) broke through, killing Titus Labienus and forcing Gnaeus Pompey to flee (he was later captured and executed). Eventually Caesar won the war ending organized resistance against him. This made him the unchallenged ruler of Rome.

Then, Julius Caesar returns to Rome in triumph, after a military victory over Pompey's sons in Spain.
This return marks the beginning of the play, and the commoners are celebrating, which angers the tribunes Flavius and Marullus, who fear Caesar is gaining too much power and may become a tyrant.


เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•ैเคธे เคฌเคจा เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ा เคฆाเคฎाเคฆ:

เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ा เคฆाเคฎाเคฆ เคเค• เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคตिเคตाเคน เค•े เคฎाเคง्เคฏเคฎ เคธे เคฌเคจा—เคฏเคน เคฐोเคฎเคจ เค…เคญिเคœाเคค เคตเคฐ्เค— เค•े เคฌीเคš เค—เค เคฌंเคงเคจ เคฌเคจाเคจे เค•ी เคเค• เคธाเคฎाเคจ्เคฏ เคฐเคฃเคจीเคคि เคฅी।
เค•ैเคธे เคนुเค† เคฏเคน เคตिเคตाเคน:
59 เคˆเคธा เคชूเคฐ्เคต เคฎें เค—ाเคˆเคฏเคธ เคœूเคฒिเคฏเคธ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคจे เค…เคชเคจी เคฌेเคŸी เคœूเคฒिเคฏा เค•ा เคตिเคตाเคน เค—्เคจेเคธ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆเคฏเคธ เคฎैเค—्เคจเคธ (เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคฆ เค—्เคฐेเคŸ) เคธे เค•เคฐ เคฆिเคฏा।
เค‰เคธ เคธเคฎเคฏ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ, เคœूเคฒिเคฏा เคธे เคฒเค—เคญเค— 30 เคตเคฐ्เคท เคฌเคก़ा เคฅा। เคฏเคน เคตिเคตाเคน เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค”เคฐ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•े เคฌीเคš เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ เค”เคฐ เคตเคซाเคฆाเคฐी เค•ो เคฎเคœเคฌूเคค เค•เคฐเคจे เคฎें เคธเคนाเคฏเค• เคนुเค†।
เคฌเคคाเคฏा เคœाเคคा เคนै เค•ि เคœूเคฒिเคฏा เค”เคฐ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•े เคฌीเคš เคช्เคฐेเคฎเคชूเคฐ्เคฃ เค”เคฐ เคธ्เคฅिเคฐ เคธंเคฌंเคง เคฅा, เคœिเคธเคธे เคฆोเคจों เคถเค•्เคคिเคถाเคฒी เคจेเคคाเค“ं เค•े เคฌीเคš เคถांเคคि เคฌเคจी เคฐเคนी।

เคฏเคน เคตिเคตाเคน เคช्เคฐเคฅเคฎ เคค्เคฐเคฏी (First Triumvirate) เค•े เค—เค เคจ เค•ो เคธुเคฆृเคข़ เค•เคฐเคจे เคฎें เคธเคนाเคฏเค• เคฌเคจा—เคฏเคน เคเค• เค…เคจौเคชเคšाเคฐिเค• เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคธเคฎเคौเคคा เคฅा เคœो เคคीเคจ เคช्เคฐเคญाเคตเคถाเคฒी เคฒोเค—ों เค•े เคฌीเคš เคนुเค†:
เคœूเคฒिเคฏเคธ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ, เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคฆ เค—्เคฐेเคŸ, เค”เคฐ เคฎाเคฐ्เค•เคธ เคฒिเค•िเคจिเคฏเคธ เค•्เคฐैเคธเคธ (60 เคˆ.เคชू.)।
เคฏเคน เค•ोเคˆ เค•ाเคจूเคจी เคธंเคธ्เคฅा เคจเคนीं เคฅी, เคฌเคฒ्เค•ि เคคीเคจ เคถเค•्เคคिเคถाเคฒी เคจेเคคाเค“ं เค•े เคฌीเคš เคธเคค्เคคा เคธाเคा เค•เคฐเคจे เค•ा เคเค• เคจिเคœी เคธเคฎเคौเคคा เคฅा।


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เคช्เคฐเคฅเคฎ เคค्เคฐเคฏी เค•्เคฏों เคฌเคจाเคˆ เค—เคˆ เคฅी?
เคนเคฐ เคธเคฆเคธ्เคฏ เค•े เคชाเคธ เค…เคชเคจी เคต्เคฏเค•्เคคिเค—เคค เคฎเคนเคค्เคตाเค•ांเค•्เคทाเคं เค”เคฐ เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคฒเค•्เคท्เคฏ เคฅे, เคœिเคจ्เคนें เคตे เค…เค•ेเคฒे เคนाเคธिเคฒ เคจเคนीं เค•เคฐ เคธเค•เคคे เคฅे เค•्เคฏोंเค•ि เคฐोเคฎเคจ เคธीเคจेเคŸ เค‰เคจเค•ा เคตिเคฐोเคง เค•เคฐ เคฐเคนी เคฅी:

1. เคœूเคฒिเคฏเคธ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ॉเคจ्เคธเคฒ เคฌเคจเคจा เคšाเคนเคคा เคฅा เค”เคฐ เคเค• เคธैเคจ्เคฏ เค•เคฎाเคจ เคช्เคฐाเคช्เคค เค•เคฐเคจा เคšाเคนเคคा เคฅा เคœिเคธเคธे เคตเคน เค–्เคฏाเคคि เค”เคฐ เคถเค•्เคคि เค…เคฐ्เคœिเคค เค•เคฐ เคธเค•े। เค‰เคธे เคญूเคฎि เคธुเคงाเคฐों เค”เคฐ เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคเคœेंเคกे เค•े เคฒिเค เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคšाเคนिเค เคฅा।


2. เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคฆ เค—्เคฐेเคŸ เคจे เคชूเคฐ्เคตी เค…เคญिเคฏाเคจों เคฎें เคตिเคœเคฏ เคช्เคฐाเคช्เคค เค•ी เคฅी (เคœैเคธे เคฎिเคฅ्เคฐीเคกेเคŸ्เคธ เคทเคท्เค เคฎ เค•ी เคนाเคฐ, เคตिเคถेเคท เคฐूเคช เคธे 66 เคˆ.เคชू. เค•ी เคฒाเค‡เค•เคธ เค•ी เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ เคฎें)। เค‰เคธเคจे เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคธे เค…เคชเคจी เคชूเคฐ्เคตी เคตिเคœเคฏ เค•ी เคธ्เคตीเค•ृเคคि เค”เคฐ เคธैเคจिเค•ों เค•ो เคญूเคฎि เคตिเคคเคฐเคฃ เค•ी เคฎाँเค— เค•ी, เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคจे เคตिเคฐोเคง เค•िเคฏा।


3. เคฎाเคฐ्เค•เคธ เค•्เคฐैเคธเคธ, เคœो เคฐोเคฎ เค•ा เคธเคฌเคธे เคงเคจी เคต्เคฏเค•्เคคि เคฅा, เคเคถिเคฏा เคฎें เคŸैเค•्เคธ เค•เคฒेเค•्เคŸเคฐ्เคธ (เคชเคฌ्เคฒिเค•ाเคจी) เค•े เคฒिเค เค•เคฐ เคฐाเคนเคค เค”เคฐ เคฐाเคœเคจीเคคिเค• เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคšाเคนเคคा เคฅा।
(เคชเคฌ्เคฒिเค•ाเคจी เคตे เค ेเค•ेเคฆाเคฐ เคนोเคคे เคฅे เคœो เค•เคฐ เคธंเค—्เคฐเคน เคฏा เคธाเคฐ्เคตเคœเคจिเค• เคจिเคฐ्เคฎाเคฃ เค•े เค•ाเคฐ्เคฏ เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคธे เค…เคจुเคฌंเคง เค•े เค†เคงाเคฐ เคชเคฐ เค•เคฐเคคे เคฅे।)



เค‡เคธเคฒिเค เค‰เคจ्เคนोंเคจे เคฎिเคฒเค•เคฐ เคธीเคจेเคŸ เค•ा เคตिเคฐोเคง เค•िเคฏा เค”เคฐ เคเค•-เคฆूเคธเคฐे เค•े เคนिเคคों เค•ो เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคฆेเคจे เค•ा เคจिเคฐ्เคฃเคฏ เคฒिเคฏा।


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เคช्เคฐเคฅเคฎ เคค्เคฐเคฏी เค•े เค—เค เคจ เค•ा เคชเคฐिเคฃाเคฎ เค•्เคฏा เคนुเค†?

เคคाเคค्เค•ाเคฒिเค• เคช्เคฐเคญाเคต:

59 เคˆ.เคชू. เคฎें เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ॉเคจ्เคธเคฒ (เคฐाเคœเคฆूเคค/เคช्เคฐเคคिเคจिเคงि) เคšुเคจा เค—เคฏा।

เค‰เคธเคจे เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ (เคธैเคจिเค•ों เค•े เคฒिเค เคœ़เคฎीเคจ) เค”เคฐ เค•्เคฐैเคธเคธ (เคตिเคค्เคคीเคฏ เคฐाเคนเคค) เค•े เคชเค•्เคท เคฎें เค•ाเคจूเคจ เคชाเคธ เค•िเค।

เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ो เค—ॉเคฒ (เคซ्เคฐांเคธ เค†เคฆि) เคฎें เคชाँเคš เคตเคฐ्เคทों เค•ी เคธैเคจ्เคฏ เค•เคฎाเคจ เคฎिเคฒी, เคœเคนाँ เค‰เคธเคจे เคถเค•्เคคिเคถाเคฒी เคธेเคจा เค”เคฐ เคช्เคฐเคธिเคฆ्เคงि เค…เคฐ्เคœिเคค เค•ी।


เค•ॉเคจ्เคธเคฒ เคฌเคจเคจे เค•े เค‰เคฆ्เคฆेเคถ्เคฏ:
เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคจे เค•ॉเคจ्เคธเคฒ เคชเคฆ เค•ो เค†เค—े เค•ी เคธเคค्เคคा เค•े เคฒिเค เคธीเคข़ी เค•े เคฐूเคช เคฎें เคฆेเค–ा।
เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคจे เค‰เคธเค•े เค–िเคฒाเคซ เคทเคก्เคฏंเคค्เคฐ เคฐเคšे, เคœैเคธे เค‰เคธเค•े เคช्เคฐเคคिเคฆ्เคตंเคฆ्เคตी เคฌिเคฌुเคฒเคธ เค•ो เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคฆेเคจा เค”เคฐ เค‰เคธเค•े เคฒिเค เค…เคจुเคชเคฏुเค•्เคค เคช्เคฐांเคค เคจिเคฐ्เคงाเคฐिเคค เค•เคฐเคจा, เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคค्เคฐเคฏी เค•े เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคธे เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคธเคซเคฒ เคฐเคนा।

เค—ॉเคฒ เค•्เคฏा เคฅा?
เค—ॉเคฒ เคชเคถ्เคšिเคฎी เคฏूเคฐोเคช เค•ा เคเค• เคเคคिเคนाเคธिเค• เค•्เคทेเคค्เคฐ เคฅा (เค†เคœ เค•ा เคซ्เคฐांเคธ, เคฌेเคฒ्เคœिเคฏเคฎ, เคฒเค•्เคœ़เคฎเคฌเคฐ्เค— เค†เคฆि)। เคตเคนाँ เคฎुเค–्เคฏเคคः เคธेเคฒ्เคŸिเค• เคœเคจเคœाเคคिเคฏाँ เคฐเคนเคคी เคฅीं, เคœिเคจ्เคนें เคฌाเคฆ เคฎें เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคจे เคฐोเคฎ เค•े เค…เคงीเคจ เค•เคฐ เคฒिเคฏा।


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เคฆीเคฐ्เค˜เค•ाเคฒिเค• เคชเคฐिเคฃाเคฎ:

1. เค‡เคธ เคค्เคฐเคฏी เคจे เคธीเคจेเคŸ เค•ी เคชाเคฐंเคชเคฐिเค• เคถเค•्เคคि เค•ो เค•เคฎเคœ़ोเคฐ เค•िเคฏा।


2. 53 เคˆ.เคชू. เคฎें เค•्เคฐैเคธเคธ เค•ी เคฎृเคค्เคฏु เค•े เคฌाเคฆ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค”เคฐ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•े เคฌीเคš เคคเคจाเคต เคฌเคข़ เค—เคฏा।


3. เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคจे เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคธे เค—เค เคฌंเคงเคจ เค•िเคฏा เค”เคฐ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•े เคตिเคฐुเคฆ्เคง เค–เคก़ा เคนुเค†, เคœिเคธเคธे เคฐोเคฎ เค•ा เค—ृเคนเคฏुเคฆ्เคง เคถुเคฐू เคนुเค†।


4. เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ी เคตिเคœเคฏ เค•े เคฌाเคฆ เคตเคน เคœीเคตเคจเคญเคฐ เค•े เคฒिเค เคคाเคจाเคถाเคน เคฌเคจ เค—เคฏा, เค”เคฐ เค—เคฃเคฐाเคœ्เคฏ เคธเคฎाเคช्เคค เคนो เค—เคฏा। เค‡เคธเคธे เคฐोเคฎ เคธाเคฎ्เคฐाเคœ्เคฏ เค•ी เคจींเคต เคชเคก़ी।




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เค—เค เคฌंเคงเคจ เค•ा เค…ंเคค:

54 เคˆ.เคชू. เคฎें เคœूเคฒिเคฏा เค•ी เคฎृเคค्เคฏु (เคถाเคฏเคฆ เคช्เคฐเคธเคต เค•े เคฆौเคฐाเคจ) เคนुเคˆ। เค‡เคธเคธे เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค”เคฐ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•ा เคต्เคฏเค•्เคคिเค—เคค เคธंเคฌंเคง เคŸूเคŸ เค—เคฏा।

53 เคˆ.เคชू. เคฎें เค•्เคฐैเคธเคธ เค•े เคฎเคฐเคจे เคธे เคค्เคฐเคฏी เคŸूเคŸ เค—เคˆ।

เค…ंเคคเคคः เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคจे เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•े เค–िเคฒाเคซ เคฎोเคฐ्เคšा เคฒिเคฏा। 49 เคˆ.เคชू. เคฎें เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคจे เคฐुเคฌिเค•ॉเคจ เคจเคฆी เคชाเคฐ เค•เคฐเค•े เคฏुเคฆ्เคง เค•ा เคธंเค•ेเคค เคฆिเคฏा।



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เคซाเคฐ्เคธाเคฒเคธ เค•ी เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ (48 เคˆ.เคชू.):
เคฏเคน เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ เคฆो เคธเคฌเคธे เคถเค•्เคคिเคถाเคฒी เคจेเคคाเค“ं เค•े เคฌीเคš เคฒเคก़ी เค—เคˆ:

เคœूเคฒिเคฏเคธ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ (เคชोเคชुเคฒाเคฐेเคธ เค—ुเคŸ)

เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ (เค‘เคช्เคŸिเคฎेเคŸ्เคธ, เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเค•)


เค•ाเคฐเคฃ:

1. เคธเคค्เคคा เคธंเค˜เคฐ्เคท


2. เคธीเคจेเคŸ เค•ो เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ी เคฒोเค•เคช्เคฐिเคฏเคคा เคธे เคกเคฐ


3. เคฐुเคฌिเค•ॉเคจ เคชाเคฐ เค•เคฐเค•े เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ा เค–ुเคฒेเค†เคฎ เคตिเคฆ्เคฐोเคน


4. เคธीเคจेเคŸ เคฆ्เคตाเคฐा เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•ो "เค—เคฃเคฐाเคœ्เคฏ เค•ा เคฐเค•्เคทเค•" เคจिเคฏुเค•्เคค เค•เคฐเคจा



เคชเคฐिเคฃाเคฎ:

เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ी เคจिเคฐ्เคฃाเคฏเค• เคœीเคค

เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เคฎिเคธ्เคฐ เคญाเค—ा, เคœเคนाँ เค‰เคธเค•ी เคนเคค्เคฏा เค•เคฐ เคฆी เค—เคˆ

เค…เคฌ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคฐोเคฎเคจ เคธเคค्เคคा เค•ा เคธเคฐ्เคตोเคš्เคš เคจेเคคा เคฌเคจ เค—เคฏा

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เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•ी เคนเคค्เคฏा (48 เคˆ.เคชू.):
เคฎिเคธ्เคฐ เค•े เคชेเคฒुเคธिเคฏเคฎ เคจाเคฎเค• เคฌंเคฆเคฐเค—ाเคน เคชเคฐ เคŸोเคฒेเคฎी XIII (เคฎिเคธ्เคฐ เค•ा เคฏुเคตा เคฐाเคœा) เค•े เคเคœेंเคŸों เคจे เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•ी เคนเคค्เคฏा เค•เคฐ เคฆी।
เคŸोเคฒेเคฎी เคจे เคฏเคน เคนเคค्เคฏा เค‡เคธเคฒिเค เค•เคฐเคตाเคˆ เคคाเค•ि เคตเคน เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ा เคธเคฎเคฐ्เคฅเคจ เคช्เคฐाเคช्เคค เค•เคฐ เคธเค•े।
เคœเคฌ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคชเคนुँเคšा เค”เคฐ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•ा เค•เคŸा เคธिเคฐ เคฆेเค–ा, เคคो เคตเคน เคฆुเค–ी เคนुเค† เค•्เคฏोंเค•ि เคตเคน เคเค• เคธเคฎเคฏ เค‰เคธเค•ा เคธเคนเคฏोเค—ी เค”เคฐ เคฆाเคฎाเคฆ เคฐเคน เคšुเค•ा เคฅा।

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เคฎुंเคกा เค•ी เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ (17 เคฎाเคฐ्เคš, 45 เคˆ.เคชू.):
เคฏเคน เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ी เค—ृเคนเคฏुเคฆ्เคง เคฎें เค…ंเคคिเคฎ เคจिเคฐ्เคฃाเคฏเค• เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ เคฅी।
เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ เค•े เคชुเคค्เคฐ เค—्เคจेเคธ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ, เคธेเค•्เคธ्เคŸเคธ เคชोเคฎ्เคชेเคˆ, เค”เคฐ เคŸाเค‡เคŸเคธ เคฒैเคฌीเคจเคธ เคจे เคธ्เคชेเคจ เคฎें เคตिเคฆ्เคฐोเคน เคœाเคฐी เคฐเค–ा।

เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ เค•ा เคตिเคตเคฐเคฃ:

เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคจे เคฎुंเคกा เคจाเคฎเค• เคธ्เคฅाเคจ เค•े เคชाเคธ เคช्เคฐเคคिเคฐोเคงी เคธेเคจा เคธे เคฎुเค•ाเคฌเคฒा เค•िเคฏा।

เคฏुเคฆ्เคง เคฌเคนुเคค เคญीเคทเคฃ เคฅा।

เค—्เคจेเคธ เคจे เคเค• เค˜ुเคก़เคธเคตाเคฐ เคนเคฎเคฒे เคธे เคฌเคšเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค เค…เคชเคจी เคธेเคจा เค•ो เคธ्เคฅाเคจांเคคเคฐिเคค เค•िเคฏा, เคœिเคธे เค‰เคจเค•ी เคธेเคจा เคจे เคชीเค›े เคนเคŸเคจा เคธเคฎเคा เค”เคฐ เคตे เคŸूเคŸ เค—เค।

เคฒैเคฌीเคจเคธ เคฎाเคฐा เค—เคฏा, เค—्เคจेเคธ เคญाเค—ा เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคฌाเคฆ เคฎें เคชเค•เคก़ा เค—เคฏा เค”เคฐ เคฎाเคฐा เค—เคฏा।

เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ी เคตिเคœเคฏ เค•े เคธाเคฅ เคธंเค—เค िเคค เคตिเคฐोเคง เคธเคฎाเคช्เคค เคนो เค—เคฏा। เคตเคน เค…เคฌ เคจिเคฐ्เคตिเคฐोเคง เคถाเคธเค• เคฌเคจ เค—เคฏा।

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เคซिเคฐ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคฐोเคฎ เคฒौเคŸा—เคตिเคœเคฏी เคนोเค•เคฐ।
เคฏเคนीं เคธे เคถेเค•्เคธเคชिเคฏเคฐ เค•े เคจाเคŸเค• ‘เคœूเคฒिเคฏเคธ เคธीเคœ़เคฐ’ เค•ी เคถुเคฐुเค†เคค เคนोเคคी เคนै।
เค†เคฎ เคฒोเค— เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เค•ी เคœीเคค เค•ा เคœเคถ्เคจ เคฎเคจा เคฐเคนे เคนोเคคे เคนैं, เคฒेเค•िเคจ เคŸ्เคฐाเค‡เคฌ्เคฏूเคจ เคซ्เคฒाเคตिเคฏเคธ เค”เคฐ เคฎเคฐुเคฒ्เคฒเคธ เค•ो เคกเคฐ เคนोเคคा เคนै เค•ि เคธीเคœ़เคฐ เคฌเคนुเคค เคคाเค•เคคเคตเคฐ เคนो เค—เคฏा เคนै เค”เคฐ เคถाเคฏเคฆ เคคाเคจाเคถाเคน เคฌเคจ เคœाเค।


Courtesy: ChatGPT, Meta AI, Google AI

Wednesday, 18 June 2025

เฌ“เฌก଼ିเฌ† เฌ•เฌฌିเฌคା "เฌฌାเฌชା"/ TRANSLATED ENGLISH POEM "PAPA"

 ❤️ เฌฌାเฌชା ❤️


เฌนเฌœାเฌฐେ เฌ•เฌฌିเฌคା เฌฒେเฌ–ିเฌฒିเฌฃି เฌนେเฌฒେ

เฌฎเฌจେ เฌคୃเฌช୍เฌคି เฌฆେเฌ‰ เฌจାเฌนିଁ !

เฌฌାเฌชା เฌฌୋเฌฒି เฌชเฌฆେ เฌฒେเฌ–ିเฌฆେเฌฒେ เฌนୃเฌฆେ

เฌ†เฌจเฌจ୍เฌฆ เฌขେเฌ‰ เฌ–େเฌณเฌ‡ !!


เฌฌାเฌชା เฌฌเฌŸเฌฌୃเฌ•୍เฌท, เฌฌାเฌชା เฌฆେเฌฌାเฌณเญŸ ,

เฌฌାเฌชା เฌธୁเฌฌିเฌถାเฌณ เฌฌ୍เญŸୋเฌฎ !

เฌคାเฌ™୍เฌ•เฌฐି เฌ‰เฌš୍เฌšเฌคା เฌฎାเฌชି เฌนୁเฌ เฌจାเฌนିଁ ,

เฌธିเฌ เฌฎเฌนାเฌชୁเฌฃ୍เญŸ เฌงାเฌฎ !!


เฌจାเฌฐୀเฌ•େเฌณ เฌชเฌฐି เฌ‰เฌชเฌฐ เฌ•เฌ ିเฌจ,

เฌฎเฌจเฌŸି เฌจเฌฐเฌฎ เฌญାเฌฐି !

เฌ…เฌจୁเฌถାเฌธเฌจเฌฐେ เฌ—เฌขି เฌฆେเฌ‡เฌฅାเฌจ୍เฌคି

เฌฎାเฌŸିเฌ•ୁ เฌฎเฌฃିเฌท เฌ•เฌฐି !!


เฌฎାเฌŸିเฌฌୈเฌ•ୁเฌฃ୍เฌ เฌฐ เฌšเฌณเฌจ୍เฌคି เฌฆେเฌฌเฌคା ,

เฌฌିเฌถ୍เญฑାเฌธเฌฐ เฌฌୋเฌงିเฌฆ୍เฌฐୁเฌฎ !

เฌคୁเฌณเฌจା เฌคୁเฌฎเฌฐ เฌ•ା' เฌธเฌ™୍เฌ—େ เฌ•เฌฐିเฌฌି ,

เฌถเฌฌ୍เฌฆเฌ•ୋเฌท เฌนେเฌฌ เฌญ୍เฌฐเฌฎ !!


เฌ…เฌจ୍เฌงାเฌฐเฌฐୁ เฌธିเฌ เฌ†เฌฒୁเฌ… เฌ†เฌก଼เฌ•ୁ

เฌนାเฌคเฌงเฌฐି เฌจେเฌ‰เฌฅା'เฌจ୍เฌคି !

เฌฐเฌ•୍เฌทା เฌ•เฌฌเฌšเฌŸେ เฌนୋเฌ‡ เฌชୁเฌฃି เฌธିเฌ 

เฌชାเฌ–େเฌชାเฌ–େ เฌฐเฌนିเฌฅା'เฌจ୍เฌคି !!


เฌୁเฌฃ୍เฌŸି เฌชเฌกୁเฌฅିเฌฒେ เฌชเฌกିเฌฌା เฌ†เฌ—เฌฐୁ

เฌ†เฌฆเฌฐେ เฌจିเฌ…เฌจ୍เฌคି เฌคୋเฌณି !

เฌฎୁଁ เฌธିเฌจା เฌคାเฌ™୍เฌ•เฌฐି เฌ—େเฌฒ୍เฌนେเฌ‡ เฌฌเฌจିเฌคା ,

เฌธେ เฌฎୋเฌฐ เฌ…เฌณି เฌ…เฌฐ୍เฌฆ୍เฌฆเฌณି !!


เฌฌାเฌชା เฌกାเฌ•ିเฌฆେเฌฒେ เฌเฌฐเฌ‡ เฌฌเฌนเฌณେ

เฌถ୍เฌฐเฌฆ୍เฌงା เฌญเฌ•เฌคିเฌฐ เฌซୁเฌฒ !

เฌฎୋ' เฌšเฌฒାเฌชเฌฅเฌฐେ เฌ†เฌชେ เฌฌୁเฌฃି เฌนୁเฌ

เฌคାเฌ™୍เฌ• เฌชୁเฌฃ୍เญŸ เฌ•เฌฐ୍เฌฎเฌซเฌณ !!


เฌœୀเฌฌเฌจ เฌชเฌฅเฌฐେ เฌ†เฌฒୋเฌ•เฌตเฌฐ୍เฌค୍เฌคିเฌ•ା ,

เฌ•เฌฐ୍เฌฎเฌฐେ เฌ•เฌฐ୍เฌฎ-เฌธଂเฌนିเฌคା !

เฌ•ୋเฌŸିเฌ เฌช୍เฌฐเฌฃାเฌฎ เฌคାเฌ™୍เฌ•เฌฐି เฌชାเฌฆเฌฐେ

เฌธେ เฌฎୋ' เฌญାเฌ—เฌฌเฌค เฌ—ୀเฌคା !!


๐ŸŒนเฌฒୋเฌชାเฌฎୁเฌฆ୍เฌฐା เฌœେเฌจା ๐ŸŒน

Friday, 6 June 2025

Scout Shows The Way.

 Great! Here's a full breakdown based on your request for "Scout Shows the Way" — a chapter from To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. (Please note: This phrase usually refers to a part of the final chapters, especially Chapter 29 or 30, where Scout leads Boo Radley home.)

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 Summary of "Scout Shows the Way"
This part of the novel takes place after Bob Ewell attacks Scout and Jem on their way home from a Halloween pageant. Boo Radley, the mysterious neighbor they've feared and fantasized about, rescues them and carries the injured Jem home.
At the Finch household, Atticus and Sheriff Heck Tate discuss what happened. Scout slowly realizes the shy, pale man in the corner is Boo Radley. Atticus believes Jem killed Bob Ewell in self-defense, but Sheriff Tate insists Bob fell on his knife, subtly protecting Boo from public attention.
The title "Scout Shows the Way" refers to the tender moment when Scout leads Boo Radley to his home, allowing him to maintain his privacy and dignity. As she walks him back, Scout gains new maturity, understanding empathy — seeing the world from someone else’s perspective, as Atticus had taught her.

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Paraphrasing / Explanation of Specific Parts
If you have a specific passage or line, please paste it here, and I’ll paraphrase or explain it in simple terms.
But here’s a famous moment from this section:
> “Hey, Boo,” I said.


This simple line is powerful. It shows Scout is no longer afraid of Boo Radley. She sees him as a real person, not a ghost or legend, and treats him with kindness and familiarity.
Another:
> “Atticus was right. One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in them.”


Here, Scout understands what Atticus had been trying to teach her all along — true empathy. She finally sees the world through Boo’s eyes, especially when she walks him back to his house.

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Character Analysis
Scout Finch
Grows from innocence to understanding.
Shows compassion by treating Boo kindly.
Her guiding Boo shows her emotional maturity.

Boo Radley (Arthur Radley)
Revealed as a shy, gentle man.
He becomes the true hero by saving the children.
Scout’s interaction with him shows how appearances can be misleading.

Atticus Finch
Upholds justice but is willing to let the truth be softened to protect Boo.
Represents moral integrity, but also understands the need for compassion over strict legality.

Heck Tate
Shows wisdom by insisting that Bob Ewell "fell on his knife".
Understands the importance of protecting someone good (Boo) from unnecessary harm.


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 Themes
1. Empathy and Understanding
Scout walking Boo home symbolizes stepping into another person’s shoes.

2. Loss of Innocence / Coming of Age
Scout has grown — she now sees people, not monsters or stories.

3. Justice vs. Mercy
The law may say one thing, but Sheriff Tate and Atticus understand the greater moral truth.

4. Good vs. Evil
Bob Ewell represents blind hatred and evil; Boo Radley represents quiet goodness.


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 Important Quotes
1. “Hey, Boo.”
Simple, but shows a complete emotional shift in Scout.


2. “Let the dead bury the dead.” – Heck Tate
Suggests they should move on without punishing Boo, as justice has been served in a deeper way.


3. “It'd be sort of like shootin' a mockingbird, wouldn't it?” – Scout
Recognizes that exposing Boo would be cruel, just like killing something innocent.




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Would you like help with exam-style questions, themes for essays, or a character sketch next?

x

Monday, 2 June 2025

WHAT'S THE UTMOST JOY FOR THE PARENTS?


WHAT'S THE UTMOST JOY FOR THE PARENTS?

What's the utmost joy for the parents, according to you?
When they are surpassed and humbled by their offspring in life's battle,
When they are vanquished by their kids who lead the rest in the stiff queue,
Who, in the face of adversity, keep their cool and fortitude, to prove their mettle.

What's, according to you, the utmost joy for the parents?
When their progeny listen to their sermons like those of the saints,
When they have unshakable trust in them before sculpting their life's tents,
When they pluck their unfulfilled dreams swimming against the currents.

What's the utmost joy for the parents, according to you?
When their broods turn the torn fabrics into apparels embroidered and new,
Who, sticking to the ethos, quit deviltry, to find like the Uncommon Jew,
Who set a unique trend to be followed, never to be refuted even by the few.

Yes, these are my secrets of the parents' joy.
If I'm true I'm a parent or I'm a wooden toy.

Image courtesy: Shutterstock. com

Copyright: Dr. Shankar D Mishra
Composed on 02/03.06.2025

Please share this poem to all the children.


Glossary and Hindi version of the poem are by: Meta AI

*Stanza 1:*
- *Surpassed*: (เค‰เคค्เค•ृเคท्เคŸ - Utkrishแนญ) - exceeded or outdone
- *Humbled*: (เคจเคฎ्เคฐ - Namr) - made to feel modest or less proud
- *Fortitude*: (เคงैเคฐ्เคฏ - Dhairya) - strength and courage in the face of adversity
- *Mettle*: (เค•्เคทเคฎเคคा - Kshamata) - natural ability or talent

*Stanza 2:*
- *Sermons*: (เค‰เคชเคฆेเคถ - Updesh) - lectures or talks, often moral or religious
- *Unshakable trust*: (เค…เคŸเคฒ เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ - Atal Vishwas) - complete and unwavering confidence
- *Sculpting*: (เค†เค•ाเคฐ เคฆेเคจा - Aakar Dena) - shaping or molding

*Stanza 3:*
- *Broods*: (เคธंเคคाเคจ - Santan) - children or offspring
- *Ethos*: (เค†เคšाเคฐ-เคตिเคšाเคฐ - Achar-Vichar) - moral character or values
- *Deviltry*: (เคฆुเคท्เคŸเคคा - Dushแนญata) - wicked or mischievous behavior
- *Uncommon Jew*: refers to Albert Einstein

Here's the Hindi version of the poem: 

เคฎाเคคा-เคชिเคคा เค•े เคฒिเค เคธเคฌเคธे เคฌเคก़ी เค–ुเคถी เค•्เคฏा เคนै?

เคฎाเคคा-เคชिเคคा เค•े เคฒिเค เคธเคฌเคธे เคฌเคก़ी เค–ुเคถी เค•्เคฏा เคนै, เค†เคชเค•ी เคฐाเคฏ เคฎें?
เคœเคฌ เคตे เคœीเคตเคจ เค•ी เคฒเคก़ाเคˆ เคฎें เค…เคชเคจे เคธंเคคाเคจों เคธे เคชเคฐाเคœिเคค เคนोเคคे เคนैं,
เคœเคฌ เคตे เค…เคชเคจे เคฌเคš्เคšों เคธे เคนाเคฐ เคœाเคคे เคนैं เคœो เคธเคฌเคธे เค†เค—े เค–เคก़े เคนोเคคे เคนैं,
เคœो เคช्เคฐเคคिเค•ूเคฒ เคชเคฐिเคธ्เคฅिเคคिเคฏों เคฎें เคญी เค…เคชเคจे เคงैเคฐ्เคฏ เค”เคฐ เคธाเคนเคธ เค•ो เคฌเคจाเค เคฐเค–เคคे เคนैं,
เค…เคชเคจी เค•्เคทเคฎเคคा เคธाเคฌिเคค เค•เคฐเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค।

เคฎाเคคा-เคชिเคคा เค•े เคฒिเค เคธเคฌเคธे เคฌเคก़ी เค–ुเคถी เค•्เคฏा เคนै, เค†เคชเค•ी เคฐाเคฏ เคฎें?
เคœเคฌ เค‰เคจเค•े เคฌเคš्เคšे เค‰เคจเค•े เค‰เคชเคฆेเคถों เค•ो เคธंเคคों เค•े เคตเคšเคจों เค•ी เคคเคฐเคน เคธुเคจเคคे เคนैं,
เคœเคฌ เคตे เค…เคชเคจे เคœीเคตเคจ เค•े เคฒเค•्เคท्เคฏों เค•ो เคจिเคฐ्เคงाเคฐिเคค เค•เคฐเคจे เคธे เคชเคนเคฒे เค‰เคจ เคชเคฐ เค…เคŸเคฒ เคตिเคถ्เคตाเคธ เคฐเค–เคคे เคนैं,
เคœเคฌ เคตे เค…เคชเคจी เค…เคงूเคฐी เค‡เคš्เค›ाเค“ं เค•ो เคชूเคฐा เค•เคฐเคจे เค•े เคฒिเค เคธंเค˜เคฐ्เคท เค•เคฐเคคे เคนैं।

เคฎाเคคा-เคชिเคคा เค•े เคฒिเค เคธเคฌเคธे เคฌเคก़ी เค–ुเคถी เค•्เคฏा เคนै, เค†เคชเค•ी เคฐाเคฏ เคฎें?
เคœเคฌ เค‰เคจเค•े เคฌเคš्เคšे เคŸूเคŸे เคนुเค เค•เคชเคก़ों เค•ो เคจเค เค”เคฐ เคธुंเคฆเคฐ เคตเคธ्เคค्เคฐों เคฎें เคฌเคฆเคฒ เคฆेเคคे เคนैं,
เคœो เค…เคชเคจे เค†เคฆเคฐ्เคถों เค•ो เคฌเคจाเค เคฐเค–เคคे เคนुเค เคฆुเคท्เคŸเคคा เค•ो เคค्เคฏाเค— เคฆेเคคे เคนैं,
เคœो เคเค• เค…เคจोเค–ा เค‰เคฆाเคนเคฐเคฃ เคช्เคฐเคธ्เคคुเคค เค•เคฐเคคे เคนैं เคœिเคธे เค•ुเค› เคšुเคจिंเคฆा เคฒोเค— เคญी เคจเค•ाเคฐ เคจเคนीं เคธเค•เคคे।

เคนाँ, เคฏे เคนैं เคฎाเคคा-เคชिเคคा เค•ी เค–ुเคถी เค•े เคฐเคนเคธ्เคฏ।
เค…เค—เคฐ เคฎैं เคธเคš เค•เคน เคฐเคนा เคนूँ, เคคो เคฎैं เคเค• เคฎाเคคा-เคชिเคคा เคนूँ เคฏा เคเค• เคฒเค•เคก़ी เค•ा เค–िเคฒौเคจा।