JULIUS CAESAR, ACT V: SCENE - I
The Plains of Philippi
Enter
Octavius, Antony and their army.
OCTAVIUS
-
Now, Antony, our hopes are answered:
You
said the enemy would not come down,
But
keep the hills and upper regions,
It
proves not so: their battles are at hand,
They
mean to warn us at Philippi here,
Answering
before we do demand of them.
ANTONY
-
Tut, I am in their bosoms, and I know
Wherefore
they do it: they could be content
To
visit other places; and come down
With
fearful bravery, thinking by this face
To
fasten in our thoughts that they have courage;
But 'tis not so.
Enter
a Messenger
Messenger
-
Prepare you, generals:
The
enemy comes on in gallant show,
Their
bloody sign of battle is hung out,
And
something to be done immediately.
ANTONY-Octavius, lead
your battle softly on,
Upon
the left hand of the even field.
OCTAVIUS
-
Upon the right hand I, keep thou the left.
ANTONY-Why do you cross
me in this exigent?
OCTAVIUS-I do not cross
you, but I will do so. March
Drum. Enter BRUTUS, CASSIUS, and their
Army;
LUCILIUS, TITINIUS, MESSALA, and others.
BRUTUS-They stand, and
would have parley
CASSIUS-Stand fast,
Titinius: we must out and talk.
OCTAVIUS-Mark Antony, shall
we give sign of battle?
ANTONY-No, Caesar, we
will answer on their charge.
Make
forth; the generals would have some words.
OCTAVIUS-Stir not until the
signal.
BRUTUS
-
Words before blows: is it so, countrymen?
OCTAVIUS-Not that we love
words better, as you do.
BRUTUS-Good words are
better than bad strokes, Octavius.
ANTONY
-
In your bad strokes, Brutus, you give good words:
Witness
the hole you made in Caesar's heart,
Crying
'Long live! hail, Caesar!"
CASSIUS
-
Antony,
The
posture of your blows are yet unknown;
But
for your words, they rob the Hybla bees,
And
leave them honeyless.
ANTONY
-
Not stingless too.
BRUTUS
-
O, yes, and soundless too;
For
you have stol'n their buzzing, Antony,
And
very wisely threat before you sting.
ANTONY
-
Villains, you did not so, when your vile daggers
Hack'd
one another in the sides of Caesar:
You
show'd your teeth like apes, and fawn'd like hounds,
And
bow'd like bondmen, kissing Caesar's feet;
Whilst
damned Casca, like a cur, behind
Struck
Caesar on the neck. O you flatterers!
CASSIUS
-
Flatterers! Now, Brutus, thank yourself:
This
tongue had not offended so to-day,
If
Cassius might have ruled.
OCTAVIUS-Come, come, the
cause if arguing make us sweat,
The
proof of it will turn to redder drops, Look;
I
draw a sword against conspirators,
When
think you that the sword goes up again?
Never,
till Caesar's three and thirty wounds
Be
well avenged, or till another Caesar
Have
added slaughter to the sword of traitors.
BRUTUS-Caesar, thou canst
not die by traitors' hands,
Unless
thou bring'st them with thee.
OCTAVIUS-So I hope;
I
was not born to die on Brutus' sword.
BRUTUS-O, if thou wert
the noblest of thy strain,
Young
man, thou couldst not die more honourable.
CASSIUS-A peevish
schoolboy, worthless of such honour,
Join'd
with a masker and a reveller!
ANTONY
-
Old Cassius still!
OCTAVIUS-Come, Antony,
away!
Defiance,
traitors, hurl we in your teeth:
If
you dare fight to-day, come to the field,
If
not, when you have stomachs.
Exeunt OCTAVIUS, ANTONY, and their army
CASSIUS
-
Why, now, blow wind, swell billow and swim bark!
The
storm is up, and all is on the hazard.
BRUTUS-Ho, Lucilius!
hark, a word with you.
LUCILIUS
-
[Standing forth] My lord? BRUTUS and LUCILIUS converse apart
CASSIUS-Messala!
MESSALA-[Standing forth]
What says my general?
CASSIUS-Messala,
This
is my birth-day, as this very day
Was
Cassius born. Give me thy hand, Messala:
Be
thou my witness that against my will,
As
Pompey was, am I compell'd to set
Upon
one battle all our liberties.
You
know that I held Epicurus strong
And
his opinion: now I change my mind,
And
partly credit things that do presage.
Coming
from Sardis, on our former ensign
Two
mighty eagles fell, and there they perch'd,
Gorging
and feeding from our soldiers' hands;
Who
to Philippi here consorted us:
This
morning are they fled away and gone;
And
in their steads do ravens, crows and kites,
Fly
o'er our heads and downward look on us,
As
we were sickly prey: their shadows seem
A
canopy most fatal, under which
Our
army lies, ready to give up the ghost.
MESSALA
-
Believe not so.
CASSIUS
-
I but believe it partly;
For
I am fresh of spirit and resolved
To
meet all perils very constantly.
BRUTUS
-
Even so, Lucilius.
CASSIUS
-
Now, most noble Brutus,
The
gods to-day stand friendly, that we may,
Lovers
in peace, lead on our days to age!
But
since the affairs of men rest still incertain,
Let's
reason with the worst that may befall.
If
we do lose this battle, then is this
The
very last time we shall speak together:
What
are you then determined to do?
BRUTUS
-
Even by the rule of that philosophy
By
which I did blame Cato for the death
Which
he did give himself,
I
know not how, But I do find it cowardly and vile,
For
fear of what might fall, so to prevent
The
time of life: arming myself with patience
To
stay the providence of some high powers
That
govern us below.
CASSIUS-Then, if we lose
this battle,
You
are contented to be led in triumph
Thorough
the streets of Rome?
BRUTUS
-
No, Cassius, no: think not, thou noble Roman,
That
ever Brutus will go bound to Rome;
He
bears too great a mind. But this same day
Must
end that work the ides of March begun;
And
whether we shall meet again I know not.
Therefore,
our everlasting farewell take:
For
ever, and for ever, farewell, Cassius!
If
we do meet again, why, we shall smile;
If
not, why then, this parting was well made.
CASSIUS
-
For ever, and for ever, farewell,
Brutus!
If we do meet again, we'll smile indeed;
If
not, 'tis true this parting was well made.
BRUTUS
-
Why, then, lead on. O, that a man might know
The
end of this day's business ere it come!
But
it sufficeth that the day will end,
And
then the end is known. Come, ho! away!
Exeunt
Glossary
Answered
– fulfilled, satisfied; पूरा हुआ
Bosoms – secrets, inner thoughts; हृदय/अंतरंग
Wherefore – the reason why; कारण
Content – willing, satisfied; इच्छुक/संतुष्ट
Fearful – frightening, full of fear; भयभीत/डरावना
Bravery – show of courage; साहस
Fasten – fix firmly; जमाना
Tut – an exclamation of impatience; धिक्कार/अरे
Gallant – brave and showy; वीर/शानदार
Sign – signal or mark; संकेत
Immediately – at once; तुरंत
Softly – gently, carefully; धीरे
Exigent – urgent, pressing; आपात/गंभीर
Parley – discussion with enemy; बातचीत
Charge – attack; आक्रमण
Signal – sign for action; संकेत
Strokes – blows, hits; प्रहार
Witness – evidence, proof; साक्षी
Posture – manner or position; स्थिति
Rob – steal; लूटना
Stingless – without sting or pain; बिना डंक का
Soundless – silent; निःशब्द
Threat – warn of harm; धमकी
Villains – wicked men; दुष्ट
Daggers – short knives; खंजर
Hack’d – cut roughly; बेरहमी से काटा
Fawn’d – flattered excessively; चापलूसी की
Bondmen – slaves; दास
Cur – worthless dog; तुच्छ कुत्ता
Flatterers – false praisers; चाटुकार
Offended – insulted; अपमान किया
Avenged – taken revenge; प्रतिशोध लिया
Traitors – betrayers; गद्दार
Strain – family line; वंश
Honourable – worthy of respect; सम्मानजनक
Peevish – childish and irritable; चिड़चिड़ा
Worthless – of no value; निकम्मा
Reveller – one who indulges in pleasure; भोग-विलासी
Defiance – open challenge; खुली
चुनौती
Hurl – throw violently; जोर से फेंकना
Hazard – danger, risk; जोखिम
Converse – talk; बातचीत करना
Compell’d – forced; विवश
Liberties – freedoms; स्वतंत्रताएँ
Epicurus – Greek philosopher teaching pleasure; एपिक्यूरस
Presage – foretell; पूर्व संकेत देना
Ensign – banner or flag; ध्वज
Perch’d – sat or rested; बैठे
Gorging – eating greedily; पेट
भरकर खाना
Consorted – accompanied; साथ किया
Steads – places; स्थान
Kites – birds of prey; चील
Prey – victim; शिकार
Canopy – covering; छत्र
Fatal – deadly; घातक
Ghost – life or spirit; प्राण
Resolved – determined; दृढ़ निश्चयी
Perils – dangers; खतरे
Incertain – uncertain; अनिश्चित
Befall – happen; घटित होना
Cowardly – lacking courage; कायर
Providence – divine control; ईश्वरीय व्यवस्था
Triumph – victory procession; विजय
जुलूस
Bound – tied, captive; बंदी
Everlasting – eternal; शाश्वत
Sufficeth – is enough; पर्याप्त है
Paraphrase
in English
OCTAVIUS
Now, Antony, our hopes have come true.
You said the enemy would stay on the hills,
But they have not done so.
Their armies are ready nearby.
They want to challenge us here at Philippi
Before we challenge them.
ANTONY
Nonsense! I understand them well.
I know why they have done this.
They could have chosen other places,
But they have come down bravely, though with fear,
Only to make us think they are courageous.
But in truth, they are not.
MESSENGER
Be ready, generals.
The enemy is advancing proudly.
Their bloody war-flag is raised,
And action must be taken at once.
ANTONY
Octavius, lead your army gently
On the left side of the open field.
OCTAVIUS
I will take the right side;
You keep the left.
ANTONY
Why do you oppose me at such a critical moment?
OCTAVIUS
I do not oppose you—
But I will still do it. March!
BRUTUS
They have stopped and want to talk.
CASSIUS
Stand firm, Titinius.
We must go out and speak with them.
OCTAVIUS
Mark Antony, should we signal for battle?
ANTONY
No, Caesar.
We will wait for their attack.
Go forward—the generals want to speak.
OCTAVIUS
Do not move until the signal.
BRUTUS
Words before fighting—
Is that so, fellow countrymen?
OCTAVIUS
Not because we love words as much as you do.
BRUTUS
Good words are better than cruel blows, Octavius.
ANTONY
Brutus, when you strike cruelly,
You speak kindly.
Remember the wound you gave Caesar,
While crying, “Long live Caesar!”
CASSIUS
Antony,
We do not yet know how your blows will fall,
But your words steal all the sweetness,
Like bees robbed of their honey.
ANTONY
Yet they are not without stings.
BRUTUS
Yes—and they are silent too.
You have stolen their buzzing, Antony,
And cleverly threaten before you sting.
ANTONY
Villains!
You did not threaten before striking
When your filthy daggers stabbed Caesar.
You grinned like apes,
Flattered like dogs,
Bowed like slaves, kissing Caesar’s feet,
While cursed Casca struck him from behind.
You are nothing but flatterers!
CASSIUS
Flatterers!
Brutus, thank yourself for this insult.
This tongue would not have spoken so today
If I, Cassius, had been in control.
OCTAVIUS
Enough!
Arguing only makes us sweat.
The proof will be shown in blood.
Look—I draw my sword against conspirators.
When do you think it will be sheathed again?
Never, until Caesar’s thirty-three wounds
Are fully avenged,
Or until another Caesar
Adds more blood to this sword.
BRUTUS
Caesar, you cannot be killed by traitors
Unless you bring them with you.
OCTAVIUS
That is my hope.
I was not born to die by Brutus’s sword.
BRUTUS
Even if you were the noblest of your family,
Young man,
You could not die more honorably.
CASSIUS
A foolish, childish boy,
Unworthy of such honor,
Joined with a masked pretender and a drunkard!
ANTONY
Old Cassius as ever!
OCTAVIUS
Come, Antony, let us go.
OCTAVIUS
Traitors, we throw our challenge in your faces.
If you dare fight today, come to the field.
If not, wait till you find courage.
CASSIUS
Now let the wind blow,
The waves rise, and the ship sail on.
The storm has begun,
And everything depends on chance.
BRUTUS
Lucilius, come here.
I want a word with you.
CASSIUS
Messala!
MESSALA
What does my general command?
CASSIUS
Messala,
Today is my birthday—the day I was born.
Take my hand and be my witness.
Against my will, like Pompey,
I am forced to stake all our freedom
On a single battle.
You know I followed Epicurus’ philosophy,
But now I have changed my belief
And partly trust omens.
On our march from Sardis,
Two mighty eagles fed from our soldiers’ hands
And guided us to Philippi.
This morning they have flown away,
And in their place are ravens and crows,
Hovering over us like birds of death,
As if we are weak prey.
Their shadows hang over us
Like a deadly covering.
Our army lies beneath it,
Ready to die.
MESSALA
Do not believe this.
CASSIUS
I believe it only partly.
I still feel strong in spirit
And am determined to face danger bravely.
CASSIUS
Now, noble Brutus,
May the gods favor us today,
So that we may live long together in peace.
But since human affairs are uncertain,
Let us consider the worst.
If we lose this battle,
This will be the last time we speak together.
What will you do then?
BRUTUS
According to the philosophy
By which I blamed Cato for killing himself,
I believe suicide is cowardly and shameful.
To end life out of fear of the future
Is wrong.
I will patiently wait
For the will of the higher powers
That rule human life.
CASSIUS
Then if we lose,
Are you willing to be led as a prisoner
Through the streets of Rome?
BRUTUS
No, Cassius, never.
Brutus will never return to Rome in chains.
He has too proud a spirit.
This very day must finish
What began on the Ides of March.
Whether we meet again, I do not know.
So take my eternal farewell.
Forever farewell, Cassius.
If we meet again, we shall smile.
If not, then this parting is well done.
CASSIUS
Forever farewell, Brutus.
If we meet again, we shall smile;
If not, this parting was right.
BRUTUS
Then lead on.
Oh, if only a man could know
The end of today’s events beforehand!
But it is enough to know
That the day will end,
And with it, all will be known.
Come, let us go.
Paraphrase
in Hindi
OCTAVIUS
अब, एंटनी, हमारी आशाएँ पूरी हो गई हैं।
तुमने कहा था कि शत्रु पहाड़ियों पर ही रहेगा,
लेकिन ऐसा नहीं हुआ।
उनकी सेनाएँ पास ही तैयार खड़ी हैं।
वे यहाँ फिलिप्पी में हमें चुनौती देना चाहते हैं,
हमसे पहले ही।
ANTONY
अरे छोड़ो! मैं उन्हें अच्छी तरह जानता हूँ।
मैं जानता हूँ कि उन्होंने ऐसा क्यों किया है।
वे किसी और स्थान पर भी आ सकते थे,
पर डर के साथ साहस दिखाते हुए नीचे आए हैं,
ताकि हमें लगे कि वे बहुत बहादुर हैं।
लेकिन सच यह नहीं है।
MESSENGER
सेनापतियों, तैयार हो जाइए।
शत्रु बड़े ठाठ से आगे बढ़ रहा है।
युद्ध का रक्तरंजित झंडा उठा दिया गया है,
और तुरंत कार्यवाही करनी होगी।
ANTONY
ऑक्टेवियस, अपनी सेना को धीरे-धीरे
मैदान के बाएँ भाग से आगे बढ़ाओ।
OCTAVIUS
मैं दाएँ भाग की कमान संभालूँगा,
तुम बाएँ भाग को संभालो।
ANTONY
इतने संकटपूर्ण समय में
तुम मेरा विरोध क्यों कर रहे हो?
OCTAVIUS
मैं तुम्हारा विरोध नहीं कर रहा,
पर मैं वही करूँगा जो मैंने कहा है।
आगे बढ़ो!
BRUTUS
वे रुक गए हैं
और बातचीत करना चाहते हैं।
CASSIUS
डटे रहो, टिटिनियस।
हमें बाहर जाकर उनसे बात करनी होगी।
OCTAVIUS
मार्क एंटनी,
क्या हम युद्ध का संकेत दें?
ANTONY
नहीं, सीज़र।
हम उनके आक्रमण की प्रतीक्षा करेंगे।
आगे बढ़ो—
सेनापति कुछ बातें करना चाहते हैं।
OCTAVIUS
संकेत मिलने तक
कोई भी आगे न बढ़े।
BRUTUS
मार से पहले बातें—
क्या ऐसा ही है, देशवासियो?
OCTAVIUS
ऐसा नहीं कि हमें शब्द तुमसे अधिक प्रिय हैं।
BRUTUS
ऑक्टेवियस,
अच्छे शब्द बुरे प्रहारों से बेहतर होते हैं।
ANTONY
ब्रूटस,
जब तुम बुरे वार करते हो,
तब मीठी बातें कहते हो।
सीज़र के हृदय में किए गए उस घाव को याद करो,
जब तुम चिल्ला रहे थे—
“दीर्घायु हो, सीज़र!”
CASSIUS
एंटनी,
अभी यह नहीं पता कि तुम्हारे वार कैसे होंगे,
लेकिन तुम्हारे शब्द तो
मधुमक्खियों से शहद छीन लेने जैसे हैं।
ANTONY
लेकिन वे बिना डंक के नहीं हैं।
BRUTUS
हाँ, और वे बिना आवाज़ के भी हैं।
तुमने उनकी भनभनाहट भी चुरा ली है, एंटनी,
और डंक मारने से पहले
चतुराई से धमकी देते हो।
ANTONY
दुष्टो!
जब तुमने सीज़र पर वार किया था,
तब तुमने चेतावनी नहीं दी थी।
तुम बंदरों की तरह दाँत दिखा रहे थे,
कुत्तों की तरह चापलूसी कर रहे थे,
दासों की तरह झुककर
सीज़र के पाँव चूम रहे थे,
और तभी पीछे से
शापित कास्का ने उसकी गर्दन पर वार किया।
तुम सब चाटुकार हो!
CASSIUS
चाटुकार!
ब्रूटस, इसके लिए स्वयं को दोष दो।
आज मेरी जीभ इतनी कठोर न होती
यदि कासियस का शासन होता।
OCTAVIUS
बस, बहुत हुआ!
बहस करने से केवल पसीना बहता है।
इसका प्रमाण रक्त की धाराओं से मिलेगा।
देखो, मैं षड्यंत्रकारियों के विरुद्ध
तलवार खींचता हूँ।
तुम्हें क्या लगता है,
यह तलवार कब म्यान में जाएगी?
कभी नहीं—
जब तक सीज़र के तैंतीस घावों का बदला
पूरा न ले लिया जाए,
या जब तक कोई और सीज़र
इस तलवार से
गद्दारों का रक्त न बहा दे।
BRUTUS
सीज़र,
तुम गद्दारों के हाथों नहीं मर सकते
जब तक तुम उन्हें साथ न लाओ।
OCTAVIUS
मुझे भी यही आशा है।
मैं ब्रूटस की तलवार से मरने के लिए पैदा नहीं हुआ।
BRUTUS
यदि तुम अपने वंश के सबसे महान भी होते,
युवक,
तो भी तुम इससे अधिक सम्मानजनक मृत्यु
न पा सकते।
CASSIUS
एक चिड़चिड़ा, मूर्ख बालक,
ऐसे सम्मान के योग्य नहीं,
जो एक नकाबपोश और
एक ऐय्याश के साथ जुड़ा है!
ANTONY
बूढ़ा कासियस अब भी वैसा ही है!
OCTAVIUS
चलो, एंटनी, चलें।
OCTAVIUS
गद्दारो,
हम तुम्हारे मुँह पर चुनौती फेंकते हैं।
यदि आज लड़ने का साहस है,
तो मैदान में आओ।
यदि नहीं,
तो तब आना जब हिम्मत हो।
CASSIUS
अब हवा चले,
लहरें उठें और नाव आगे बढ़े।
तूफ़ान शुरू हो गया है,
और सब कुछ जोखिम पर है।
BRUTUS
लुसिलियस, इधर आओ।
तुमसे एक बात करनी है।
CASSIUS
मेस्साला!
MESSALA
मेरे सेनापति क्या कहते हैं?
CASSIUS
मेस्साला,
आज मेरा जन्मदिन है।
मेरा हाथ पकड़ो
और गवाह बनो।
पोम्पेई की तरह,
अपनी इच्छा के विरुद्ध,
मैं अपनी सारी स्वतंत्रता
एक ही युद्ध पर दाँव पर लगाने को
मजबूर हूँ।
तुम जानते हो कि मैं
एपिक्यूरस के सिद्धांतों को मानता था,
पर अब मैंने अपना विचार बदल लिया है
और अपशकुनों पर
कुछ विश्वास करने लगा हूँ।
सार्डिस से आते समय,
दो शक्तिशाली गरुड़
हमारे ध्वज पर बैठे
और सैनिकों के हाथों से खाते रहे।
वे हमें फिलिप्पी तक ले आए।
आज सुबह वे उड़ गए हैं,
और उनकी जगह
कौए और चील हमारे सिरों पर
मंडरा रहे हैं,
मानो हम बीमार शिकार हों।
उनकी छाया हमारे ऊपर
एक घातक छत्र की तरह छाई हुई है।
हमारी सेना उसके नीचे पड़ी है,
मानो प्राण त्यागने को तैयार हो।
MESSALA
ऐसा मत मानो।
CASSIUS
मैं इसे केवल आंशिक रूप से मानता हूँ।
मेरा मन अभी भी मजबूत है
और मैं हर खतरे का
दृढ़ता से सामना करने को तैयार हूँ।
CASSIUS
अब, महान ब्रूटस,
आज देवता हमारे अनुकूल हों,
ताकि हम शांति में
दीर्घ जीवन जी सकें।
पर क्योंकि मनुष्य के कार्य अनिश्चित हैं,
आओ सबसे बुरे परिणाम पर विचार करें।
यदि हम यह युद्ध हार गए,
तो यह हमारी अंतिम बातचीत होगी।
तब तुम क्या करने का निश्चय करोगे?
BRUTUS
उस दर्शन के अनुसार,
जिसके कारण मैंने काटो को
आत्महत्या के लिए दोषी ठहराया था,
मैं मानता हूँ कि
भविष्य के भय से
जीवन समाप्त करना
कायरता और नीचता है।
मैं धैर्य धारण कर
उच्च शक्तियों की व्यवस्था की प्रतीक्षा करूँगा
जो हमारे जीवन को संचालित करती हैं।
CASSIUS
तो यदि हम हार जाएँ,
क्या तुम रोम की गलियों में
बंदी बनाकर ले जाए जाने को तैयार हो?
BRUTUS
नहीं, कासियस, कभी नहीं।
ब्रूटस कभी बँधकर रोम नहीं जाएगा।
उसका मन बहुत महान है।
आज ही वह कार्य समाप्त होना चाहिए
जो मार्च की ईद्स से शुरू हुआ था।
हम फिर मिलेंगे या नहीं,
मैं नहीं जानता।
इसलिए मेरा शाश्वत विदा स्वीकार करो।
सदा-सदा के लिए विदा, कासियस।
यदि हम फिर मिले,
तो मुस्कराएँगे;
यदि नहीं,
तो यह बिछुड़ना भी ठीक ही था।
CASSIUS
सदा-सदा के लिए विदा, ब्रूटस।
यदि हम फिर मिले, तो मुस्कराएँगे;
यदि नहीं,
तो यह बिछुड़ना सचमुच उचित था।
BRUTUS
तो चलो, आगे बढ़ें।
काश, मनुष्य पहले ही जान पाता
कि आज का अंत क्या होगा!
पर इतना जानना ही पर्याप्त है
कि दिन समाप्त होगा,
और तब सब कुछ स्पष्ट हो जाएगा।
चलो, चलें।
MCQs
1.
Where
does Act V, Scene I take place?
A. Rome
B. Sardis
C. Philippi [Correct]
D. Athens
2.
Who
believes the enemy will not come down from the hills?
A. Antony
B. Octavius [Correct]
C. Brutus
D. Cassius
3.
Antony
says the enemy’s bravery is actually:
A. Genuine courage
B. Foolish pride
C. Fearful show [Correct]
D. Divine inspiration
4.
The
enemy raises which sign of battle?
A. Trumpet
B. Bloody banner [Correct]
C. Torch
D. Shield
5.
Antony
asks Octavius to lead the army on the:
A. Right side
B. Centre
C. Rear
D. Left side [Correct]
6.
Why
is Antony annoyed with Octavius?
A. Delay
B. Disobedience
C. Crossing his command [Correct]
D. Cowardice
7.
Brutus
wants to begin with:
A. Immediate attack
B. Retreat
C. Parley [Correct]
D. Ambush
8.
“Words
before blows” shows Brutus values:
A. Power
B. Diplomacy [Correct]
C. Revenge
D. Fear
9.
Antony
mocks Brutus by recalling:
A. Pompey’s death
B. Caesar’s wounds [Correct]
C. Cassius’ envy
D. Roman law
10.
Cassius
compares Antony’s words to:
A. Swords
B. Fire
C. Robbed bees [Correct]
D. Thunder
11.
Antony
calls the conspirators:
A. Patriots
B. Heroes
C. Villains [Correct]
D. Martyrs
12.
Casca
stabbed Caesar:
A. From the front
B. Honourably
C. Publicly
D. From behind [Correct]
13.
Octavius
vows revenge for how many wounds?
A. 23
B. 30
C. 33 [Correct]
D. 44
14.
Octavius
draws his sword against:
A. Romans
B. Senators
C. Conspirators [Correct]
D. Slaves
15.
Brutus
believes Octavius cannot die unless:
A. Fate wills it
B. Gods command
C. He brings traitors with him [Correct]
D. Rome falls
16.
Cassius
calls Octavius a:
A. Tyrant
B. Hero
C. Foolish schoolboy [Correct]
D. Noble youth
17.
“Defiance,
traitors” reflects:
A. Fear
B. Challenge [Correct]
C. Surrender
D. Peace
18.
Cassius’
line about storm and hazard suggests:
A. Confidence
B. Fate and risk [Correct]
C. Cowardice
D. Victory
19.
Cassius’
birthday adds a sense of:
A. Joy
B. Irony and omen [Correct]
C. Celebration
D. Relief
20.
Cassius
earlier followed which philosophy?
A. Stoicism
B. Platonism
C. Epicureanism [Correct]
D. Cynicism
21.
Cassius
now partly believes in:
A. Reason alone
B. Omens [Correct]
C. Politics
D. Power
22.
Two
eagles earlier symbolised:
A. Defeat
B. Strength and hope [Correct]
C. Betrayal
D. Fear
23.
Birds
replacing eagles suggest:
A. Peace
B. Prosperity
C. Death and doom [Correct]
D. Victory
24.
“Sickly
prey” refers to:
A. Romans
B. Enemy
C. Cassius’ army [Correct]
D. Slaves
25.
Cassius
still resolves to face danger with:
A. Anger
B. Despair
C. Constancy [Correct]
D. Pride
26.
Cassius
asks Brutus about losing the battle to test his:
A. Ambition
B. Philosophy [Correct]
C. Loyalty
D. Strength
27.
Brutus
condemns suicide as:
A. Heroic
B. Inevitable
C. Cowardly [Correct]
D. Glorious
28.
Brutus
trusts life to:
A. Chance
B. Rome
C. High powers [Correct]
D. Soldiers
29.
Being
led in triumph means being led as a:
A. Victor
B. King
C. Prisoner [Correct]
D. Judge
30.
Brutus
refuses captivity because of his:
A. Fear
B. Pride of mind [Correct]
C. Age
D. Rank
31.
“This
same day must end that work” refers to:
A. Senate debate
B. Caesar’s murder [Correct]
C. Pompey’s fall
D. Roman war
32.
The
Ides of March symbolize:
A. Freedom
B. Justice
C. Assassination [Correct]
D. Coronation
33.
The
farewell between Brutus and Cassius shows:
A. Hatred
B. Formality
C. Deep friendship [Correct]
D. Indifference
34.
“If
we meet again, we shall smile” suggests:
A. Confidence
B. Tragic irony [Correct]
C. Certainty
D. Victory
35.
Brutus’
tone at the end is:
A. Arrogant
B. Fearful
C. Calmly resigned [Correct]
D. Joyful
36.
Antony’s
rhetoric is mainly:
A. Logical
B. Gentle
C. Sarcastic and fierce [Correct]
D. Humble
37.
Cassius
represents conflict between:
A. Faith and power
B. Philosophy and superstition [Correct]
C. Law and order
D. Youth and age
38.
Brutus
represents:
A. Political cunning
B. Moral idealism [Correct]
C. Greed
D. Ambition
39.
Octavius
represents:
A. Philosophy
B. Youthful authority [Correct]
C. Weakness
D. Fear
40.
Antony
represents:
A. Silence
B. Mercy
C. Political aggression [Correct]
D. Neutrality
41.
The
scene prepares the audience for:
A. Reconciliation
B. Final battle [Correct]
C. Trial
D. Peace treaty
42.
The
dominant mood of the scene is:
A. Comic
B. Romantic
C. Tense and ominous [Correct]
D. Celebratory
43.
Nature
imagery mainly suggests:
A. Beauty
B. Harmony
C. Doom [Correct]
D. Renewal
44.
Fate
versus free will is shown when Cassius:
A. Rejects gods
B. Accepts omens reluctantly [Correct]
C. Laughs at signs
D. Denies battle
45.
Brutus’
belief system is closest to:
A. Epicureanism
B. Fatalism
C. Stoicism [Correct]
D. Hedonism
46.
Antony
accuses conspirators of false humility through:
A. Silence
B. Kneeling and kissing feet [Correct]
C. Speeches
D. Gifts
47.
The
argument before battle highlights Roman value of:
A. Entertainment
B. Debate and honour [Correct]
C. Trade
D. Law
48.
Cassius’
fear is strongest about:
A. Pain
B. Defeat and humiliation [Correct]
C. Antony
D. Octavius
49.
Brutus’
calm acceptance shows:
A. Weakness
B. Wisdom [Correct]
C. Pride
D. Indifference
50.
The
scene contrasts courage with:
A. Wealth
B. Fate [Correct]
C. Love
D. Joy
51.
The
enemy’s descent from hills suggests:
A. Strategy
B. Overconfidence
C. Change of plan [Correct]
D. Retreat
52.
Antony’s
insults aim to provoke:
A. Peace
B. Fear
C. Rage and battle [Correct]
D. Laughter
53.
Cassius
calling Octavius “schoolboy” reflects:
A. Respect
B. Contempt [Correct]
C. Fear
D. Loyalty
54.
The
repeated farewells suggest:
A. Certainty of death [Correct]
B. Confidence
C. Celebration
D. Delay
55.
The
battlefield conversation emphasizes:
A. Strategy only
B. Psychology and belief [Correct]
C. Geography
D. Weapons
56.
The
use of animal imagery mainly shows:
A. Beauty
B. Savagery and instinct [Correct]
C. Loyalty
D. Discipline
57.
Cassius’
fear of omens contrasts earlier belief in:
A. Gods
B. Destiny
C. Rational pleasure [Correct]
D. War
58.
Brutus’
refusal to be paraded shows Roman ideal of:
A. Wealth
B. Honour [Correct]
C. Power
D. Mercy
59.
The
scene’s central conflict is between:
A. Youth and age
B. Honour and survival [Correct]
C. Rome and Greece
D. Law and chaos
60.
Overall,
the scene mainly prepares for:
A. Moral debate
B. Political reform
C. Tragic resolution [Correct]
D. Celebration
One-Mark
Questions
1.
Where
does Act V, Scene I take place?
Ans. Act V, Scene I takes place on the plains of Philippi.
2.
Who
enters the scene first with his army?
Ans. Octavius enters the scene first along with Antony and their army.
3.
What
had Antony earlier believed about the enemy’s position?
Ans. Antony had believed that the enemy would stay on the hills and not come
down.
4.
What
proves Antony’s belief wrong?
Ans. The enemy comes down and prepares for battle on the plain.
5.
Why
does Antony say the enemy has come down from the hills?
Ans. Antony says the enemy has come down to show false bravery and appear
courageous.
6.
Who
brings news of the enemy’s approach?
Ans. A messenger brings news of the enemy’s approach.
7.
What
sign shows that the enemy is ready for battle?
Ans. The enemy has raised their bloody sign of battle.
8.
Which
side of the field does Antony ask Octavius to take?
Ans. Antony asks Octavius to lead the army on the left side of the field.
9.
Why
does Antony object to Octavius’ decision?
Ans. Antony objects because Octavius crosses his command at a critical moment.
10.
Who
wants to begin with discussion before fighting?
Ans. Brutus wants to begin with discussion before fighting.
11.
What
does Brutus mean by “Words before blows”?
Ans. Brutus means that discussion should come before physical fighting.
12.
How
does Antony insult Brutus during the argument?
Ans. Antony insults Brutus by reminding him of Caesar’s murder.
13.
How
many wounds did Caesar receive according to Octavius?
Ans. Caesar received thirty-three wounds according to Octavius.
14.
Against
whom does Octavius draw his sword?
Ans. Octavius draws his sword against the conspirators.
15.
How
does Cassius describe Octavius angrily?
Ans. Cassius describes Octavius as a foolish and peevish schoolboy.
16.
What
challenge does Octavius give to the conspirators?
Ans. Octavius challenges the conspirators to come and fight if they dare.
17.
What
does Cassius compare the situation to after the generals leave?
Ans. Cassius compares the situation to a storm where everything is at risk.
18.
Whose
birthday is it on the day of the battle?
Ans. It is Cassius’ birthday on the day of the battle.
19.
Which
philosopher’s ideas did Cassius earlier follow?
Ans. Cassius earlier followed the philosophy of Epicurus.
20.
What
change has come in Cassius’ beliefs?
Ans. Cassius has begun to believe partly in omens and signs.
21.
Which
birds earlier followed Cassius’ army?
Ans. Two mighty eagles earlier followed Cassius’ army.
22.
Which
birds now appear instead of eagles?
Ans. Ravens, crows, and kites now appear instead of eagles.
23.
What
do these birds symbolize for Cassius?
Ans. These birds symbolize death and bad fortune for Cassius.
24.
How
does Messala respond to Cassius’ fear?
Ans. Messala tells Cassius not to believe in such bad omens.
25.
Despite
fears, how does Cassius feel about facing danger?
Ans. Cassius feels determined to face all dangers bravely.
26.
What
does Cassius ask Brutus about losing the battle?
Ans. Cassius asks Brutus what he will do if they lose the battle.
27.
What
is Brutus’ view on suicide?
Ans. Brutus believes suicide is cowardly and shameful.
28.
In
whom does Brutus place his trust?
Ans. Brutus places his trust in divine providence.
29.
Does
Brutus agree to be taken as a prisoner to Rome?
Ans. Brutus refuses to be taken as a prisoner to Rome.
30.
Why
does Brutus refuse to return to Rome in chains?
Ans. Brutus refuses because he has a noble and proud spirit.
31.
What
event does Brutus say must end on this very day?
Ans. Brutus says the work begun on the Ides of March must end this day.
32.
What
do Brutus and Cassius exchange before parting?
Ans. Brutus and Cassius exchange a final and emotional farewell.
33.
What
hope do they express if they meet again?
Ans. They hope to smile if they meet again.
34.
What
does Brutus wish at the end of the scene?
Ans. Brutus wishes that a man could know the end before the day ends.
35.
How
does Brutus finally accept the situation?
Ans. Brutus calmly accepts that the day must end and reveal its outcome.
36.
What
is the overall mood of the scene?
Ans. The overall mood of the scene is tense and foreboding.
37.
Which
theme is highlighted through omens and birds?
Ans. The theme of fate and superstition is highlighted.
38.
Which
Roman value is strongly shown by Brutus?
Ans. Brutus strongly shows the Roman value of honour.
39.
How
does Antony mainly use his language in the scene?
Ans. Antony uses harsh and insulting language.
40.
What
does the scene mainly prepare the audience for?
Ans. The scene mainly prepares the audience for the final battle.
One-Mark Questions (2)
1.
Why
does Octavius say that their hopes are answered at Philippi?
Ans. Octavius says their hopes are answered because the enemy has come down
from the hills and is ready to fight on the plains.
2.
How
does Antony interpret the enemy’s decision to come down from the hills?
Ans. Antony believes the enemy has come down only to display false bravery and
to make them think they are courageous.
3.
What
message does the Messenger bring to Octavius and Antony?
Ans. The Messenger informs them that the enemy is advancing proudly with the
sign of battle raised and that action is required immediately.
4.
Why
does Antony feel offended by Octavius’ military decision?
Ans. Antony feels offended because Octavius crosses his command at a critical
moment by choosing his own position on the battlefield.
5.
What
does Brutus mean by saying “Words before blows”?
Ans. Brutus means that discussion and reasoning should come before violence and
fighting.
6.
How
does Antony insult Brutus during their verbal confrontation?
Ans. Antony insults Brutus by reminding him of Caesar’s murder and accusing him
of speaking kindly while committing cruel acts.
7.
What
metaphor does Cassius use to describe Antony’s words?
Ans. Cassius compares Antony’s words to bees robbed of their honey, suggesting
they are sweet but empty.
8.
How
does Antony describe the behaviour of the conspirators during Caesar’s
assassination?
Ans. Antony says the conspirators flattered Caesar like slaves and then stabbed
him treacherously.
9.
What
vow does Octavius make regarding Caesar’s death?
Ans. Octavius vows that his sword will not rest until Caesar’s thirty-three
wounds are fully avenged.
10. How does Cassius
insult Octavius and what does this show?
Ans. Cassius calls Octavius a peevish schoolboy, showing his contempt for
Octavius’ youth and authority.
11. What challenge
does Octavius throw at Brutus and Cassius before leaving?
Ans. Octavius challenges them openly to come to the battlefield and fight if
they dare.
12. What does Cassius
mean by comparing the situation to a storm at sea?
Ans. Cassius means that the situation is dangerous and uncertain, with
everything depending on fate.
13. Why is Cassius’
birthday significant in this scene?
Ans. Cassius’ birthday adds a sense of irony and foreboding as it coincides
with the day of the decisive battle.
14. How does Cassius’
belief in philosophy change in this scene?
Ans. Cassius admits that he no longer fully trusts Epicurean philosophy and has
begun to believe partly in omens.
15. What is the
symbolic meaning of the eagles leaving Cassius’ army?
Ans. The departure of the eagles symbolizes the loss of divine favour and the
approach of defeat.
16. How does Messala
respond to Cassius’ fear of bad omens?
Ans. Messala advises Cassius not to believe in such superstitions and ominous
signs.
17. In spite of his
fears, what resolution does Cassius make?
Ans. Cassius resolves to face all dangers bravely and with firmness of spirit.
18. What question does
Cassius ask Brutus about the possibility of defeat?
Ans. Cassius asks Brutus what he plans to do if they lose the battle.
19. What philosophical
position does Brutus take on suicide?
Ans. Brutus believes that suicide is cowardly and that one should wait
patiently for divine providence.
20. Why does Cassius
ask whether Brutus would accept being led in triumph to Rome?
Ans. Cassius asks this to test Brutus’ resolve and his response to humiliation
after defeat.
21. Why does Brutus
refuse to return to Rome as a captive?
Ans. Brutus refuses because his noble spirit cannot endure the shame of
captivity.
22. What does Brutus
mean by saying that this day must end the work begun on the Ides of March?
Ans. Brutus means that the consequences of Caesar’s assassination must be
finally settled on this day.
23. What is the
emotional significance of the farewell between Brutus and Cassius?
Ans. The farewell shows their deep friendship and their awareness that they may
never meet again.
24. How does Brutus
show acceptance of fate at the end of the scene?
Ans. Brutus calmly accepts that the day will end and that its outcome will
reveal itself in time.
25. How does this
scene prepare the audience for the tragedy to follow?
Ans. This scene heightens tension, reveals inner conflicts, and prepares the
audience for the final battle and tragic resolution.
Two-Mark Questions
1.
Why
does Octavius say that their hopes are answered at Philippi?
Ans. Octavius says their hopes are answered because the enemy, contrary to
expectation, has come down from the hills to fight on the plain, making a
direct confrontation possible and fulfilling their anticipation of battle.
2.
How
does Antony explain the enemy’s decision to come down from the hills?
Ans. Antony explains that the enemy has come down not out of true courage but
to display fearful bravery, hoping to impress and intimidate them by appearing
bold, though Antony believes this show is deceptive.
3.
What
information does the Messenger bring, and why is it important?
Ans. The Messenger reports that the enemy is advancing in gallant display with
their bloody sign of battle raised, showing that the conflict is imminent and
leaving no time for delay or hesitation.
4.
Why
does Antony object to Octavius’ battlefield arrangement?
Ans. Antony objects because Octavius crosses his command by choosing his own
position, and Antony feels this disagreement at such a critical moment
threatens unity and discipline within their leadership.
5.
What
does Brutus mean by saying “Words before blows”?
Ans. Brutus means that discussion and reason should precede violence,
reflecting his belief in moral restraint and rational conduct even at the brink
of war, rather than rushing blindly into bloodshed.
6.
How
does Antony use Caesar’s murder to insult Brutus?
Ans. Antony reminds Brutus that he spoke noble words while stabbing Caesar,
accusing him of hypocrisy by contrasting his gentle speech with the cruelty of
his actions during the assassination.
7.
Explain
Cassius’ metaphor of the “Hybla bees.”
Ans. Cassius compares Antony’s words to bees robbed of their honey, suggesting
that Antony’s speech takes away sweetness and substance, leaving only
emptiness, though Antony insists his words still have stings.
8.
How
does Antony describe the conspirators’ behaviour during Caesar’s assassination?
Ans. Antony portrays the conspirators as flatterers who bowed, smiled, and
pretended loyalty like slaves before treacherously attacking Caesar,
emphasizing their hypocrisy and moral corruption.
9.
What
vow does Octavius make regarding Caesar’s wounds?
Ans. Octavius vows that his sword will not be sheathed until Caesar’s
thirty-three wounds are fully avenged or until another Caesar adds further
bloodshed, showing his deep commitment to revenge.
10. What does Cassius’
insult of Octavius reveal about him?
Ans. By calling Octavius a peevish schoolboy, Cassius reveals his scorn for
Octavius’ youth and authority, as well as his own arrogance and inability to
accept Octavius as an equal leader.
11. What challenge
does Octavius issue before leaving the field?
Ans. Octavius openly defies the conspirators, daring them to fight immediately
if they have courage, thereby asserting confidence and attempting to provoke
them into battle.
12. Explain the
meaning of Cassius’ storm and sea imagery.
Ans. Cassius compares the situation to a storm at sea to express uncertainty
and danger, suggesting that events are now governed by risk and fate, with no
assurance of safety or success.
13. Why is Cassius’
birthday significant in this scene?
Ans. Cassius’ birthday heightens the sense of irony and foreboding, as the day
meant to mark his birth may instead become the day of his death, deepening the
tragic atmosphere.
14. How does Cassius’
attitude to philosophy change in this scene?
Ans. Cassius admits he no longer fully trusts Epicurean philosophy, which
rejects superstition, and now partly believes in omens, showing his inner
conflict and growing fear of fate.
15. What is the
symbolic importance of the eagles earlier following the army?
Ans. The eagles symbolize strength, victory, and divine favour, and their
earlier presence gave Cassius confidence that the gods supported their cause
during the march to Philippi.
16. What do the
ravens, crows, and kites symbolize for Cassius?
Ans. These birds symbolize death and doom, as Cassius interprets them as signs
that divine favour has withdrawn and that his army is now viewed as weak prey
by fate.
17. How does Messala
respond to Cassius’ fear of omens?
Ans. Messala urges Cassius not to believe in such signs, representing a
rational voice that attempts to counter Cassius’ growing superstition and
restore his confidence.
18. Despite his fears,
what resolution does Cassius express?
Ans. Cassius declares that he remains strong in spirit and determined to face
all dangers bravely, showing that fear of omens has not completely destroyed
his courage.
19. Why does Cassius
ask Brutus what he will do if they lose the battle?
Ans. Cassius asks this question to test Brutus’ philosophy and resolve,
particularly whether Brutus would accept humiliation or choose death in the
event of defeat.
20. Explain Brutus’
view on suicide as expressed in the scene.
Ans. Brutus believes suicide is cowardly and vile because it attempts to escape
future suffering, and he argues that one should patiently submit to divine
providence instead of ending life prematurely.
21. How does Brutus
respond to the idea of being led in triumph through Rome?
Ans. Brutus firmly rejects the idea, stating that his proud and noble spirit
would never allow him to return to Rome as a captive, emphasizing his
commitment to honour over life.
22. What does Brutus
mean by referring to the Ides of March?
Ans. Brutus means that the consequences of Caesar’s assassination, which began
on the Ides of March, must be completed on this day, whether through victory or
death.
23. What is the
emotional significance of Brutus and Cassius’ farewell?
Ans. Their farewell reflects deep friendship and mutual respect, combined with
the awareness that they may never meet again, which adds strong emotional
weight and tragic intensity to the scene.
24. Why do Brutus and
Cassius say they will smile if they meet again?
Ans. They suggest smiling to express calm acceptance of fate, implying that
whether they reunite in life or death, they will face the outcome without
regret or bitterness.
25. How does Brutus
show acceptance of fate at the end of the scene?
Ans. Brutus accepts that no one can know the outcome in advance and calmly
states that it is enough to know the day will end, revealing stoic resignation
and philosophical maturity.
26. How is the theme
of fate versus free will presented through Cassius?
Ans. Cassius’ shift from rational philosophy to belief in omens highlights the
tension between free will and fate, as he struggles between human control and
supernatural influence.
27. How does Brutus
represent Stoic ideals in this scene?
Ans. Brutus embodies Stoic ideals through his emphasis on patience, reason,
moral duty, and acceptance of providence, even when faced with defeat, death,
and uncertainty.
28. What role does
rhetoric play in the confrontation between leaders?
Ans. Rhetoric becomes a weapon, as Antony and Cassius use sharp language,
insults, and metaphors to assert dominance, provoke anger, and justify their
moral and political positions.
29. How does this
scene build a sense of tragic inevitability?
Ans. Omens, farewells, philosophical reflections, and repeated references to
death combine to create a strong sense that catastrophe is unavoidable,
preparing the audience for tragic outcomes.
30. How does Act V,
Scene I prepare the audience for the final battle?
Ans. The scene establishes tension, clarifies opposing values, reveals inner
conflicts, and uses ominous signs and emotional farewells to prepare the
audience for the decisive and tragic battle ahead.
Three-Mark Questions
1. How does the initial exchange between Octavius and
Antony reveal a miscalculation about the enemy's strategy?
Antony was confident the enemy (Brutus and Cassius) would "keep the hills
and upper regions" and avoid a direct confrontation. However, Octavius
notes that the enemy is "at hand" at Philippi, disproving Antony's
prediction. This shows the conspirators chose a bold approach, surprising their
opponents by deciding to "warn" them immediately rather than forcing
the Caesarians to make the first move. The initial disagreement sets a tone of
friction between Octavius and Antony.
2. According to Antony, why have Brutus and Cassius
decided to "come down" to the battle site at Philippi?
Antony claims he is "in their bosoms" (knows their minds) and
suggests their move is a bluff, motivated by "fearful bravery." He
believes they are trying to project an image of courage to "fasten in our
thoughts that they have courage," when in reality, they would rather be
anywhere else. Antony dismisses their advance as a tactical facade rather than
genuine strategic confidence.
3. What is the first sign of friction or disagreement
that arises between Octavius and Antony in the passage?
The first disagreement occurs when Antony attempts to command the battle
formation. He tells Octavius to lead his "battle softly on, Upon the left
hand of the even field." Octavius immediately contradicts him, stating
firmly, "Upon the right hand I, keep thou the left." When Antony asks
why he is being crossed in this urgent moment ("exigent"), Octavius
defiantly replies, "I do not cross you, but I will do so,"
highlighting a power struggle.
4. Summarize the "Words before blows"
exchange between Brutus and Octavius.
Brutus proposes a parley: "Words before blows: is it so, countrymen?"
Octavius responds sarcastically that he does not love words "better, as
you do." Brutus counters that "Good words are better than bad
strokes," but Octavius uses the phrase against him, accusing Brutus of
using "good words" (crying 'Long live! hail, Caesar!') while
delivering "bad strokes" (stabbing Caesar). The exchange quickly
devolves into bitter insults before the actual fighting begins.
5. Explain Cassius's insult regarding Antony and the
"Hybla bees."
Antony accuses the conspirators of using "good words" while
committing a "bad stroke." Cassius dismisses Antony’s current speech,
saying his words "rob the Hybla bees, And leave them honeyless." This
means Antony’s words are overly sweet and flattering (like Hybla honey, famous
in antiquity) but ultimately empty of genuine substance or bravery at this
point. They are just words, not action.
6. How does Antony shift the tone of the parley from a
debate on words to a direct, vicious accusation of the assassination?
Antony uses vivid, animalistic imagery to dehumanize the conspirators. He
describes them showing their "teeth like apes," fawning like
"hounds," and bowing like "bondmen, kissing Caesar's feet."
He specifically calls out "damned Casca, like a cur," showing their
actions as treacherous and cowardly rather than honourable political acts,
culminating in calling them "flatterers" and "villains."
7. How does Octavius articulate his oath of vengeance
against the conspirators?
Octavius draws his sword and swears it will not be sheathed until Caesar's
"three and thirty wounds Be well avenged." He frames the conspirators
as traitors and promises to add "slaughter to the sword of traitors"
if necessary. He makes it clear that the only resolution to this conflict is
total vengeance or his own death, asserting he was not "born to die on
Brutus' sword."
8. Describe the final insults exchanged between
Cassius and Antony/Octavius just before they exit for battle.
Cassius calls Octavius a "peevish schoolboy" and unworthy of honor,
joined with Antony, whom he calls a "masker and a reveller"
(party-goer). Antony calls him "Old Cassius still!" before Octavius
cuts the argument short. Octavius shouts "Defiance, traitors, hurl we in
your teeth" and challenges them to fight "if you dare fight
to-day," ending the parley with an open challenge.
9. What philosophical stance did Cassius formerly
hold, and why does he "change his mind" during the battle
preparations?
Cassius previously held "Epicurus strong," meaning he did not believe
in omens, fate, or divine intervention. However, due to recent events, he
changes his mind and "partly credit things that do presage." He is
unsettled by the ominous shift in the birds circling his camp, which he
interprets as a dark sign of coming defeat.
10. Explain the ominous omens involving the eagles,
ravens, crows, and kites that Cassius describes.
Cassius recounts that two mighty eagles accompanied their army from Sardis,
eating from the soldiers' hands as a good sign of imperial victory. On the
morning of the battle, the eagles are gone, replaced by "ravens, crows and
kites" flying over their heads like they are "sickly prey."
Their shadows form a "canopy most fatal," making Cassius feel doomed
to lose the battle.
11. How does Brutus's philosophy on suicide differ from
Cassius's application of it during the battle's uncertainty?
Brutus strictly adheres to Stoic philosophy, condemning suicide as
"cowardly and vile" and a weakness of patience ("To stay the
providence of some high powers"). Cassius, while acknowledging the omens,
appears more open to the possibility of suicide rather than being captured.
Although Brutus refuses to be "led in triumph" through Rome, he
insists on letting fate take its course rather than pre-empting the end of his
life.
12. What significant personal information does Cassius
reveal to Messala before the fighting begins?
Cassius reveals that this specific day is his birthday: "This is my
birth-day, as this very day Was Cassius born." This personal detail
heightens the dramatic tension, suggesting that his life may both begin and end
on the same calendar day, adding a layer of fatalism to his character in this
scene.
13. Despite his philosophy against suicide, how does
Brutus reconcile his refusal to be led "bound to Rome"?
Brutus clearly states his philosophical objection to self-slaughter, but when
Cassius asks if he will allow himself to be led in a Roman triumph if they
lose, Brutus says, "No, Cassius, no: think not, thou noble Roman, That
ever Brutus will go bound to Rome; He bears too great a mind." This
strongly implies that despite his philosophical stance, he would choose death
over the humiliation of capture, showing a conflict between his ideals and his
noble Roman pride.
14. What is the tone of the final farewell between
Brutus and Cassius?
The tone is solemn, final, and deeply affectionate ("Lovers in
peace"). They exchange "everlasting farewell[s]," acknowledging
that this "last time we shall speak together" might be the reality.
They use hypotheticals: "If we do meet again, why, we shall smile; If not,
why then, this parting was well made," concluding with a sense of resigned
stoicism and mutual respect before marching to battle.
15. What is the significance of Brutus's final lines:
"O, that a man might know The end of this day's business ere it come! But
it sufficeth that the day will end, And then the end is known"?
These lines encapsulate the theme of fate versus free will in the play. Brutus
expresses a human desire to know the future and avoid uncertainty. However, he
quickly masters this wish with a stoic realization: man cannot know the end
beforehand, but simply enduring the day until its conclusion provides the
necessary closure. It is a moment of calm acceptance of whatever fate holds for
them.
Courtesy: Different AI Sources
Compiled and edited by Dr. Shankar D Mishra
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