Julius Caesar, Act III, Scene I – Part One:

 

Julius Caesar,

Act III, Scene I – Part One:

Lines: CAESAR

(To the Soothsayer)

The ides of March are come. ……………. CASSIUS

Some to the common pulpits, and cry out

"Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement!"

 

The Capitol. Before the Senate House.

[Enter Caesar, Antony, Lepidus, Publius, Popilius, and others.]

CAESAR

(To the Soothsayer)

The ides of March are come.

SOOTHSAYER

Ay, Caesar, but not gone.

ARTEMIDORUS

Hail, Caesar! Read this schedule.

DECIUS BRUTUS

Trebonius doth desire you to o’erread,

At your best leisure, this his humble suit.

ARTEMIDORUS

O Caesar, read mine first; for mine’s a suit

That touches Caesar nearer: read it, great Caesar.

CAESAR

What touches us ourself shall be last served.

ARTEMIDORUS

Delay not, Caesar; read it instantly.

CAESAR

What, is the fellow mad?

PUBLIUS

Sirrah, give place.

CASSIUS

What! urge you your petitions in the street?

Come to the Capitol.

[Caesar goes up to the Senate House, the rest following.]

POPILIUS

I wish your enterprise today may thrive.

CASSIUS

What enterprise, Popilius?

POPILIUS

Fare you well.

[He advances to Caesar.]

BRUTUS

What said Popilius Lena?

CASSIUS

He wish’d today our enterprise might thrive.

I fear our purpose is discovered.

BRUTUS

Look, how he makes to Caesar; mark him.

CASSIUS

Casca, be sudden, for we fear prevention.

Brutus, what shall be done? If this be known,

Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back,

For I will slay myself.

BRUTUS

Cassius, be constant:

Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes;

For look, he smiles, and Caesar doth not change.

CASSIUS

Trebonius knows his time, for look you, Brutus,

He draws Mark Antony out of the way.

[Exeunt Antony and Trebonius.]

DECIUS BRUTUS

Where is Metellus Cimber? Let him go,

And presently prefer his suit to Caesar.

BRUTUS

He is address’d: press near and second him.

CINNA

Casca, you are the first that rears your hand.

CAESAR

Are we all ready? What is now amiss

That Caesar and his Senate must redress?

METELLUS CIMBER

Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Caesar,

Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat

An humble heart.

[Kneeling.]

CAESAR

I must prevent thee, Cimber.

These couchings and these lowly courtesies

Might fire the blood of ordinary men,

And turn pre-ordinance and first decree

Into the law of children. Be not fond

To think that Caesar bears such rebel blood

That will be thaw’d from the true quality

With that which melteth fools — I mean sweet words,

Low-crooked courtesies, and base spaniel-fawning.

Thy brother by decree is banish’d:

If thou dost bend and pray and fawn for him,

I spurn thee like a cur out of my way.

Know, Caesar doth not wrong, nor without cause

Will he be satisfied.

METELLUS CIMBER

Is there no voice more worthy than my own

To sound more sweetly in great Caesar’s ear

For the repealing of my banish’d brother?

BRUTUS

I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Caesar;

Desiring thee that Publius Cimber may

Have an immediate freedom of repeal.

CAESAR

What, Brutus!

CASSIUS

Pardon, Caesar, Caesar, pardon:

As low as to thy foot doth Cassius fall,

To beg enfranchisement for Publius Cimber.

CAESAR

I could be well mov’d, if I were as you;

If I could pray to move, prayers would move me;

But I am constant as the Northern Star,

Of whose true-fix’d and resting quality

There is no fellow in the firmament.

The skies are painted with unnumber’d sparks;

They are all fire and every one doth shine,

But there’s but one in all doth hold his place.

So in the world; ’tis furnish’d well with men,

And men are flesh and blood, and apprehensive;

Yet in the number I do know but one

That unassailable holds on his rank,

Unshak’d of motion; and that I am he.

Let me a little show it, even in this —

That I was constant Cimber should be banish’d,

And constant do remain to keep him so.

CINNA

O Caesar—

CAESAR

Hence! Wilt thou lift up Olympus?

DECIUS BRUTUS

Great Caesar—

CAESAR

Doth not Brutus bootless kneel?

CASCA

Speak, hands, for me!

[CASCA first, then the other Conspirators, stab CAESAR.]

CAESAR

Et tu, Brute?—Then fall, Caesar.

[Dies.]

CINNA

Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!

Run hence, proclaim, cry it about the streets.

CASSIUS

Some to the common pulpits, and cry out

"Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement!"

 

Glossary

1. Ides of March – The 15th of March in the Roman calendar; the day on which Julius Caesar was assassinated.

2. Soothsayer – A fortune-teller or prophet who predicts the future.

3. Ay – Yes (archaic form).

4. Schedule – A written document or paper (here, Artemidorus’s letter warning Caesar).

5. O’erread – Read over or read carefully.

6. Suit – A request, petition, or appeal to someone in authority.

7. Touches Caesar nearer – Concerns Caesar more personally or directly.

8. What touches us ourself shall be last served – What concerns me personally will be attended to last; Caesar’s proud declaration that public duty comes before personal matters.

9. Sirrah – A term of address used to a servant or someone of lower rank (often condescending).

10. Petitions – Formal written requests made to a person of authority.

11. Capitol (Capitole) – The political and religious center of ancient Rome; here, the Senate House where Caesar is assassinated.

12. Enterprise – An undertaking or project; here, the secret plan to assassinate Caesar.

13. Purpose – Intention or plan (Cassius fears their “purpose” — the conspiracy — has been discovered).

14. Be constant – Stay firm, calm, and self-controlled.

15. Trebonius knows his time – Trebonius knows when to act (he draws Antony away so he cannot protect Caesar).

16. Address’d – Ready or prepared for action.

17. Prefer his suit – Present his request or petition to Caesar.

18. Redress – To set right, to correct a wrong.

19. Most high, most mighty, and most puissant – Titles of exaggerated respect; “puissant” means powerful or mighty.

20. Throws before thy seat an humble heart – Kneels humbly before Caesar as a sign of submission.

21. Prevent thee – Stop or forestall you (Caesar interrupts Metellus before he can finish his plea).

22. Couchings – Low bows or kneelings meant to flatter.

23. Courtesies – Acts of politeness or flattery.

24. Might fire the blood of ordinary men – Might excite or move common men emotionally.

25. Pre-ordinance – Established order or existing law.

26. Fond – Foolish, silly, or naïvely affectionate.

27. Rebel blood – Disobedient or unstable temperament; here Caesar claims he is not so weak-minded.

28. Thaw’d from the true quality – Moved or melted from firmness; swayed from true character.

29. Spaniel-fawning – Dog-like flattery; slavish begging like a dog wagging its tail.

30. Cur – A contemptible dog; insult implying worthlessness.

31. Doth not wrong – Does no injustice.

32. Without cause – Without reason or justification.

33. Satisfied – Appeased or persuaded.

34. Repealing of my banish’d brother – The act of revoking the order of exile; asking for his brother’s recall.

35. Freedom of repeal – Immediate reversal of banishment.

36. Enfranchisement – Freedom or release from restriction; here, freedom for Publius Cimber.

37. Moved – Emotionally influenced or persuaded.

38. As the Northern Star – The fixed star (Polaris) that does not move; symbolizes constancy and firmness.

39. True-fix’d and resting quality – Steadfast and unchanging nature.

40. Firmament – The heavens or sky.

41. Apprehensive – Capable of understanding or perceiving (not “anxious” as in modern use).

42. Unassailable – Unattackable; cannot be shaken or moved.

43. Holds on his rank – Keeps his position or place.

44. Unshak’d of motion – Unmoved by emotion or change.

45. Wilt thou lift up Olympus? – “Are you trying to raise Mount Olympus?” (Caesar compares himself to the gods who dwell there; a metaphor for his arrogance).

46. Bootless – Useless or ineffective.

47. Speak, hands, for me! – Casca’s cry before stabbing Caesar; means “Let my hands (weapons) speak instead of my tongue.”

48. Et tu, Brute? – “Even you, Brutus?” Caesar’s shocked last words on seeing Brutus among his assassins; symbolizes ultimate betrayal by a trusted friend.

49. Then fall, Caesar – “Then let me die”; Caesar accepts death.

50. Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead! – The conspirators’ triumphant shout after the assassination; they believe they have freed Rome from a tyrant.

51. Cry it about the streets – Proclaim it publicly in the city.

 

 

52. Common pulpits – Public speaking platforms used to address the citizens.

53. Enfranchisement (again, as in line 36) – Restoration of liberty; here, shouted as a cry for freedom after Caesar’s death.

 

Paraphrase

[Caesar, the Soothsayer, Artemidorus, the conspirators, and others enter.]

CAESAR:

The ides of March are come.

→ The fifteenth of March has arrived.

SOOTHSAYER:

Ay, Caesar, but not gone.

→ Yes, Caesar — but it hasn’t passed yet.

---

ARTEMIDORUS:

Hail, Caesar! Read this schedule.

→ Greetings, Caesar! Please read this paper I have for you.

DECIUS BRUTUS:

Trebonius wants you to read this petition at your best convenience. It’s his humble request.

→ Trebonius asks that you read this request whenever you have a moment — it’s a respectful appeal.

ARTEMIDORUS:

O Caesar, read mine first, for my request concerns you personally. Read it, great Caesar.

→ Please, Caesar, read my letter first — it’s about your safety, it’s urgent and important for you.

CAESAR:

What concerns me personally shall be read last.

→ Whatever affects me will be the last thing I deal with.

ARTEMIDORUS:

Delay not, Caesar — read it instantly.

→ Don’t delay, Caesar — read it right now!

CAESAR:

What, is the fellow mad?

→ What? Is this man crazy?

PUBLIUS:

Sirrah, stand aside!

→ Step back, fellow!

CASSIUS:

What! Do you present petitions in the street? Come to the Capitol.

→ Why are you trying to give letters here in the street? Bring them to the Senate House.

[Caesar goes up to the Senate House, the rest following.]

POPILIUS:

I wish your enterprise today may succeed.

→ I hope your plan goes well today.

CASSIUS:

What enterprise, Popilius?

→ What plan are you talking about?

POPILIUS:

Fare you well.

→ Goodbye.

(He walks toward Caesar.)

BRUTUS:

What did Popilius Lena say?

→ What did Popilius just tell you?

CASSIUS:

He wished that our plan would succeed. I fear our secret is discovered.

→ He said he hoped our plan works — I’m afraid he knows our conspiracy!

BRUTUS:

Look how he goes toward Caesar — watch him.

→ Look, he’s heading straight to Caesar. Observe him carefully.

CASSIUS:

Casca, act quickly, for we may be prevented. Brutus, what shall we do?

If this is known, either Cassius or Caesar will not live — for I’ll kill myself.

→ Casca, be ready! If our plan has been found out, I’ll never be taken alive — I’ll take my own life before being caught.

BRUTUS:

Cassius, stay calm. Popilius Lena isn’t talking about our plans — look, he smiles, and Caesar’s expression hasn’t changed.

→ Relax, Cassius. Popilius doesn’t mean our conspiracy — see, he’s smiling, and Caesar looks calm and normal.

CASSIUS:

Trebonius knows his time; see, Brutus — he’s drawing Antony aside.

→ Trebonius knows what to do. Look — he’s taking Mark Antony away so he won’t interfere.

[Exit Antony and Trebonius.]

DECIUS BRUTUS:

Where is Metellus Cimber? Let him begin and present his request to Caesar.

→ Where’s Metellus? Let him go first and offer his petition to Caesar.

BRUTUS:

He’s ready — go near and support him.

→ He’s prepared. Move close and back him up.

CINNA:

Casca, you’ll be the first to strike.

→ Casca, you must deliver the first blow.

CAESAR:

Are we all ready? What is it that’s wrong and needs to be corrected?

→ Are we all here? What’s the problem that requires my attention?

METELLUS CIMBER:

Most high, most mighty, and most powerful Caesar,

Metellus Cimber kneels before your seat with a humble heart.

→ Great and mighty Caesar, I bow before you with deep humility.

[He kneels.]

CAESAR:

I must stop you there, Cimber.

→ Hold on, Cimber — let me interrupt you.

These kneelings and these lowly gestures might move the blood of ordinary men,

and turn firm decisions into childish whims.

→ Such acts of kneeling and flattery might sway weak men and make them change their decisions like foolish children.

But don’t be foolish — Caesar is not made of such weak stuff.

→ Don’t think I’m that soft-hearted.

You can’t melt Caesar’s firmness with sweet words and dog-like begging.

→ You can’t soften my resolve with pretty words or servile flattery.

Your brother is banished by law.

→ Your brother has been exiled by legal decree.

If you beg and flatter for him, I’ll spurn you like a dog from my path.

→ If you keep kneeling and pleading, I’ll kick you aside like a stray dog.

Know this — Caesar does no wrong, and will not be persuaded without reason.

→ Understand that I act justly — and I will not change my mind without good cause.

METELLUS CIMBER:

Is there no voice more worthy than mine to plead for my banished brother?

→ Isn’t there someone of higher status than I am who might plead more effectively for my brother’s return?

BRUTUS:

I kiss your hand, but not as flattery, Caesar.

I ask that Publius Cimber may be allowed to return immediately.

→ I respectfully touch your hand, Caesar, but not to flatter you — only to request that you recall Publius Cimber from exile.

CAESAR:

What, Brutus!

→ What, even you, Brutus?

CASSIUS:

Pardon, Caesar, pardon!

As low as your feet doth Cassius fall,

To beg for Publius Cimber’s freedom.

→ Forgive me, Caesar, forgive me!

I kneel down to your feet to ask for Cimber’s release.

CAESAR:

I could be moved, if I were like you.

If I could pray to move others, prayers would move me.

But I am constant as the Northern Star,

whose steady light has no equal in the heavens.

→ I could be persuaded, if I were like you.

If prayers could influence me, then I’d be moved by yours.

But I am as firm as the North Star — unchanging and unmatched in steadiness.

The skies are full of countless stars — all bright, all fiery —

but only one stays fixed in its position.

→ The heavens are filled with shining stars, but only one never moves — the North Star.

So too in this world, there are many men, all with feelings and intelligence,

but only one who remains steadfast and immovable — and that is I.

→ Just as there are many men in the world, but only one truly constant one — and that’s me.

Let me show that constancy now:

Cimber was banished, and I will remain constant in keeping him banished.

→ Let me prove my firmness now — I said Cimber would be exiled, and I’ll not reverse that decree.

CINNA:

O Caesar—

→ O Caesar—

CAESAR:

Silence! Would you try to lift Mount Olympus itself?

→ Quiet! Are you trying to overturn the heavens?

DECIUS BRUTUS:

Great Caesar—

→ Great Caesar—

CAESAR:

Does not Brutus kneel in vain?

→ Doesn’t even Brutus kneel before me uselessly?

CASCA:

Speak, hands, for me!

→ My words will be my hands! (He draws his dagger to strike.)

[CASCA strikes Caesar first; then the other conspirators stab him one by one, ending with Brutus.]

CAESAR:

Et tu, Brute? — Then fall, Caesar.

→ You too, Brutus? Then let me die.

(Caesar dies.)

CINNA:

Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!

Run, proclaim it through the streets!

→ Freedom at last! Caesar the tyrant is dead! Go shout it across Rome!

CASSIUS:

Some of you go to the public platforms and cry out,

“Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement!”

→ Spread the word from every pulpit — cry out “Freedom and deliverance for Rome!”

 

Questions. 1: Multiple choice questions

1. Who says, “The ides of March are come”?

A) Brutus B) Caesar C) Cassius D) Soothsayer

Answer: B) Caesar

2. What does the Soothsayer reply to Caesar’s remark?

A) Beware the Ides of March B) They are not yet come C) Ay, Caesar, but not gone D) The danger is past

Answer: C) Ay, Caesar, but not gone

3. Who tries to give Caesar a written warning?

A) Casca B) Artemidorus C) Decius Brutus D) Cinna

Answer: B) Artemidorus

4. What is Artemidorus carrying?

A) A sword B) A schedule C) A scroll D) A letter

Answer: D) A letter

5. What does Artemidorus urge Caesar to do?

A) Go home B) Read his letter immediately C) Trust no one D) Punish Brutus

Answer: B) Read his letter immediately

6. Who interrupts Artemidorus by presenting another petition?

A) Cinna B) Decius Brutus C) Trebonius D) Cassius

Answer: B) Decius Brutus

7. What does Caesar say about reading petitions?

A) I will read all B) What touches us ourself shall be last served C) I have no time D) Read it later

Answer: B) What touches us ourself shall be last served

8. What is Artemidorus’s suit about?

A) A request for money B) A warning to Caesar C) A promotion D) A pardon

Answer: B) A warning to Caesar

9. How does Caesar react to Artemidorus’s urgency?

A) He thanks him B) He reads the letter C) He calls him mad D) He agrees to meet later

Answer: C) He calls him mad

10. Who tells Artemidorus to move aside?

A) Brutus B) Publius C) Cinna D) Cassius

Answer: B) Publius

11. What does Cassius say about presenting petitions in the street?

A) It is wise B) It is foolish C) Come to the Capitol D) Delay it

Answer: C) Come to the Capitol

12. Where does Caesar go next?

A) His house B) The Forum C) The Senate House D) The battlefield

Answer: C) The Senate House

13. Who wishes Cassius success in his enterprise?

A) Popilius Lena B) Trebonius C) Cinna D) Casca

Answer: A) Popilius Lena

14. Why does Cassius become worried after hearing Popilius?

A) He thinks their plan is discovered B) He suspects Brutus C) He sees Antony D) Caesar smiles

Answer: A) He thinks their plan is discovered

15. Who reassures Cassius that their plan is safe?

A) Casca B) Brutus C) Cinna D) Trebonius

Answer: B) Brutus

16. How does Brutus know Popilius isn’t revealing their plan?

A) Popilius smiles and Caesar’s expression doesn’t change B) Caesar runs away C) Popilius whispers D) Antony interrupts

Answer: A) Popilius smiles and Caesar’s expression doesn’t change

17. Who is responsible for keeping Antony away from Caesar?

A) Decius B) Trebonius C) Cinna D) Casca

Answer: B) Trebonius

18. What is Metellus Cimber’s request to Caesar?

A) To free his brother from banishment B) To appoint him consul C) To spare Brutus D) To punish Cassius

Answer: A) To free his brother from banishment

19. What does Metellus do before speaking?

A) Bows and kneels B) Shouts aloud C) Draws his sword D) Reads a letter

Answer: A) Bows and kneels

20. How does Caesar respond to Metellus’s humility?

A) He grants his request B) He praises him C) He scorns flattery D) He forgives him

Answer: C) He scorns flattery

21. What does Caesar call Metellus’s behavior?

A) Noble B) Low-crooked court’sies C) Sincere D) Foolish

Answer: B) Low-crooked court’sies

22. How does Caesar describe himself metaphorically?

A) As a lion B) As a mountain C) As the northern star D) As the sun

Answer: C) As the northern star

23. What quality of the northern star does Caesar admire?

A) Brightness B) Immobility C) Heat D) Distance

Answer: B) Immobility

24. What does Caesar say about himself and constancy?

A) He can change B) He is easily moved C) He is constant as the northern star D) He is uncertain

Answer: C) He is constant as the northern star

25. Who is the first to stab Caesar?

A) Cassius B) Casca C) Brutus D) Cinna

Answer: B) Casca

26. What does Casca say when striking Caesar?

A) Die, tyrant! B) Speak, hands, for me! C) Freedom! D) Rome is avenged!

Answer: B) Speak, hands, for me!

27. Who says, “Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar”?

A) Cassius B) Caesar C) Cinna D) Decius Brutus

Answer: B) Caesar

28. What does “Et tu, Brute!” mean?

A) You too, Brutus! B) Kill him! C) Long live Rome! D) Stop!

Answer: A) You too, Brutus!

29. What happens immediately after Caesar’s death?

A) Antony kills Brutus B) The conspirators rejoice C) The crowd enters D) Caesar’s ghost appears

Answer: B) The conspirators rejoice

30. What do the conspirators cry after Caesar falls?

A) Death to Antony B) Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement! C) Rome is lost D) Long live Caesar

Answer: B) Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement!

31. Who suggests they proclaim Caesar’s death in public?

A) Cinna B) Cassius C) Brutus D) Casca

Answer: B) Cassius

32. What does “enfranchisement” mean here?

A) Freedom B) Voting rights C) Punishment D) Slavery

Answer: A) Freedom

33. Where does Cassius tell them to go to announce the news?

A) The Forum B) The Capitol C) The common pulpits D) The battlefield

Answer: C) The common pulpits

34. What does Caesar say about wronging others?

A) He never wrongs anyone without cause B) He is above the law C) He does as he pleases D) He listens to prayers

Answer: A) He never wrongs anyone without cause

35. What is the reason for Publius Cimber’s banishment?

A) Treason B) Theft C) Political reasons D) Unknown

Answer: D) Unknown

36. How many conspirators stab Caesar?

A) 3 B) 5 C) Several including Brutus D) Only Casca

Answer: C) Several including Brutus

37. What is Caesar compared to by Metellus Cimber’s flattery?

A) Olympus B) The sun C) The ocean D) Jupiter

Answer: A) Olympus

38. What does Caesar mean by “Wilt thou lift up Olympus?”

A) You are too proud B) You cannot move the unmovable C) Help me D) Praise me more

Answer: B) You cannot move the unmovable

39. What does “puissant” mean in Metellus’s address?

A) Powerful B) Weak C) Proud D) Angry

Answer: A) Powerful

40. What emotion does Cassius express before the assassination?

A) Fear of discovery B) Confidence C) Sadness D) Anger

Answer: A) Fear of discovery

41. What does Brutus tell Cassius to be?

A) Silent B) Constant C) Brave D) Swift

Answer: B) Constant

42. What role does Trebonius play during the assassination?

A) Holds Antony aside B) Stabs Caesar C) Cries for help D) Warns Caesar

Answer: A) Holds Antony aside

43. Why is Caesar’s statement about the northern star ironic?

A) He is about to fall B) He will shine forever C) He loves the sky D) He knows astrology

Answer: A) He is about to fall

44. What does Brutus say while kneeling before Caesar?

A) I kiss thy hand but not in flattery B) I beg for mercy C) Forgive me D) You are the greatest

Answer: A) I kiss thy hand but not in flattery

45. What is the “enterprise” mentioned by Popilius Lena?

A) The conspiracy to kill Caesar B) A business deal C) A Roman festival D) Antony’s plan

Answer: A) The conspiracy to kill Caesar

46. What tone does Caesar maintain before his death?

A) Proud and confident B) Afraid C) Confused D) Repentant

Answer: A) Proud and confident

47. How does Caesar describe men who flatter?

A) As base spaniel-fawning B) Loyal C) Noble D) Honest

Answer: A) As base spaniel-fawning

48. What happens immediately after Caesar’s fall?

A) He forgives Brutus B) The senators flee C) Antony kills Cassius D) Caesar speaks again

Answer: B) The senators flee

 

49. What does “constant” mean in Caesar’s speech?

A) Steady and unchanging B) Proud and boastful C) Weak D) Happy

Answer: A) Steady and unchanging

50. Which theme is central to this scene?

A) Betrayal and ambition B) Love and marriage C) Comedy and wit D) Magic and prophecy

Answer: A) Betrayal and ambition

 

Questions. 2: One-mark questions

1. Who greets the Soothsayer at the beginning of the scene?

Caesar greets the Soothsayer at the beginning of the scene.

2. What does Caesar say to the Soothsayer?

Caesar says, “The ides of March are come.”

3. What is the Soothsayer’s reply?

The Soothsayer replies, “Ay, Caesar, but not gone.”

4. Who approaches Caesar with a letter of warning?

Artemidorus approaches Caesar with a letter of warning.

5. What does Artemidorus ask Caesar to do?

Artemidorus asks Caesar to read his letter immediately.

6. Why does Artemidorus want Caesar to read his letter first?

He says his letter concerns Caesar more personally than any other petition.

7. How does Caesar respond to Artemidorus’s request?

Caesar says that what touches himself shall be last served.

8. What does Caesar think about Artemidorus’s insistence?

Caesar thinks Artemidorus is mad for urging him to read in the street.

9. Who tells Artemidorus to step aside?

Publius tells Artemidorus to step aside and make way.

10. What advice does Cassius give about presenting petitions?

Cassius tells them to present their petitions inside the Capitol, not in the street.

11. Where does Caesar proceed after this conversation?

Caesar proceeds to the Senate House.

12. Who wishes Cassius success in his “enterprise”?

Popilius Lena wishes Cassius success in his enterprise.

13. Why does Cassius become frightened by Popilius’s words?

He fears that their conspiracy has been discovered.

14. How does Brutus calm Cassius’s fear?

Brutus notes that Popilius smiles and Caesar’s expression does not change.

15. Who draws Mark Antony away from the Senate?

Trebonius draws Mark Antony away from the Senate House.

16. Why does Trebonius lead Antony aside?

He does so to keep Antony away during the assassination.

 

17. Who begins the appeal to Caesar in the Senate?

Metellus Cimber begins the appeal to Caesar.

18. What does Metellus Cimber request?

He requests that his banished brother be recalled to Rome.

19. How does Metellus Cimber approach Caesar?

He kneels humbly before Caesar.

20. How does Caesar view such kneeling and flattery?

He views it as base and unworthy behavior meant to deceive ordinary men.

21. What does Caesar mean by “These couchings and lowly courtesies”?

He means false displays of humility meant to gain favor.

22. What does Caesar compare himself to in his speech?

Caesar compares himself to the northern star.

23. Why does Caesar compare himself to the northern star?

He says he is constant and unshaken, just as the star never moves.

24. What quality of the northern star does Caesar admire?

He admires its fixed and unchanging nature.

25. What does Caesar say about granting Metellus’s request?

He says he remains constant in keeping Publius Cimber banished.

26. What does Brutus do before Caesar?

Brutus kneels and kisses Caesar’s hand without flattery.

27. What is Brutus’s request to Caesar?

Brutus requests that Publius Cimber be granted freedom.

28. How does Cassius join in the plea?

Cassius kneels as low as Caesar’s foot to beg for Cimber’s freedom.

29. What does Caesar mean when he says, “I could be well moved, if I were as you”?

He means that if he were emotional like them, he could be persuaded by prayers.

30. What does Caesar declare about his own nature?

He declares that he is constant and firm, not easily moved by petitions.

31. Who is the first conspirator to stab Caesar?

Casca is the first conspirator to stab Caesar.

32. What words does Casca say when stabbing Caesar?

Casca says, “Speak, hands, for me!”

33. Who strikes Caesar after Casca?

The other conspirators, including Brutus, strike Caesar after Casca.

34. What famous line does Caesar utter when he sees Brutus among the attackers?

Caesar says, “Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar.”

35. What does “Et tu, Brute!” mean?

It means “You too, Brutus!” showing Caesar’s shock and despair.

36. What happens to Caesar immediately after saying this line?

Caesar falls and dies.

37. What does Cinna cry out after Caesar’s death?

Cinna cries, “Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!”

38. What does Cassius urge the conspirators to do?

Cassius urges them to announce liberty and freedom to the people.

39. Where does Cassius tell them to proclaim their victory?

He tells them to go to the common pulpits and cry out the news.

40. What does “enfranchisement” mean in this context?

It means freedom or release from tyranny.

41. What emotion does Cassius express before Caesar’s death?

He expresses fear that their plan might be discovered.

42. What advice does Brutus give Cassius at that moment?

Brutus tells him to remain constant and calm.

43. What does Caesar claim about himself doing wrong?

He claims that he never does wrong without a just cause.

44. What insult does Caesar give to flatterers?

He calls their behavior “base spaniel-fawning.”

45. What does Caesar mean by “Wilt thou lift up Olympus?”

He means that it is impossible to change his fixed decision, just as one cannot lift a mountain.

46. What does “puissant” mean in Metellus Cimber’s address?

It means powerful or mighty.

47. What is the dramatic irony in Caesar’s speech about constancy?

The irony is that he claims to be unshaken just before he is killed.

48. What do the conspirators believe they have achieved by killing Caesar?

They believe they have restored liberty to Rome.

49. How do the senators react to Caesar’s assassination?

The senators flee in panic and confusion.

50. What main theme does this scene highlight?

This scene highlights the theme of betrayal and the fall of ambition.

 

Questions. 3: Who Said To Whom?

1. “The ides of March are come.”

Caesar said this to the Soothsayer.

2. “Ay, Caesar, but not gone.”

The Soothsayer said this to Caesar.

3. “Hail, Caesar! Read this schedule.”

Artemidorus said this to Caesar.

4. “What touches us ourself shall be last served.”

Caesar said this to Artemidorus.

5. “Delay not, Caesar, read it instantly.”

Artemidorus said this to Caesar.

6. “What, is the fellow mad?”

Caesar said this about Artemidorus.

 

 

7. “Sirrah, give place.”

Publius said this to Artemidorus.

8. “What, urge you your petitions in the street?”

Cassius said this to Artemidorus.

9. “I wish your enterprise to-day may thrive.”

Popilius Lena said this to Cassius.

10. “He wish’d to-day our enterprise might thrive.”

Cassius said this to Brutus.

11. “Look, how he makes to Caesar, mark him.”

Brutus said this to Cassius.

12. “Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back, for I will slay myself.”

Cassius said this to Brutus.

13. “Cassius, be constant.”

Brutus said this to Cassius.

14. “Trebonius knows his time, for look you, Brutus, he draws Mark Antony out of the way.”

Cassius said this to Brutus.

15. “Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Caesar, Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat an humble heart.”

Metellus Cimber said this to Caesar.

16. “These couchings and these lowly courtesies might fire the blood of ordinary men.”

Caesar said this to Metellus Cimber.

17. “Thy brother by decree is banished.”

Caesar said this to Metellus Cimber.

18. “I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Caesar.”

Brutus said this to Caesar.

19. “As low as to thy foot doth Cassius fall.”

Cassius said this to Caesar.

20. “I am constant as the northern star.”

Caesar said this to the conspirators.

21. “Hence! Wilt thou lift up Olympus?”

Caesar said this to Cinna.

22. “Speak, hands, for me!”

Casca said this to the conspirators as he struck Caesar.

23. “Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar.”

Caesar said this to Brutus.

24. “Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!”

Cinna said this to all the conspirators.

25. “Some to the common pulpits, and cry out liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement.”

Cassius said this to the other conspirators.

 

Questions. 4: Reference to context

Extract: 1

Caesar: The ides of March are come.

Soothsayer: Ay, Caesar, but not gone.

1. Who is the speaker of the first line?

Caesar is the speaker of the first line.

2. Who replies to Caesar in this extract?

The Soothsayer replies to Caesar.

3. What does “the ides of March” refer to?

It refers to the 15th of March, the day of Caesar’s assassination.

4. What is the Soothsayer reminding Caesar?

He reminds Caesar that the day has come but has not yet passed, warning him of danger.

5. What earlier warning had the Soothsayer given Caesar?

He had earlier warned Caesar to “Beware the ides of March.”

6. What tone does Caesar use while addressing the Soothsayer?

Caesar speaks with pride and irony, dismissing the warning.

 

Extract: 2

Artemidorus: O Caesar, read mine first, for mine’s a suit

That touches Caesar nearer; read it, great Caesar.

1. Who is Artemidorus?

Artemidorus is a teacher and a well-wisher of Caesar who knows about the conspiracy.

2. What does Artemidorus want Caesar to read?

He wants Caesar to read a warning letter about the conspiracy.

3. Why does he say “mine’s a suit that touches Caesar nearer”?

He means his letter concerns Caesar’s personal safety.

4. Does Caesar read the letter?

No, Caesar refuses to read it immediately.

5. What does this refusal reveal about Caesar’s nature?

It shows his arrogance and carelessness toward danger.

6. What happens as a result of Caesar ignoring the letter?

He remains unaware of the assassination plot and is later killed.

 

Extract: 3

Caesar: What touches us ourself shall be last served.

1. What does Caesar mean by this line?

He means he will deal with personal matters last.

 

 

2. Who is he speaking to?

He is speaking to Artemidorus.

3. What does this reveal about Caesar’s personality?

It reveals his pride and sense of duty toward public matters.

4. Is this a wise decision?

No, it is foolish as it costs him his life.

5. What literary device is used here?

Irony, since ignoring the letter leads to his downfall.

6. What theme is highlighted here?

The theme of pride leading to tragedy.

 

Extract: 4

Popilius: I wish your enterprise today may thrive.

1. Who is Popilius addressing?

He is addressing Cassius.

2. What does he mean by “enterprise”?

He means the secret plan of killing Caesar.

3. How does Cassius react to this statement?

Cassius becomes anxious, fearing the plot is exposed.

4. Does Popilius truly know the conspiracy?

No, he speaks innocently without knowing its details.

5. How is the tension shown in this scene?

Through Cassius’s fear and quick suspicion.

6. What does this moment foreshadow?

It foreshadows the coming danger and suspense of Caesar’s murder.

 

Extract:

Cassius: Cassius or Caesar never shall turn back,

For I will slay myself.

1. Why does Cassius say this?

He fears that the conspiracy has been discovered.

2. What does this line reveal about his character?

It shows his bravery and determination.

3. What does Cassius mean by “never shall turn back”?

He means he would rather die than be captured.

4. How does Brutus calm him?

Brutus assures him that their plan is safe.

5. What emotion dominates this moment?

Fear and desperation.

6. What quality of Cassius is shown here?

His readiness to sacrifice his life for the cause.

 

Extract:

Trebonius knows his time, for look you, Brutus,

He draws Mark Antony out of the way.

1. Who is speaking these lines?

Cassius is speaking to Brutus.

2. What is Trebonius doing here?

He is leading Antony away so the conspirators can attack Caesar.

3. Why do the conspirators want Antony away?

They fear he may defend Caesar.

4. What does this show about their planning?

It shows their careful coordination.

5. What role does Trebonius play in the plot?

He helps isolate Antony during the murder.

6. What does Antony later do after this event?

He avenges Caesar’s death.

 

Extract:

Metellus Cimber: Most high, most mighty, and most puissant Caesar,

Metellus Cimber throws before thy seat an humble heart.

1. What is Metellus doing here?

He is kneeling before Caesar.

2. What does he ask for?

He asks for the repeal of his brother’s banishment.

3. How does Caesar react?

Caesar scolds him for flattery.

4. What quality of Caesar is revealed?

His pride and sense of superiority.

5. What tone does Metellus use?

A pleading and flattering tone.

6. What does this scene set up?

It sets the stage for Caesar’s assassination.

 

Extract:

Caesar: I am constant as the northern star.

1. What does Caesar mean by this?

He means he is firm and unchanging in his decisions.

2. What is the northern star a symbol of?

It symbolizes constancy and steadfastness.

3. What decision is Caesar talking about?

His refusal to recall Metellus Cimber’s brother.

4. How is this statement ironic?

Because Caesar is about to be killed and thus not constant.

5. What trait of Caesar is highlighted?

His pride and arrogance.

6. What theme does this line express?

The danger of hubris and inflexibility.

 

Extract: 9

Brutus: I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery, Caesar.

1. What is Brutus doing here?

He pretends to plead with Caesar.

2. Why does he say “not in flattery”?

To make his act seem sincere.

3. What does he request?

The release of Publius Cimber.

4. Is Brutus sincere?

No, he is part of the conspiracy.

5. What emotion does Caesar feel here?

He feels pride and self-importance.

6. What happens shortly after?

Brutus helps in stabbing Caesar.

 

Extract:

Casca: Speak, hands, for me!

1. Who says this line?

Casca says this.

2. When does he say it?

Just before stabbing Caesar.

3. What does the line mean?

He will act through his hands instead of words.

4. What does this mark in the play?

The beginning of Caesar’s assassination.

5. What figure of speech is used?

Personification, giving hands the power to “speak.”

6. What emotion does this line show?

Determination and aggression.

 

Extract: 11

Caesar: Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar.

1. What does “Et tu, Brute!” mean?

It means “You too, Brutus!”

2. What does Caesar realize here?

That even his trusted friend has betrayed him.

3. What happens immediately after?

Caesar dies.

4. What emotion does this express?

Shock and heartbreak.

5. What is the significance of this line?

It symbolizes ultimate betrayal.

6. What theme does it reveal?

The theme of friendship and treachery.

 

Extract: 12

Cinna: Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!

1. When does Cinna say this?

After Caesar’s assassination.

2. What does “tyranny” refer to?

Caesar’s rule, which they considered oppressive.

3. What does Cinna want others to do?

He wants them to rejoice and spread the news.

4. How does the crowd react later?

They are confused and later turn against the conspirators.

5. What tone is used here?

Excited and triumphant.

6. What irony lies here?

They believe they freed Rome, but chaos follows.

 

Extract: 13

Cassius: Some to the common pulpits, and cry out

‘Liberty, freedom, and enfranchisement!’

1. Who is Cassius addressing?

He is addressing the conspirators.

2. What does “pulpits” mean here?

Public platforms or speaking places.

3. What message does he want spread?

That Rome is now free from tyranny.

4. What is the irony in this command?

They killed Caesar but caused civil unrest.

5. What does “enfranchisement” mean?

Granting of freedom or political rights.

6. What does this reveal about Cassius?

His desire to justify the murder as noble.

 

Extract: 14

Caesar: Know, Caesar doth not wrong, nor without cause

Will he be satisfied.

1. What does Caesar claim about himself?

That he never does wrong.

2. Who is he speaking to?

He is speaking to Metellus Cimber.

3. What does this show about Caesar’s attitude?

He is arrogant and self-righteous.

4. What literary device is used here?

Dramatic irony, since his downfall proves otherwise.

5. What does “satisfied” mean here?

Persuaded or moved by others.

6. How does this line advance the plot?

It provokes the conspirators to kill him.

 

Extract: 15

Brutus: Cassius, be constant; Popilius Lena speaks not of our purposes.

1. What does Brutus mean by “be constant”?

He asks Cassius to stay calm.

2. What had made Cassius afraid?

He thought Popilius knew of their plan.

3. What does Brutus observe to reassure him?

That Caesar’s face shows no sign of suspicion.

4. What does this reveal about Brutus’s nature?

He is composed and rational.

5. How does this moment affect the plot?

It steadies the conspirators before the assassination.

6. What does “our purposes” refer to?

Their plan to kill Caesar.

 

Question: 5 -Two-Mark Questions

1. Why does Caesar ignore Artemidorus’s letter?

Caesar ignores Artemidorus’s letter because he believes personal matters should come last. His pride and overconfidence prevent him from heeding warnings. Ironically, this arrogance leads directly to his assassination, as the letter contained crucial information about the conspiracy to kill him.

2. What is the significance of the Soothsayer’s warning?

The Soothsayer warns Caesar to beware the ides of March. This creates dramatic tension, showing that danger is imminent. Caesar’s dismissal highlights his hubris, and the audience knows the warning is true, which builds suspense and tragic irony, as he will be killed on the very day the Soothsayer predicted.

3. How does Cassius react to Popilius Lena’s remark?

Cassius fears that Popilius Lena knows about the conspiracy. He believes their plan is discovered and expresses anxiety, even threatening to kill himself. Brutus reassures him, showing Cassius’s impulsive and emotional nature in contrast to Brutus’s calm, rational demeanor, which maintains the conspirators’ focus.

4. Why does Trebonius draw Antony away from Caesar?

Trebonius draws Antony aside to keep him away during the assassination. Antony is loyal to Caesar and could interfere, so the conspirators isolate him to prevent complications. This careful planning shows the conspirators’ strategic thinking and forethought. Antony’s absence ensures the plot can proceed without interference.

5. What is the purpose of Metellus Cimber’s petition?

Metellus Cimber kneels and humbly requests Caesar to repeal his brother’s banishment. The petition appears innocent but is a distraction to gain Caesar’s attention and lower his guard. It provides the conspirators an opportunity to execute their plan. Caesar’s pride and disdain for flattery prevent him from being swayed.

6. How does Caesar respond to flattery?

Caesar rejects flattery, calling it “base spaniel-fawning.” He refuses to be manipulated by false humility, asserting his constancy and superiority. Ironically, his pride blinds him to real danger. The dramatic effect emphasizes Caesar’s hubris and sets the stage for his downfall, as the conspirators exploit his overconfidence.

7. Why does Brutus say, “I kiss thy hand, but not in flattery”?

Brutus pretends sincerity while kneeling before Caesar to request Cimber’s brother’s freedom. He avoids appearing insincere, masking his involvement in the conspiracy. This careful deception highlights Brutus’s internal conflict between loyalty to Caesar and his belief in Rome’s good, portraying him as a morally complex character.

8. What is the meaning of Caesar’s “I am constant as the northern star”?

Caesar claims he is unwavering in decisions, just as the northern star remains fixed. This simile highlights his pride and belief in his invincibility. Dramatically, it is ironic, as he will be assassinated moments later. The statement underscores Caesar’s hubris and creates tension through foreshadowing.

9. How is dramatic irony created in this scene?

Dramatic irony arises because the audience knows about the conspiracy while Caesar does not. Caesar dismisses warnings, ignoring Artemidorus’s letter and the Soothsayer’s advice. His confidence contrasts with the imminent danger, intensifying suspense. The irony heightens the tragedy, emphasizing how pride and blindness lead to his downfall.

10. What is the significance of Casca’s line, “Speak, hands, for me!”

Casca’s line signals the start of the physical action against Caesar. It shows that words have failed, and action will speak through violence. This personification of hands emphasizes determination and resolve. Dramatically, it marks the climax of the conspiracy, immediately preceding Caesar’s death.

11. How does Brutus justify Caesar’s assassination?

Brutus believes Caesar’s ambition threatens Rome’s freedom. He joins the conspirators to protect the republic. By appearing noble and rational, Brutus

tries to morally justify the murder, contrasting with Cassius, whose motives are personal. His reasoning appeals to the conspirators’ sense of duty and highlights themes of loyalty and patriotism.

12. Why does Caesar say, “Et tu, Brute! Then fall, Caesar”?

Caesar utters this upon seeing Brutus among the conspirators. It expresses shock and betrayal, as Brutus is a trusted friend. The line emphasizes personal and political betrayal. Caesar’s recognition of Brutus’s involvement makes the murder emotionally devastating and solidifies the scene as the play’s tragic climax.

13. How do the conspirators attempt to present their act as noble?

After killing Caesar, Cinna and Cassius proclaim “Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!” They frame the murder as an act to restore Rome’s freedom, appealing to citizens. This illustrates their political rhetoric and attempts to justify violence, highlighting themes of power, betrayal, and moral ambiguity in the pursuit of ideals.

14. What role does Popilius Lena play in the scene?

Popilius Lena inadvertently increases tension by wishing Cassius success. His remark is misunderstood as knowledge of the conspiracy. This introduces suspense, showing conspirators’ fear of exposure. It also emphasizes how external forces and misinterpretations influence human actions, creating dramatic irony.

15. What emotion dominates Cassius in this scene?

Fear dominates Cassius, as he worries the conspiracy might fail. He even considers suicide. This highlights his impulsive and passionate nature in contrast to Brutus’s calmness. Cassius’s anxiety demonstrates the psychological strain of political conspiracies and adds tension to the unfolding events.

16. Why is Antony drawn away before the murder?

The conspirators fear Antony will protect Caesar or intervene. Trebonius distracts him, ensuring the assassination occurs without resistance. This strategic move emphasizes the conspirators’ planning and the cold calculation behind the act. Antony’s temporary absence later allows him to seek revenge.

17. How is hubris shown in Caesar’s behaviour?

Caesar’s pride is evident in ignoring warnings, rejecting flattery, and comparing himself to the northern star. His arrogance blinds him to danger, making him overconfident. Shakespeare uses hubris to build dramatic tension and foreshadow the tragic consequences of ignoring wisdom and advice.

18. What does “enfranchisement” mean in the conspirators’ proclamation?

Enfranchisement means freedom or liberation from Caesar’s tyranny. The conspirators use this rhetoric to justify murder and appeal to Roman citizens. It highlights their attempt to frame political violence as noble, revealing themes of power, morality, and propaganda.

19. How is suspense created when Caesar faces the conspirators?

Suspense arises from Caesar’s oblivion to the conspiracy despite warnings and the conspirators’ readiness to act. Popilius’s remark and the conspirators’ positioning heighten tension. The audience anticipates the outcome, creating dramatic irony as they know Caesar’s fate while he remains unaware.

20. What does Metellus Cimber’s petition symbolize?

It symbolizes deception and manipulation. By kneeling and pleading, Metellus distracts Caesar and lowers his guard, allowing the conspirators to act. The petition highlights the contrast between appearances and reality, emphasizing themes of betrayal, political strategy, and the moral ambiguity of the conspirators’ actions.

 

Question: 6 -Three-Mark Questions

1. Explain the dramatic irony in Caesar ignoring Artemidorus’s letter.

Dramatic irony occurs because the audience knows the contents of Artemidorus’s letter, warning Caesar of the conspiracy. Caesar refuses to read it, believing personal matters should be last. His overconfidence and arrogance prevent him from taking precautions. The audience understands that this pride will lead to his death, intensifying suspense and tragedy. Shakespeare uses irony to highlight Caesar’s hubris and foreshadow the assassination.

2. Describe how Cassius’s fear contrasts with Brutus’s calmness.

Cassius panics after Popilius Lena’s remark, fearing the conspiracy is discovered. He expresses extreme anxiety and even contemplates suicide. In contrast, Brutus remains composed, analyzing the situation rationally and reassuring Cassius. This contrast emphasizes Brutus’s leadership and moral fortitude, highlighting the psychological pressure of political plots. Shakespeare uses this to develop tension, showing that fear and reason coexist differently among conspirators.

3. How does Caesar’s pride contribute to his downfall?

Caesar’s pride is evident in rejecting Artemidorus’s warning, dismissing flattery, and comparing himself to the northern star. He overestimates his invincibility and believes no one can sway him. This hubris blinds him to danger, allowing the conspirators to assassinate him. Shakespeare demonstrates that excessive pride can make even the powerful vulnerable, reinforcing the play’s tragic theme.

4. What is the significance of Casca’s line “Speak, hands, for me”?

Casca’s line signals the transition from plotting to action. It shows determination, as he lets his hands act instead of words. This moment marks the start of Caesar’s assassination, emphasizing physical action over dialogue. The line uses personification, giving hands the role of communication. It heightens suspense and establishes the climax of the conspiracy.

5. Discuss Brutus’s moral dilemma in the assassination.

Brutus struggles between loyalty to Caesar and duty to Rome. He loves Caesar but fears his ambition threatens the republic. His internal conflict is evident

when he kneels to request Cimber’s brother’s pardon while planning the murder. Brutus’s rationale attempts to justify the assassination as noble, highlighting themes of morality, honour, and personal versus political responsibility.

6. How is suspense maintained when Popilius Lena speaks to Cassius?

Popilius Lena wishes Cassius success, creating suspense because the conspirators misinterpret it as knowledge of the plot. Cassius panics, fearing discovery. Brutus reassures him, but tension remains high. Shakespeare uses this moment to manipulate audience anticipation, heightening drama and emphasizing the precarious nature of conspiratorial actions.

7. Explain the role of Antony being drawn aside.

Trebonius removes Antony to prevent him from protecting Caesar. Antony’s absence allows the conspirators to act unopposed, demonstrating strategic planning. This separation also sets up future conflict, as Antony survives to avenge Caesar, turning public opinion against the conspirators. The scene illustrates the careful orchestration of the plot and the consequences of underestimating loyal allies.

8. How do the conspirators justify Caesar’s murder to the people?

After the assassination, the conspirators proclaim, “Liberty! Freedom! Tyranny is dead!” They frame their actions as restoring Rome’s liberty, portraying Caesar as a threat. This justification attempts to appeal to citizens’ sense of justice, masking murder as political necessity. It highlights themes of power, propaganda, and moral ambiguity, showing how rhetoric can manipulate perception.

9. What is the dramatic effect of “Et tu, Brute”?

Caesar’s exclamation reveals the ultimate betrayal by a trusted friend. It heightens the tragedy and emphasizes personal as well as political treachery. The line evokes shock and emotional intensity, marking the play’s climax. Shakespeare uses it to underscore themes of loyalty, trust, and the devastating consequences of betrayal in human relationships.

10. How does Shakespeare use foreshadowing in this scene?

Foreshadowing appears in the Soothsayer’s warning, Artemidorus’s letter, and Cassius’s fear after Popilius Lena’s remark. These elements hint at Caesar’s impending death, building suspense. Caesar’s overconfidence and dismissal of signs emphasize his tragic flaw. Shakespeare’s use of foreshadowing increases dramatic tension and prepares the audience for the climactic assassination.

 

COURTESY: Meta AI & ChatGPT

Compiled by Dr. Shankar D Mishra

 

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