THE
PARTICIPLE
*A
participle is that form of a verb which is partly a verb and partly an
adjective by its nature.
*A participle is also a Non-finite verb.
The following are the forms of the participle:
Active Participle Passive Participle
Present
Admiring Being
admired
Encouraging Being encouraged
Loving Being
loved
Praying Being
prayed
Soliciting Being solicited
Perfect
Having
admired Having
been admired
Having
loved Having
been loved
Having
encouraged Having been
encouraged
Having
prayed Having
been prayed
*A
participle can be classified as:
(1)
The present participle: (V1 + ing)
(2)
The past participle: (V3 )
(3)
The perfect participle: (Having / Having been + V3)
1.
The present participle:
A
present participle is a Non-finite verb that ends
in 'ing' and works as an adjective.
According
to its uses, a present participle can be used in the following eight ways:
1.
As an attributive adjective
2.
As an adjective phrase
3.
As a complement of the verb
4.
As a complement of the object
5.
To express an earlier action of the two
6.
To form continuous tense
7.
To indicate an Adverb clause of Time, Condition, Cause and Concession
8.
As an absolute phrase
1.
The following underlined present participles have been used as attributive
adjectives:
Examples:
1.
A sleeping lion catches no prey.
2.
A barking dog seldom bites.
3.
It is dangerous to lean out of a speeding train.
4.
It is unsafe to touch a moving fan.
5.
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
6.
I enjoy watching the receding platforms.
7.
The dancing daffodils attracted Wordswordth.
8.
Paying guests are welcome here.
9.
Finishing touches before the exam. are useful.
10.
The rising Sun is crimson.
2.
The following underlined present participles have been used as adjective phrases:
Examples:
1.
The baby, sleeping on the swing, is five months old.
2.
The tree, standing outside the garden, had been brought from a distance.
3.
The student, sitting on the front bench, is a scholar.
4.
The teacher, teaching in the class now, is my uncle.
5.
The man, coaching Indian team at present, is an Australian.
6.
The player, batting on the crease, is our captain.
7.
The paper, selling most in India, is The Times of India.
8.
The lady, singing on the stage, is Lata Mangeshkar.
9.
The dog, standing at the gate, barks at the trespassers.
10.
The man, driving the blue car, is my colleague.
1.
The match was exciting.
2.
The lecture was inspiring.
3.
The drink was refreshing.
4.
These sums are puzzling.
5.
The news was thrilling.
6.
It seems raining.
7.
He appears doing this.
8.
The journey was tiring.
9.
The speech of the leader was boring.
10.
The lesson is edifying for all of us.
4. The following
underlined present participles have been used as the complements of their
respective objects in bold:
Examples:
1.
He kept the ball swinging.
2.
The incident made the heart throbbing.
3.
The question forced the mind thinking.
4.
The win made the players rejoicing.
5.
His actions made the police suspecting him.
6.
The gravitation power makes the earth revolving round the sun.
7.
I saw him running.
8.
We watched the children playing.
9.
The teacher found a student sleeping in the class.
10.
He kept her waiting outside the gate.
5. The following underlined present participles have been used
to express an earlier action of the two:
Examples:
1.
Buying the vegetables, I returned home.
2.
Selling the adulterated milk, the shopkeeper escaped.
3.
After playing the practice match, the players returned to the dressing
room.
4.
While going to the office, he met his friend.
5.
Entering the room, the teacher scolded the noisy students.
6.
Phoning from a PCO, he invited his friend to dinner.
7.
Passing through a jungle, he reached the destination.
8.
Lying on the lawn, Rakesh could see the lofty mountains.
9.
Lighting a match, she prepared tea.
10.
Opening the PC, he started typing.
6. The following
underlined present participles have been used to form continuous tenses:
Examples:
1.
I am studying the Ramayan.
2.
They were playing cricket.
3.
She will be dancing.
4.
Mother is cooking meals.
5.
Teachers are teaching.
6.
Students have been studying.
7.
It has been raining.
8.
Farmers had been cultivating.
9.
Flowers will have been blooming.
10.
We shall have been working.
7. The following
underlined present participles have been used to show the adverb phrases/clauses
of time:
Examples:
1.
Adverb phrase of time: While running blindly on the road, he met
with an accident.
Adverb
clause of time: While
he was running blindly on the road, he met with an accident.
2.
Adverb phrase of time: After walking
for ten minutes to the right from here, he found the Post office.
Adverb
clause of time: After
he walked for ten minutes to the right from here, he found the Post office.
3.
Adverb phrase of time: While walking through the garden, he saw a
dead lion.
Adverb clause of time: While he was walking through the garden,
he saw a dead lion.
4.
Adverb phrase of time: While delivering a speech, the leader yawned
again and again.
Adverb
clause of time: While
the leader was delivering a speech, he yawned again and again.
8. The following
underlined present participles have been used to show the adverb phrases/clauses
of condition:
Examples:
1.
Adverb phrase of condition: Carrying out the teacher's advice,
you can succeed.
Adverb
clause of condition: If
you carry out the teacher's advice, you can succeed.
2. Adverb phrase of condition: Doing
regular exercises, you can be healthy.
Adverb
clause of time: You
can be healthy provided (that) you must do regular exercises.
3.
Adverb phrase of condition: Neglecting duty, you will be
dismissed from the job.
Adverb
clause of condition: If
you neglect duty, you will be dismissed from the job.
4.
Adverb phrase of condition: While catching the ball, the fielder fell
down.
Adverb
clause of condition: While
the fielder was catching the ball, he fell down.
9. The following
underlined present participles have been used to show the adverb phrases/clauses
of reason:
Examples:
1.
Adverb phrase of reason: Due to remaining absent from the school,
he missed the classes.
Adverb
clause of reason: Since
he remained absent from the school, he missed the important classes.
2.
Adverb phrase of reason: Owing to keeping bad company, he was
spoilt.
Adverb
clause of reason: As
he kept bad company, he was spoilt.
3.
Adverb phrase of reason: Smoking for a long time, he fell ill.
Adverb
clause of reason: Since
he smoked for a long time, he fell ill.
4.
Adverb phrase of reason: Idling away time, he ruined his career.
Adverb
clause of reason: Since
he idled away time, he ruined his career.
10. The following
underlined present participles have been used as parts of the absolute phrases:
(An
absolute phrase is a group of words that modifies the entire sentence, not just
a single word. It usually consists of a ‘Noun or Pronoun + a participle
(present, perfect or past) and its modifiers/complements (optional).’). It
is not connected to the sentence by any conjunction. It gives extra information
or background, often describing conditions, causes, or time.
Examples:
1.
The sun shining brightly, we started our
journey.
→
Absolute phrase: "The sun shining brightly "
→
The sun: noun and subject
→
shining: present participle
→
brightly: modifier, modifying ‘shining’
→
‘It/The whole absolute phrase’ modifies the main clause/sentence, ‘we started
our journey’ telling when we started our journey.
2.
Her voice trembling with emotion, she gave the speech.
→
"Her voice trembling with emotion" gives background detail.
3.
God willing, you will come round soon.
4.
Weather permitting, the match will resume.
5.
It being a rainy day, people are coming with umbrellas.
6.
He being a doctor, patients come to him all the time.
7.
The teacher being very strict, students fear to make noise in his
lecture.
8.
Time allowing, I shall come to meet you.
9.
The school being closed, students arranged a picnic.
10.
The curry being tasty, I wanted some more.
2.
The Past Participle
A
Past Participle is formed by using d, ed, n, ne st, L., at the end of the verb.
It
can be used as:
1.
An attributive adjective
2.
An adjective phrase
3.
A complement of the verb
4.
A complement of the object
5.
An adjective phrase
6.
To express an earlier action of the two
7.
To form the perfect tense
1.
The following underlined past participles have been used as attributive
adjectives:
Examples:
1.
A wounded lion becomes more violent.
2.
Lost time never comes back.
3.
Don't cry over the missed chance.
4.
The impoverished people were helped by the govt.
5.
Don't put on the ragged clothes.
6.
The beleaguered team faced another defeat.
7.
The bereaved family is in a great trouble
8.
The educated people behave gently
9.
The deceived boy is my uncle's son
10.
The frustrated people indulge in bad habits.
2. The following
underlined past participles have been used as parts of adjective phrases.
1.
The file, kept on the table, is very important.
2.
Money, earned illegally, is spent illegally.
3.
The sum, solved by you, is correct.
4.
The dress, chosen for the party, is very costly.
5.
The donation, collected by the volunteers, was sent to the food affected
districts of Gujarat.
6.
The time, spent on gossiping, yields no result.
7.
The seeds, sown in time, yield more produce.
8.
The tree, transplanted without watering, died out of shock.
9.
Medicines, taken without doctor’s prescription, is dangerous.
10.
The decision, made hastily, hardly proves successful.
3. The following
underlined past participles have been used as the complements of their respective
verbs:
1.
I am delighted at your success.
2.
The players are tired now.
3.
He seems fed up with corruption.
4.
The teacher appeared exhausted after three consecutive classes.
5.
They were worried about the frequent droughts.
6.
The passangers are dissatisfied with the unreasonable fares.
7.
The winners will be felicitated after the match.
8.
She has been harassed by the miscreants.
9.
They will be awarded at the meeting.
10.
The injured have been hospitalized.
4. The following
underlined past participles have been used as the complements of their
respective objects:
1.
I will have my hair coloured.
2.
He got his doubts cleared.
3.
She had her house renovated last year.
4.
I saw him lost in reading a newspaper.
5.
He got his bike repaired.
6.
We get our hair cut by the barber.
7.
Smita had her projects completed by her mother.
8.
Shah Jahan had the Tajmahal built during his rule.
9.
I got my book printed last month.
10. You should get it done in a week.
5.The
following underlined past participles have been used to express an earlier
action of the two:
1.
Shot by the Police, the suspect lost his life.
2.
Wounded by the lion, the deer succumbed to death.
3.
Harassed by the friends, he left the city.
4.
Overburdened with the pressure, he left the job.
5.
Beaten by the spin of Kamble, Lara lost his wicket.
6.
Supported by the orphanage, the child grew up.
7.
Trained by Baloo, Mowgli saved his life.
8.
Coached by Greg Chapell, Indian Team did well.
9.
Overthrown by the circumstances, he lost the hope of life.
10.
Assured by the minister, the people heaved sighs of relief.
6. The following
underlined past participles have been used to form the perfect tenses.
1.
I have known him.
2.
They have gone to the temple.
3.
Teacher had taught us grammar.
4.
Students will have done their assignments.
5.
We shall have made the plan.
6.
Mother had told me about this.
7.
Who has seen the wind?
8.
The ministers have visited the food-affected area.
9.
Ram would have solved the sums.
10.
You must have paid the bills
3.
The Perfect Participle
1.
A Perfect Participle is formed by using having or having been + v3.
2.
It shows the second action begins after he first action is completed.
a.
Uses of ‘Having + v3’
1.
Having won the battle; he became the king.
2.
Having killed the king, he fled away.
3.
Having taken poisonous wine, they lost their lives.
4.
Having defeated Sri Lanka, India won the Trophy.
5.
Having failed in his first attempt, he tried for the second Time.
6.
Having insulted you, I have made a mistake.
7.
Having translated Gitanjali into English, Tagore got the Nobel Prize.
8.
Having flown to Mumbai, he started a business.
9.
Having stolen the ornaments, they ran away.
10.
Having won the World Cup, they brought glory to the country.
b.
Uses of ‘Having + been+ v3’
1.
Having been washed away by the rainwater, many cattle lost their lives.
2.
Having been beaten by the opponent, they returned home without the
trophy.
3.
Having been cheated by his false friends, he lost his money.
4.
Having been selected in the national team, he became extremely delighted.
5.
Having been stung, he lost his life.
6.
Having been tired, he took rest under a tree.
7.
Having been elected to the Parliament, he became a Minister.
8.
Having been nominated for the award, he was elated.
9.
Having been drowned in the sea, they died.
10.
Having been operated in time, he survived.
*As
we came to see that both the Gerund and the Participle have the same forms,
they often create confusions in the minds of the readers. Hence, let's take the
following examples to remove the confusion.
|
Active
Gerund |
Active
Participle |
|
[Present] |
[Present] |
|
1.
His intention of admiring him was bad. 2.
Encouraging it a good quality. 3.
Loving children is loving God. 4.
Praying brings peace of mind. 5.
Soliciting him is useless. |
He
gained by admiring him unduly. By
encouraging the students, you can improve their performances. By
loving him truly, she won his heart. By
praying to the boss, he got a leave. He
lives by soliciting. |
|
Passive
Gerund [Present] |
Passive
Participle [Present] |
|
1.
Who is not desirous of being? 2.
Students were delighted at being
encouraged. 3.
Everyone is fond of being praised. 4.
The officer was curious about being prayed. 5.
The judge was pleased at being solicited properly. Active
Gerund [Perfect]
1.
He was delighted at having scored a century. 2.
He was ashamed of having stolen. 3.
He regretted having lied to his parents. 4.
He denied having spoken so. 5.
She admitted having committed a mistake. Passive
Gerund [Perfect]
1.
He was delighted at having been praised by all. 2.
He was ashamed of having been scolded by the teacher. 3.
He regretted having been excluded from the team. 4.
He denied having been scolded by the coach. 5.
She admitted having been cheated by a stranger. |
Being
admired unduly, he went astray. Being
encouraged by the teachers, students did well in the exams. Being
praised by her parents, she flourished. Being
prayed by the devotees, God blessed them. Being
solicited by the lawyer, the judge gave his decision. Active
Participle [Perfect]
Having
scored a century, he became player of the match. Having
stolen a gold chain, the thief escaped. Having
lied to his parents, he felt sorry. Having
spoken so, he regretted. Having
adopted foul means, he earned money. Passive
Participle [Perfect]
Having
been praised by the coach, the players performed much better. Having
been scolded by the teacher, the student cried. Having
been excluded from the team, he left playing football. Having
been selected in the T20 squad, he felt happy. Having
been given one more chance to play, Rohit was resolved to do better. |
Copyright: Dr.
Shankar D Mishra
For any doubt in grammar, you can contact at these numbers:
8270604524/8249297412
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