Julius Caesar Act 3, Scene 2 – Part 2 Page 130 to 138

Julius Caesar Act 3, Scene 2 – Part 2 Page 130 to 138

First Citizen: Methinks there is much reason……………. Antony: Belike they had some notice of the people, how I had mov’d them. Bring me to Octavius.

Exeunt.

Glossary

Methinks (I think; मुझे ऐसा लगता है) – an old form expressing personal opinion.
Reason (logical cause; तर्क) – a just cause or argument.
Consider (to think carefully; विचार करना) – to examine thoughtfully.
Rightly (correctly; ठीक प्रकार से) – in a proper manner.
Wrong (injustice; अन्याय) – unfair treatment.
Masters (sirs; सज्जनो) – respectful address to men.
Mark'd (noticed; ध्यान दिया) – observed carefully.
Ambitious (having excessive desire for power; महत्वाकांक्षी) – craving authority.
Dear abide it (pay dearly for it; भारी मूल्य चुकाना) – suffer greatly.
Disposed (inclined; प्रवृत्त) – mentally prepared.
Stir (provoke; भड़काना) – to excite emotions.
Mutiny (rebellion; विद्रोह) – uprising against authority.
Honourable (worthy of respect; आदरणीय) – possessing integrity.
Parchment (animal-skin writing material; चर्मपत्र) – material for documents.
Seal (official stamp; मुहर) – mark of authenticity.
Closet (private chamber; निजी कक्ष) – personal room.
Will (legal declaration of property; वसीयत) – testament.
Commons (common people; सामान्य जन) – ordinary citizens.
Testament (formal will; वसीयतनामा) – written legal declaration.
Napkins (handkerchiefs; रूमाल) – cloth for wiping.
Sacred (holy; पवित्र) – spiritually revered.
Bequeathing (leaving by will; वसीयत द्वारा देना) – handing down property.
Legacy (inheritance; विरासत) – property left after death.
Issue (offspring; संतान) – children or descendants.
Meet (proper; उचित) – fitting or suitable.
Inflame (arouse strongly; भड़काना) – excite passionately.
Heirs (legal inheritors; उत्तराधिकारी) – those entitled to inherit.
O'ershot (gone too far; हद पार करना) – exceeded limit.
Daggers (short knives; खंजर) – stabbing weapons.
Traitors (betrayers; देशद्रोही) – those who betray trust.
Corpse (dead body; शव) – lifeless body.
Descend (come down; नीचे उतरना) – move downward.
Hearse (bier for carrying corpse; शववाहन/अर्थी) – platform for body.
Mantle (cloak; चोगा) – loose outer garment.
Nervii (a Belgian tribe defeated by Caesar; नर्वी जाति) – ancient tribe.
Rent (tear; चीरा) – a split or cut.
Envious (jealous; ईर्ष्यालु) – resentful of others’ success.
Pluck'd (pulled out; खींचा) – removed forcibly.
Cursed (accursed; अभिशप्त) – deserving condemnation.
Resolved (determined; निश्चय करना) – decided firmly.
Angel (beloved guardian; प्रिय रक्षक) – deeply loved person.
Ingratitude (thanklessness; कृतघ्नता) – lack of gratitude.
Vanquish'd (defeated; पराजित किया) – conquered completely.
Muffling (wrapping up; ढँकना) – covering closely.
Base (foot; आधार) – bottom part.
Flourish'd (thrived; फलना-फूलना) – grew vigorously.
Dint (force; आघात) – impact of emotion.
Gracious (kind; कृपालु) – mercifully kind.
Vesture (garment; वस्त्र) – clothing.
Marr'd (damaged; बिगाड़ दिया) – spoiled or injured.
Spectacle (striking sight; दृश्य) – impressive or shocking view.
Revenged (avenged; प्रतिशोध लिया) – taken revenge.
Sudden (unexpected; अचानक) – happening quickly.
Deed (act; कर्म) – action performed.
Private griefs (personal sorrows; निजी दुख) – individual reasons.
Orator (public speaker; वक्ता) – skilled speaker.
Blunt (plain-spoken; स्पष्टवादी) – direct and straightforward.
Utterance (speech; उच्चारण) – manner of speaking.
Ruffle up (excite; उत्तेजित करना) – stir emotionally.
Spirits (emotions; भावनाएँ) – inner feelings.
Conspirators (plotters; षड्यंत्रकारी) – secret planners of crime.
Deserved (earned; योग्य होना) – worthy of.
Several (individual; प्रत्येक) – separate persons.
Drachmas (Greek coins; द्राच्मा सिक्के) – ancient currency.
Arbours (shaded garden retreats; उपवन-कुटियाँ) – leafy shelters.
Orchards (fruit gardens; फलोद्यान) – gardens of fruit trees.
Heirs for ever (perpetual inheritance; सदा के लिए उत्तराधिकार) – forever to descendants.
Recreate (refresh; मनोरंजन करना) – give enjoyment.
Brands (burning sticks; जलती लकड़ियाँ) – fire pieces.
Forms (benches; बेंचें) – long seats.
Mischief (harm; अनिष्ट) – trouble or evil.
Afoot (in action; प्रारम्भ हो चुका) – underway.
Octavius (Caesar’s adopted heir; ऑक्टेवियस) – future ruler.
Lepidus (Roman leader; लेपिडस) – member of triumvirate.
Thither (to that place; वहाँ) – toward that location.
Straight (immediately; तुरंत) – without delay.
Fortune (luck; भाग्य) – destiny or chance.
Rid (gone; निकल गए) – departed quickly.
Belike (perhaps; संभवतः) – probably.
Notice (information; सूचना) – knowledge about something.

English summary

The given extract is taken from Act III, Scene II of Julius Caesar, immediately after the assassination of Caesar. Brutus has already addressed the Roman citizens and justified the murder as an act done for Rome’s welfare. Now the citizens begin to reconsider their opinion as Mark Antony speaks.

At first, the citizens discuss Antony’s words among themselves. The First Citizen feels that Antony speaks with reason. The Second Citizen admits that if the matter is rightly considered, Caesar has been greatly wronged. Another fears that a worse ruler may come in Caesar’s place. They remember that Caesar refused the crown three times and therefore conclude that he was not ambitious. Gradually, doubt begins to grow in their minds about the conspirators.

Antony then resumes speaking. He contrasts Caesar’s former power with his present helpless condition. Only yesterday, Caesar’s word could stand against the world, and now he lies dead, with no one to show him respect. Antony cleverly claims that he does not intend to stir the people to rebellion, nor does he wish to wrong the “honourable men” Brutus and Cassius. By repeatedly calling them honourable, he uses irony to plant suspicion in the minds of the crowd. He says he would rather wrong himself and the dead Caesar than speak against such men.

Antony introduces Caesar’s will but pretends that he does not intend to read it. He suggests that if the people were to hear it, they would be deeply moved and might even kiss Caesar’s wounds and dip their handkerchiefs in his sacred blood as relics. This increases the citizens’ curiosity. They insist that he read the will. Antony continues to delay, saying that it is not good for them to know how much Caesar loved them. He warns that the will would inflame them and make them mad. By doing so, he intensifies their desire to hear it.

The crowd grows increasingly emotional and begins to call the conspirators traitors and villains. Antony then asks them to gather around Caesar’s body. He descends from the pulpit and stands beside the corpse. He asks if they are ready to weep and reminds them of Caesar’s mantle, describing the very day he wore it when he defeated the Nervii. He points out the rents in the cloak made by Cassius, Casca, and finally Brutus. When he speaks of Brutus stabbing Caesar, he emphasizes Caesar’s deep love for him and calls it “the most unkindest cut of all.” He describes how Caesar’s mighty heart burst from grief at Brutus’ betrayal and how he fell at the base of Pompey’s statue. This vivid and emotional narration arouses intense pity and anger among the citizens.

The crowd is now completely transformed. They cry out in grief and fury, calling for revenge. They shout, “Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay!” Antony momentarily restrains them and again pretends that he does not wish to stir them up. He modestly claims he is no orator like Brutus but only a plain man who loves his friend. However, this humility is strategic. He says that if he were Brutus, he would rouse them so strongly that even the stones of Rome would rise in mutiny. The citizens openly declare that they will mutiny and burn the houses of the conspirators.

At this critical moment, Antony finally reads Caesar’s will. He reveals that Caesar has left seventy-five drachmas to every Roman citizen. Moreover, he has left his private gardens, orchards, and arbours along the Tiber to the public for recreation. This final revelation proves Caesar’s love for the people and completely destroys the conspirators’ justification. The citizens are overwhelmed with gratitude and rage. They decide to carry Caesar’s body to the holy place, burn it, and use the burning brands to set fire to the traitors’ houses. They rush out in a violent mob.

Left alone, Antony triumphantly declares that mischief has begun and may take whatever course it chooses. A servant enters and informs him that Octavius has arrived in Rome and that Lepidus is with him at Caesar’s house. Antony learns that Brutus and Cassius have fled like madmen after hearing how he moved the people. He resolves to go at once to meet Octavius, sensing that fortune now favors him.

Thus, in this extract, Antony masterfully turns public opinion against the conspirators through irony, emotional appeal, strategic delay, and dramatic imagery. The speech marks the beginning of civil war in Rome and demonstrates Antony’s political intelligence and rhetorical genius.

Hindi summary

यह अंश जूलियस सीज़र के तृतीय अंक, द्वितीय दृश्य से लिया गया है। सीज़र की हत्या हो चुकी है। ब्रूटस जनता को संबोधित कर यह सिद्ध कर चुका है कि सीज़र महत्वाकांक्षी था और उसकी हत्या रोम के हित में की गई। अब मंच पर मार्क एण्टनी बोल रहा है और धीरे-धीरे जनता का मन परिवर्तित होने लगता है।

आरम्भ में नागरिक आपस में चर्चा करते हैं। प्रथम नागरिक को लगता है कि एण्टनी की बातों में तर्क है। द्वितीय नागरिक स्वीकार करता है कि यदि ठीक से विचार किया जाए तो सीज़र के साथ बड़ा अन्याय हुआ है। कोई यह आशंका प्रकट करता है कि उसके स्थान पर कोई और भी बुरा शासक आ सकता है। वे याद करते हैं कि सीज़र ने तीन बार मुकुट लेने से इंकार किया था, इसलिए वह महत्वाकांक्षी नहीं हो सकता। इस प्रकार उनके मन में संदेह उत्पन्न होने लगता है।

एण्टनी अपने भाषण को आगे बढ़ाता है। वह कहता है कि कल तक सीज़र का शब्द पूरे संसार के विरुद्ध खड़ा हो सकता था, और आज वही सीज़र मृत पड़ा है, इतना असहाय कि कोई उसे श्रद्धा भी नहीं दे रहा। वह बार-बार ब्रूटस और कैसियस को “आदरणीय पुरुष” कहता है, परन्तु उसके शब्दों में गहरी व्यंग्यात्मकता है। वह कहता है कि वह उन्हें दोषी नहीं ठहराना चाहता, बल्कि स्वयं को और मृत सीज़र को दोषी ठहराना अधिक उचित समझेगा। इस प्रकार वह सीधे आक्रमण किए बिना जनता के मन में शंका और असंतोष भर देता है।

फिर वह सीज़र की वसीयत का उल्लेख करता है, पर उसे पढ़ने से इनकार करता है। वह कहता है कि यदि जनता को पता चल गया कि सीज़र उनसे कितना प्रेम करता था, तो वे अत्यन्त भावुक हो जाएँगे, उसके घावों को चूमेंगे और उसके रक्त को स्मृति-चिह्न के रूप में सँजोएँगे। यह सुनकर लोगों की उत्सुकता और भी बढ़ जाती है। वे बार-बार आग्रह करते हैं कि वसीयत पढ़ी जाए। एण्टनी उन्हें रोकता है और कहता है कि यह जानना उनके लिए उचित नहीं कि वे सीज़र के उत्तराधिकारी हैं, क्योंकि इससे वे क्रोधित और उग्र हो जाएँगे। इस प्रकार वह कौशलपूर्वक उनकी भावनाओं को भड़काता है।

भीड़ अब षड्यंत्रकारियों को गद्दार और हत्यारा कहने लगती है। एण्टनी सीज़र के शव के पास उतरता है और लोगों को उसके चारों ओर घेरा बनाने को कहता है। वह सीज़र का वस्त्र दिखाकर बताता है कि किस स्थान पर कैसियस और कास्का ने वार किया। जब वह ब्रूटस के वार का वर्णन करता है, तो उसे “सबसे निर्दयी आघात” कहता है, क्योंकि ब्रूटस सीज़र का प्रिय था। वह चित्रात्मक भाषा में बताता है कि ब्रूटस के विश्वासघात से सीज़र का हृदय टूट गया और वह पोम्पी की प्रतिमा के चरणों में गिर पड़ा। यह मार्मिक वर्णन सुनकर जनता की आँखों में आँसू आ जाते हैं और उनके हृदय में क्रोध भर उठता है।

अब भीड़ पूर्णतः परिवर्तित हो चुकी है। वे प्रतिशोध की घोषणा करते हैं—“जलाओ! मारो! किसी गद्दार को जीवित मत छोड़ो!” एण्टनी ऊपर-ऊपर से उन्हें शांत करने का प्रयत्न करता है और कहता है कि वह कोई महान वक्ता नहीं है, केवल एक सरल और सच्चा मित्र है। वह कहता है कि यदि वह ब्रूटस होता, तो वह लोगों की आत्माओं को इतना उत्तेजित कर देता कि रोम के पत्थर भी विद्रोह कर उठते। यह विनम्रता भी एक रणनीति है, जिससे जनता और अधिक उग्र हो जाती है।

अन्ततः एण्टनी वसीयत पढ़ता है। वह बताता है कि सीज़र ने प्रत्येक रोमी नागरिक को पचहत्तर द्राच्मा दिए हैं। इतना ही नहीं, उसने अपने निजी उपवन, उद्यान और टाइबर नदी के किनारे के बाग भी जनता के लिए छोड़ दिए हैं, ताकि वे वहाँ घूम-फिर सकें और आनंद ले सकें। यह सुनते ही जनता को स्पष्ट हो जाता है कि सीज़र वास्तव में उनका हितैषी था। अब उनका क्रोध चरम सीमा पर पहुँच जाता है। वे सीज़र के शव को लेकर उसे पवित्र स्थान पर जलाने और उसी अग्नि से षड्यंत्रकारियों के घरों को जलाने का निश्चय करते हैं। वे उन्मत्त भीड़ की तरह मंच से निकल जाते हैं।

भीड़ के चले जाने पर एण्टनी संतोषपूर्वक कहता है कि अब उपद्रव आरम्भ हो चुका है और वह अपनी इच्छा से मार्ग ले सकता है। एक सेवक आकर सूचना देता है कि ऑक्टेवियस रोम पहुँच चुका है और लेपिडस भी उसके साथ है। उसे यह भी ज्ञात होता है कि ब्रूटस और कैसियस भयभीत होकर नगर से भाग गए हैं। एण्टनी समझ जाता है कि भाग्य अब उसके पक्ष में है और वह तुरंत ऑक्टेवियस से मिलने जाता है।

इस प्रकार यह दृश्य एण्टनी की वाक्-कला, मनोवैज्ञानिक समझ और राजनीतिक चतुरता को प्रकट करता है। उसने व्यंग्य, करुणा, चित्रात्मक वर्णन और योजनाबद्ध विलंब के माध्यम से जनता के हृदय को बदल दिया और रोम में गृहयुद्ध की नींव रख दी।

Paraphrase

First Citizen. Methinks there is much reason in his sayings.
English: The first citizen says that Antony’s words seem very logical and sensible.
Hindi: पहला नागरिक कहता है कि एण्टनी की बातें बहुत तर्कपूर्ण और समझदारी भरी लगती हैं।
Second Citizen. If thou consider rightly of the matter, Caesar has had great wrong.
English: The second citizen says that if one thinks carefully about the issue, it is clear that Caesar has been greatly wronged.
Hindi: दूसरा नागरिक कहता है कि यदि इस विषय पर ठीक से विचार किया जाए, तो स्पष्ट है कि सीज़र के साथ बहुत बड़ा अन्याय हुआ है।
Third Citizen. Has he, masters? I fear there will a worse come in his place.
English: The third citizen asks if that is true and says he fears that someone worse may take Caesar’s place.
Hindi: तीसरा नागरिक पूछता है कि क्या सचमुच ऐसा है, और उसे डर है कि उसके स्थान पर कोई और भी बुरा शासक आ सकता है।
Fourth Citizen. Mark'd ye his words? He would not take the crown; Therefore 'tis certain he was not ambitious.
English: The fourth citizen reminds them that Caesar refused the crown, so it is certain that he was not ambitious.
Hindi: चौथा नागरिक कहता है कि क्या तुमने उसकी बातों पर ध्यान दिया? उसने मुकुट लेने से इंकार किया था, इसलिए यह निश्चित है कि वह महत्वाकांक्षी नहीं था।
First Citizen. If it be found so, some will dear abide it.
English: The first citizen says that if this proves true, some people will suffer greatly for their actions.
Hindi: पहला नागरिक कहता है कि यदि यह सत्य सिद्ध हुआ, तो कुछ लोगों को इसका भारी परिणाम भुगतना पड़ेगा।
Second Citizen. Poor soul! his eyes are red as fire with weeping.
English: The second citizen feels sympathy and says Antony’s eyes are red because he has been crying so much.
Hindi: दूसरा नागरिक दया व्यक्त करते हुए कहता है कि एण्टनी की आँखें बहुत रोने के कारण आग की तरह लाल हो गई हैं।
Third Citizen. There's not a nobler man in Rome than Antony.
English: The third citizen declares that no man in Rome is more noble than Antony.
Hindi: तीसरा नागरिक कहता है कि रोम में एण्टनी से अधिक श्रेष्ठ कोई व्यक्ति नहीं है।
Fourth Citizen. Now mark him, he begins again to speak.
English: The fourth citizen asks everyone to pay attention because Antony is starting to speak again.
Hindi: चौथा नागरिक सबको ध्यान देने को कहता है क्योंकि एण्टनी फिर से बोलना शुरू कर रहा है।
Antony. But yesterday the word of Caesar might Have stood against the world; now lies he there.
English: Antony says that just yesterday Caesar’s command was powerful enough to oppose the entire world, but now he lies dead.
Hindi: एण्टनी कहता है कि कल तक सीज़र का आदेश पूरे संसार के विरुद्ध खड़ा हो सकता था, पर आज वह मृत पड़ा है।
And none so poor to do him reverence.
English: Now no one, not even the poorest person, shows him any respect.
Hindi: अब इतना भी कोई गरीब नहीं है जो उसे सम्मान दे।
O masters, if I were disposed to stir Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,
English: Antony says that if he wished to provoke their hearts and minds to rebellion and anger,
Hindi: एण्टनी कहता है कि यदि वह उनके हृदय और मन को विद्रोह और क्रोध के लिए भड़काना चाहता,
I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong, Who, you all know, are honourable men:
English: he would be insulting Brutus and Cassius, whom everyone considers honourable men.
Hindi: तो वह ब्रूटस और कैसियस का अपमान करता, जिन्हें आप सब आदरणीय पुरुष मानते हैं।
I will not do them wrong; I rather choose To wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you, Than I will wrong such honourable men.
English: He says he would rather wrong the dead Caesar, himself, and even the people than speak against such “honourable” men.
Hindi: वह कहता है कि वह उन “आदरणीय” पुरुषों के विरुद्ध बोलने से बेहतर मृत सीज़र, स्वयं को और आप सबको दोषी ठहराना पसंद करेगा।
But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar; I found it in his closet, 'tis his will:
English: Antony shows a sealed document and says that he found it in Caesar’s private room; it is Caesar’s will.
Hindi: एण्टनी एक मुहरबंद दस्तावेज़ दिखाते हुए कहता है कि यह उसे सीज़र के निजी कक्ष में मिला; यह उसकी वसीयत है।
Let but the commons hear this testament— Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read—
English: He says that if the common people were to hear this will—though he does not intend to read it—
Hindi: वह कहता है कि यदि सामान्य लोग यह वसीयत सुन लें—हालाँकि वह इसे पढ़ने का इरादा नहीं रखता—
And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds And dip their napkins in his sacred blood,
English: they would kiss Caesar’s wounds and soak their handkerchiefs in his sacred blood out of love and grief.
Hindi: तो वे सीज़र के घावों को चूमेंगे और प्रेम व शोक में उसके पवित्र रक्त में अपने रूमाल भिगोएँगे।
Yea, beg a hair of him for memory,
English: They would even ask for a strand of his hair as a keepsake.
Hindi: वे स्मृति के रूप में उसके बाल का एक तिनका भी माँगेंगे।
And, dying, mention it within their wills, Bequeathing it as a rich legacy Unto their issue.
English: And when they themselves are about to die, they would mention that hair in their own wills and pass it down to their children as a precious inheritance.
Hindi: और जब वे स्वयं मरने लगेंगे, तो अपनी वसीयत में उसका उल्लेख करेंगे और उसे अपनी संतान को एक अनमोल विरासत के रूप में सौंपेंगे।

Fourth Citizen. We'll hear the will: read it, Mark Antony.
English: The fourth citizen insists that Antony must read Caesar’s will to them.
Hindi: चौथा नागरिक आग्रह करता है कि एण्टनी वसीयत पढ़कर सुनाए।
All. The will, the will! we will hear Caesar's will.
English: All the citizens shout that they want to hear Caesar’s will.
Hindi: सभी नागरिक चिल्लाते हैं कि वे सीज़र की वसीयत सुनना चाहते हैं।
Antony. Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it; It is not meet you know how Caesar loved you.
English: Antony asks them to be patient and says he should not read it because it is not proper for them to know how much Caesar loved them.
Hindi: एण्टनी उनसे धैर्य रखने को कहता है और कहता है कि उसे इसे नहीं पढ़ना चाहिए, क्योंकि उनके लिए यह जानना उचित नहीं कि सीज़र उनसे कितना प्रेम करता था।
You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;
English: He reminds them that they are human beings with feelings, not lifeless objects.
Hindi: वह कहता है कि वे लकड़ी या पत्थर नहीं, बल्कि भावनाओं वाले मनुष्य हैं।
And, being men, bearing the will of Caesar, It will inflame you, it will make you mad:
English: Since they are human, hearing the will would stir their emotions and make them furious.
Hindi: क्योंकि वे मनुष्य हैं, वसीयत सुनकर वे भावुक और क्रोधित हो जाएँगे।
'Tis good you know not that you are his heirs; For, if you should, O, what would come of it!
English: It is better that they do not know they are Caesar’s heirs, because if they knew, serious consequences would follow.
Hindi: अच्छा है कि वे न जानें कि वे उसके उत्तराधिकारी हैं, क्योंकि यदि जान गए तो बड़ा उपद्रव हो सकता है।
Fourth Citizen. Read the will; we'll hear it, Antony; You shall read us the will, Caesar's will.
English: The fourth citizen firmly demands that Antony must read Caesar’s will.
Hindi: चौथा नागरिक दृढ़ता से कहता है कि एण्टनी को वसीयत पढ़नी ही होगी।
Antony. Will you be patient? will you stay awhile? I have o'ershot myself to tell you of it:
English: Antony asks if they will remain calm and says he has said too much about the will already.
Hindi: एण्टनी पूछता है कि क्या वे धैर्य रखेंगे; वह कहता है कि उसने वसीयत के बारे में अधिक बोल दिया है।
I fear I wrong the honourable men Whose daggers have stabb'd Caesar; I do fear it.
English: He pretends to worry that by speaking further he might insult the “honourable” men who stabbed Caesar.
Hindi: वह दिखावा करता है कि आगे बोलने से उन “आदरणीय” पुरुषों का अपमान होगा जिन्होंने सीज़र को छुरा मारा।
Fourth Citizen. They were traitors: honourable men!
English: The fourth citizen angrily says they were traitors, not honourable men.
Hindi: चौथा नागरिक क्रोध में कहता है कि वे आदरणीय नहीं, बल्कि गद्दार थे।
All. The will! the testament!
English: All the citizens shout again for the will to be read.
Hindi: सभी नागरिक फिर से वसीयत पढ़ने की माँग करते हैं।
Second Citizen. They were villains, murderers: the will! read the will.
English: The second citizen calls them villains and murderers and demands the will be read.
Hindi: दूसरा नागरिक उन्हें दुष्ट और हत्यारा कहकर वसीयत पढ़ने की माँग करता है।
Antony. You will compel me, then, to read the will?
English: Antony asks if they are forcing him to read it.
Hindi: एण्टनी पूछता है कि क्या वे उसे वसीयत पढ़ने के लिए बाध्य कर रहे हैं।
Then make a ring about the corpse of Caesar, And let me show you him that made the will.
English: He asks them to form a circle around Caesar’s body so he can show them the man who made the will.
Hindi: वह उनसे कहता है कि वे सीज़र के शव के चारों ओर घेरा बना लें ताकि वह उन्हें वसीयत बनाने वाले को दिखा सके।
Shall I descend? and will you give me leave?
English: He asks if he may come down among them and if they will allow him.
Hindi: वह पूछता है कि क्या वह नीचे आ सकता है और क्या वे उसे अनुमति देंगे।
Several Citizens. Come down. / Descend. / You shall have leave.
English: The citizens encourage him to come down and give him permission.
Hindi: नागरिक उसे नीचे आने की अनुमति देते हैं और आग्रह करते हैं कि वह उतर आए।
ANTONY comes down
English: Antony steps down from the platform to stand beside Caesar’s body.
Hindi: एण्टनी मंच से उतरकर सीज़र के शव के पास आ जाता है।
Fourth Citizen. A ring; stand round.
English: The fourth citizen asks everyone to form a circle around the body.
Hindi: चौथा नागरिक सबको शव के चारों ओर घेरा बनाने को कहता है।
First Citizen. Stand from the hearse, stand from the body.
English: The first citizen tells people to move slightly away from the coffin to make space.
Hindi: पहला नागरिक कहता है कि अर्थी से थोड़ा हटकर खड़े हों ताकि स्थान मिल सके।
Second Citizen. Room for Antony, most noble Antony.
English: The second citizen asks people to make space for Antony, calling him noble.
Hindi: दूसरा नागरिक कहता है कि एण्टनी के लिए जगह बनाओ, और उसे श्रेष्ठ कहता है।
Antony. Nay, press not so upon me; stand far off.
English: Antony tells them not to crowd him and to stand back.
Hindi: एण्टनी कहता है कि उस पर भीड़ न करें और थोड़ा दूर खड़े हों।
Several Citizens. Stand back; room; bear back.
English: The citizens step back and create space.
Hindi: नागरिक पीछे हटते हैं और स्थान बनाते हैं।
Antony. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
English: Antony tells them to get ready to cry if they have tears.
Hindi: एण्टनी कहता है कि यदि उनके पास आँसू हैं तो अब बहाने के लिए तैयार रहें।
You all do know this mantle: I remember The first time ever Caesar put it on;
English: He reminds them of Caesar’s cloak and recalls when Caesar first wore it.
Hindi: वह सीज़र के वस्त्र की ओर संकेत करता है और याद करता है जब उसने पहली बार इसे पहना था।
'Twas on a summer's evening, in his tent, That day he overcame the Nervii:
English: It was on a summer evening in his tent, on the day he defeated the Nervii tribe.
Hindi: वह एक गर्मी की शाम थी, उसके तंबू में, जिस दिन उसने नेर्वी जाति को हराया था।
Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through:
English: Antony points to the spot where Cassius stabbed Caesar.
Hindi: एण्टनी उस स्थान को दिखाता है जहाँ कैसियस ने वार किया था।
See what a rent the envious Casca made:
English: He shows the tear in the cloak made by jealous Casca.
Hindi: वह दिखाता है कि ईर्ष्यालु कास्का ने कैसे कपड़े को फाड़ा।
Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd;
English: He points to the wound made by Brutus, whom Caesar dearly loved.
Hindi: वह उस घाव को दिखाता है जो ब्रूटस ने किया, जिसे सीज़र अत्यंत प्रेम करता था।
This was the most unkindest cut of all;
English: He says Brutus’ blow was the cruelest of all.
Hindi: वह कहता है कि ब्रूटस का वार सबसे अधिक निर्दयी था।
For when the noble Caesar saw him stab, Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms, Quite vanquish'd him:
English: When Caesar saw Brutus stab him, the pain of betrayal was stronger than the physical wounds and completely defeated him.
Hindi: जब सीज़र ने ब्रूटस को वार करते देखा, तो विश्वासघात का दुख उसके घावों से भी अधिक शक्तिशाली था और उसने उसे पूरी तरह तोड़ दिया।
Then burst his mighty heart; And, in his mantle muffling up his face, Even at the base of Pompey's statue, great Caesar fell.
English: His great heart broke, and covering his face with his cloak, he fell at the foot of Pompey’s statue.
Hindi: उसका महान हृदय टूट गया और अपने वस्त्र से चेहरा ढँककर वह पोम्पी की प्रतिमा के चरणों में गिर पड़ा।
O, what a fall was there, my countrymen! Then I, and you, and all of us fell down, Whilst bloody treason flourish'd over us.
English: Antony laments that Caesar’s fall was a tragedy for all Romans, as treachery triumphed over them.
Hindi: एण्टनी विलाप करता है कि सीज़र का पतन पूरे रोम के लिए दुखद था, क्योंकि रक्तरंजित विश्वासघात हम सब पर हावी हो गया।
O, now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel The dint of pity: these are gracious drops.
English: Antony observes that they are crying and says their tears show true compassion.
Hindi: एण्टनी देखता है कि वे रो रहे हैं और कहता है कि उनके आँसू सच्ची करुणा के प्रतीक हैं।
Kind souls, what, weep you when you but behold Our Caesar's vesture wounded? Look you here, Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors.
English: He says if they cry just seeing Caesar’s torn clothes, they should look at his wounded body, damaged by traitors.
Hindi: वह कहता है कि यदि वे केवल उसके फटे वस्त्र देखकर रो रहे हैं, तो उसके घायल शरीर को देखें, जिसे गद्दारों ने क्षत-विक्षत कर दिया है।
First Citizen. O piteous spectacle! – What a heartbreaking sight this is! / यह कितना दयनीय और हृदयविदारक दृश्य है!
Second Citizen. O noble Caesar! – O great and noble Caesar! / हे महान और श्रेष्ठ सीज़र!
Third Citizen. O woeful day! – What a sorrowful and tragic day this is! / यह कितना दुखद और शोकपूर्ण दिन है!
Fourth Citizen. O traitors, villains! – O betrayers and wicked men! / ओ विश्वासघातियों और दुष्टों!
First Citizen. O most bloody sight! – What a terrible and bloody scene! / कितना भयानक और रक्तरंजित दृश्य है!
Second Citizen. We will be revenged. – We will take revenge. / हम बदला लेंगे।
All. Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay! Let not a traitor live! – Let us take revenge! Surround them! Search for them! Burn their houses! Set fire! Kill them! Do not allow any traitor to remain alive! / बदला लो! घेर लो! खोजो! जला दो! आग लगा दो! मार डालो! किसी भी गद्दार को जीवित मत रहने दो!
Antony. Stay, countrymen. – Stop, my fellow citizens. / रुक जाओ, मेरे देशवासियो।
First Citizen. Peace there! hear the noble Antony. – Be quiet! Listen to noble Antony. / शांत रहो! महान एंटनी की बात सुनो।
Second Citizen. We'll hear him, we'll follow him, we'll die with him. – We will listen to him, follow him, and even die with him. / हम उनकी बात सुनेंगे, उनका अनुसरण करेंगे और उनके साथ मरने को भी तैयार हैं।
Antony. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up To such a sudden flood of mutiny. – Dear friends, do not let me provoke you into sudden rebellion. / प्रिय मित्रो, मुझे तुम्हें अचानक विद्रोह के लिए उकसाने मत दो।
They that have done this deed are honourable: – Those who committed this act are honourable men. / जिन्होंने यह कार्य किया है, वे सम्मानित पुरुष हैं।
What private griefs they have, alas, I know not, That made them do it: – I do not know what personal reasons or sorrows made them do this. / मुझे नहीं पता कि किन निजी दुखों ने उन्हें ऐसा करने के लिए प्रेरित किया।
they are wise and honourable, And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you. – They are wise and honourable, and surely they will justify themselves. / वे बुद्धिमान और सम्मानित हैं, और निश्चय ही तुम्हें कारण बताएँगे।
I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts: – I have not come to win over your emotions. / मैं तुम्हारे हृदयों को जीतने नहीं आया हूँ।
I am no orator, as Brutus is; – I am not a great speaker like Brutus. / मैं ब्रूटस जैसा महान वक्ता नहीं हूँ।
But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man, That love my friend; – As you know, I am simple and straightforward, who loved my friend. / जैसा तुम जानते हो, मैं एक सीधा-सादा व्यक्ति हूँ, जो अपने मित्र से प्रेम करता था।
and that they know full well That gave me public leave to speak of him: – And the conspirators themselves allowed me to speak about him publicly. / और यह वे भी जानते हैं जिन्होंने मुझे सार्वजनिक रूप से बोलने की अनुमति दी।
For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth, Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech, To stir men's blood: – I do not have intelligence, eloquence, reputation, gestures, or speaking power to arouse people’s emotions. / मेरे पास बुद्धि, वाक्पटुता, प्रभाव या भाषण-कौशल नहीं है जो लोगों के रक्त को उबाल सके।
I only speak right on; I tell you that which you yourselves do know; – I simply speak plainly and tell you what you already know. / मैं केवल सीधी बात कहता हूँ और वही बताता हूँ जो तुम स्वयं जानते हो।
Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths, And bid them speak for me: – I only show you Caesar’s wounds, which silently speak for me. / मैं तुम्हें सीज़र के घाव दिखाता हूँ, जो मौन होकर भी मेरी ओर से बोलते हैं।
but were I Brutus, And Brutus Antony, – But if I were Brutus and Brutus were Antony, / पर यदि मैं ब्रूटस होता और ब्रूटस एंटनी होता,
there were an Antony Would ruffle up your spirits and put a tongue In every wound of Caesar that should move The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. – Then that Antony would stir your emotions so strongly that even Caesar’s wounds would speak and make even the stones of Rome rise in rebellion. / तब वह एंटनी तुम्हारी भावनाओं को इतना भड़का देता कि सीज़र के प्रत्येक घाव बोल उठते और रोम के पत्थर भी विद्रोह कर उठते।
All. We'll mutiny. – We will rebel. / हम विद्रोह करेंगे।
First Citizen. We'll burn the house of Brutus. – We will burn Brutus’s house. / हम ब्रूटस का घर जला देंगे।
Third Citizen. Away, then! come, seek the conspirators. – Come on! Let us find the conspirators. / चलो! षड्यंत्रकारियों को खोजें।
Antony. Yet hear me, countrymen; yet hear me speak. – Listen to me once more, my fellow citizens. / एक बार और मेरी बात सुनो, देशवासियो।
All. Peace, ho! Hear Antony. Most noble Antony! – Quiet! Listen to noble Antony. / शांत रहो! महान एंटनी की बात सुनो।
Antony. Why, friends, you go to do you know not what: – Friends, you are about to act without knowing what you are doing. / मित्रो, तुम बिना सोचे-समझे कार्य करने जा रहे हो।
Wherein hath Caesar thus deserved your loves? – What has Caesar done to deserve such love from you? / सीज़र ने ऐसा क्या किया कि वह तुम्हारे प्रेम का पात्र बना?
Alas, you know not: I must tell you then: – You do not remember; let me remind you. / तुम्हें याद नहीं है; मैं तुम्हें बताता हूँ।
You have forgot the will I told you of. – You have forgotten the will I mentioned. / तुम वह वसीयत भूल गए हो जिसका मैंने उल्लेख किया था।
All. Most true. The will! Let's stay and hear the will. – Yes, that is true. Let us stay and hear the will. / हाँ, सही कहा। वसीयत सुनें।
Antony. Here is the will, and under Caesar's seal. – Here is the will sealed by Caesar. / यह रही सीज़र की मुहर लगी वसीयत।
To every Roman citizen he gives, To every several man, seventy-five drachmas. – He gives seventy-five drachmas to every Roman citizen. / प्रत्येक रोमी नागरिक को पचहत्तर द्राख्मा देता है।
Second Citizen. Most noble Caesar! We'll revenge his death. – O noble Caesar! We will avenge him. / हे महान सीज़र! हम बदला लेंगे।
Third Citizen. O royal Caesar! – O kingly Caesar! / हे राजसी सीज़र!
Antony. Hear me with patience. – Listen calmly. / धैर्यपूर्वक सुनो।
Antony. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks, His private arbours and new-planted orchards, On this side Tiber; he hath left them you, And to your heirs for ever, common pleasures, To walk abroad, and recreate yourselves. – He has also given you his gardens, orchards, and shaded walks near the Tiber River for you and your descendants forever, for public enjoyment. / उसने टाइबर नदी के इस पार अपने बाग-बगीचे और उपवन तुम्हें और तुम्हारी संतानों को सदा के लिए आनंद हेतु दे दिए हैं।
Here was a Caesar! when comes such another? – Such was Caesar! When will there be another like him? / ऐसा था सीज़र! फिर ऐसा दूसरा कब आएगा?
First Citizen. Never, never. Come, away, away! We'll burn his body in the holy place, And with the brands fire the traitors' houses. Take up the body. – Never again! Come, let us cremate him honorably and burn the traitors’ houses with the torches. / कभी नहीं! आओ, उसके शव का सम्मानपूर्वक दाह-संस्कार करें और मशालों से गद्दारों के घर जला दें।
Antony. Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot, Take thou what course thou wilt! – Now let the chaos begin; evil has been set in motion and will take its own course. / अब परिणाम होने दो; अनर्थ शुरू हो चुका है और अपना मार्ग स्वयं चुनेगा।
Servant. Sir, Octavius is already come to Rome. – Sir, Octavius has arrived in Rome. / महोदय, ऑक्टेवियस रोम आ चुका है।
Antony. Where is he? – Where is he? / वह कहाँ है?
Servant. He and Lepidus are at Caesar's house. – He and Lepidus are at Caesar’s house. / वह और लेपिडस सीज़र के घर पर हैं।
Antony. And thither will I straight to visit him: He comes upon a wish. Fortune is merry, And in this mood will give us anything. – I will go to him immediately. His arrival is fortunate; luck is on our side now. / मैं तुरंत उससे मिलने जाऊँगा। उसका आना शुभ है; भाग्य अब हमारे पक्ष में है।
Servant. I heard him say, Brutus and Cassius Are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome. – I heard that Brutus and Cassius have fled from Rome like madmen. / मैंने सुना है कि ब्रूटस और कैसियस पागलों की तरह रोम से भाग गए हैं।
Antony. Belike they had some notice of the people, How I had moved them. Bring me to Octavius. – Probably they learned how I influenced the people. Take me to Octavius. / संभवतः उन्हें पता चल गया कि मैंने जनता को कैसे उकसाया। मुझे ऑक्टेवियस के पास ले चलो।

 

Multiple Choice Questions [1]

1.    Who says, “Methinks there is much reason in his sayings”?
A. Antony
B. Brutus
C. First Citizen
D. Cassius
C

2.    According to the Second Citizen, Caesar has suffered ______.
A. great praise
B. great honour
C. great wrong
D. great fortune
C

3.    The Fourth Citizen says Caesar refused the crown how many times?
A. Once
B. Twice
C. Thrice
D. Never
C

4.    The refusal of the crown proves Caesar was not ______.
A. cruel
B. ambitious
C. brave
D. powerful
B

5.    Antony says that yesterday Caesar’s word might have stood against the ______.
A. Senate
B. Conspirators
C. world
D. Romans
C

6.    Antony claims he does not want to wrong ______.
A. Caesar
B. The citizens
C. Himself
D. Brutus and Cassius
D

7.    The parchment Antony mentions is Caesar’s ______.
A. speech
B. letter
C. will
D. decree
C

8.    Antony says he does not mean to ______ the will.
A. hide
B. write
C. seal
D. read
D

9.    Antony says the will would inflame the citizens and make them ______.
A. rejoice
B. mad
C. silent
D. fearful
B

10. The citizens call the conspirators ______.
A. heroes
B. honourable men
C. traitors
C. senators
C

11. Antony asks the citizens to make a ______ about Caesar’s corpse.
A. speech
B. fire
C. ring
D. prayer
C

12. Antony tells the crowd, “If you have tears, prepare to shed them now” while showing Caesar’s ______.
A. crown
B. sword
C. mantle
D. will
C

13. Caesar wore the mantle the first time when he defeated the ______.
A. Gauls
B. Nervii
C. Romans
D. Greeks
B

14. Cassius made a ______ in Caesar’s mantle.
A. mark
B. rent
C. stain
D. tearful plea
B

15. Antony calls Brutus Caesar’s ______.
A. enemy
B. brother
C. angel
D. servant
C

16. “This was the most unkindest cut of all” refers to the stab by ______.
A. Cassius
B. Casca
C. Brutus
D. Lepidus
C

17. Caesar fell at the base of ______ statue.
A. Brutus’
B. Pompey’s
C. Antony’s
D. Cassius’
B

18. Antony says Caesar’s heart was overcome by ______.
A. fear
B. ambition
C. ingratitude
D. weakness
C

19. The citizens cry for ______ after seeing Caesar’s body.
A. mercy
B. justice
C. revenge
D. silence
C

20. Antony calls himself a ______ man.
A. wise
B. plain blunt
C. clever
D. noble
B

21. Antony says he has neither wit nor words nor ______.
A. honour
B. wealth
C. worth
D. wisdom
C

22. Antony says if he were Brutus, he would ruffle up the citizens’ ______.
A. hands
B. spirits
C. houses
D. swords
B

23. The citizens decide to burn the house of ______.
A. Caesar
B. Antony
C. Brutus
D. Octavius
C

24. Each Roman citizen is left ______ drachmas in Caesar’s will.
A. fifty
B. seventy-five
C. one hundred
D. twenty-five
B

25. Caesar also leaves his ______ for public use.
A. crown
B. treasury
C. orchards
D. army
C

26. Antony says, “Mischief, thou art ______.”
A. dead
B. gone
C. afoot
D. silent
C

27. The servant informs Antony that ______ has come to Rome.
A. Brutus
B. Cassius
C. Lepidus
D. Octavius
D

28. Octavius and Lepidus are at ______ house.
A. Brutus’
B. Antony’s
C. Caesar’s
D. Pompey’s
C

29. Brutus and Cassius have fled like ______.
A. heroes
B. senators
C. madmen
D. soldiers
C

30. Antony fears he has wronged the “honourable men” whose ______ stabbed Caesar.
A. swords
B. daggers
C. hands
D. hearts
B

31. The crowd describes Caesar’s body as a ______ spectacle.
A. glorious
B. piteous
C. joyful
D. royal
B

32. Antony says the citizens are not wood or stones, but ______.
A. soldiers
B. kings
C. Romans
D. men
D

33. The citizens want Antony to ______ the will.
A. hide
B. seal
C. read
D. burn
C

34. Antony says he is not an orator like ______.
A. Cassius
B. Caesar
C. Brutus
D. Lepidus
C

35. Caesar’s wounds are described as poor, poor ______ mouths.
A. bleeding
B. silent
C. dumb
D. open
C

36. Antony says he only speaks what the citizens already ______.
A. fear
B. know
C. forget
D. deny
B

37. The citizens promise to ______ with Antony.
A. fight
B. live
C. die
D. rule
C

38. Antony warns against a sudden flood of ______.
A. joy
B. mutiny
C. honour
D. sorrow
B

39. The citizens shout, “Burn! Fire! Kill! ______!”
A. Run
B. Slay
C. March
D. Fight
B

40. Antony descends from the ______ to show Caesar’s body.
A. throne
B. chair
C. pulpit
D. tower
B

41. Caesar’s blood is described as rushing out like someone knocking at a ______.
A. gate
B. temple
C. door
D. house
C

42. Antony says Caesar loved Brutus ______.
A. little
B. dearly
C. falsely
D. secretly
B

43. The citizens say, “Room for Antony, most ______ Antony.”
A. wise
B. noble
C. brave
D. loyal
B

44. Caesar’s walks and arbours are on this side of the ______.
A. Alps
B. Forum
C. Tiber
D. Capitol
C

45. The crowd plans to burn Caesar’s body in the ______ place.
A. market
B. senate
C. holy
D. public
C

46. Antony says Fortune is ______.
A. cruel
B. merry
C. angry
D. silent
B

47. The citizens form a ring around Caesar’s ______.
A. house
B. statue
C. corpse
D. sword
C

48. Antony says Caesar’s word once stood against the ______.
A. conspirators
B. army
C. world
D. Senate
C

49. The servant reports that Octavius is already come to ______.
A. Athens
B. Rome
C. Gaul
D. Britain
B

50. At the end, Antony says, “Bring me to ______.”
A. Brutus
B. Cassius
C. Lepidus
D. Octavius
D

 

Multiple Choice Questions [2]

1.    Antony repeatedly calls Brutus and others “honourable men” mainly to:
A. sincerely praise them
B. expose their hypocrisy through irony
C. avoid punishment
D. confuse the citizens
Answer: B

2.    Antony’s strategy in the speech is best described as:
A. direct accusation
B. emotional manipulation
C. legal argument
D. historical narration
Answer: B

3.    The citizens’ reaction shows that they are primarily influenced by:
A. logic and evidence
B. Antony’s emotional appeal
C. Brutus’ reasoning
D. Caesar’s ambition
Answer: B

4.    Antony’s refusal to read Caesar’s will immediately is meant to:
A. obey Roman law
B. increase curiosity and suspense
C. show respect for Brutus
D. avoid responsibility
Answer: B

5.    The dramatic irony in the speech lies in the fact that:
A. citizens already know the will
B. Antony pretends not to be persuasive while persuading
C. Brutus is present secretly
D. Caesar is alive
Answer: B

6.    Antony’s reference to Caesar’s wounds as “dumb mouths” suggests:
A. they cannot speak literally but imply truth
B. Caesar is still alive
C. wounds are healing
D. Romans cannot speak
Answer: A

7.    The crowd shifts from calling the conspirators “honourable” to “traitors” because of:
A. legal proof
B. Antony’s emotional escalation
C. Brutus’ return
D. Senate order
Answer: B

8.    Antony’s speech is most powerful because it relies on:
A. political logic
B. legal evidence
C. emotional imagery
D. military strength
Answer: C

9.    Caesar’s will is used by Antony mainly as:
A. financial proof
B. emotional weapon
C. legal contract
D. political warning
Answer: B

10. The citizens’ violent reaction at the end suggests:
A. stable democracy
B. loss of rational control
C. respect for law
D. military discipline
Answer: B

11. Antony’s repeated hesitation to read the will creates:
A. boredom
B. suspense and desire
C. legal clarity
D. confusion about Caesar
Answer: B

12. The phrase “You are not wood, you are not stones” implies:
A. citizens are lifeless
B. citizens are emotional beings
C. citizens are weak
D. citizens are soldiers
Answer: B

13. Antony’s tone throughout the speech is best described as:
A. neutral and factual
B. calm and detached
C. strategic and persuasive
D. angry and insulting
Answer: C

14. By showing Caesar’s cloak, Antony aims to:
A. prove Caesar’s wealth
B. evoke visual emotional trauma
C. show Roman fashion
D. display victory symbols
Answer: B

15. The speech gradually turns the crowd into a:
A. debating council
B. grieving audience
C. violent mob
D. judicial jury
Answer: C

16. Antony’s claim that he is “no orator” is:
A. literally true
B. false humility
C. legal requirement
D. confession of weakness
Answer: B

17. The effect of naming Brutus as Caesar’s “angel” is to:
A. praise Brutus
B. highlight betrayal contrast
C. justify murder
D. confuse citizens
Answer: B

18. Caesar’s generosity in the will is revealed at a moment when it will:
A. calm the crowd
B. weaken Antony
C. intensify rebellion
D. support Brutus
Answer: C

19. The citizens’ repeated cry “Revenge!” shows:
A. political awareness
B. emotional instability
C. judicial thinking
D. religious faith
Answer: B

20. Antony’s speech shows that persuasion depends more on:
A. facts alone
B. emotional timing and presentation
C. laws
D. military force
Answer: B

21. The citizens calling Caesar “royal” after his death indicates:
A. they oppose monarchy
B. their perception has changed
C. Caesar was always king
D. Antony forced them
Answer: B

22. The description of Caesar’s blood “running like opening doors” is meant to:
A. explain anatomy
B. create vivid emotional imagery
C. describe medical truth
D. show weakness
Answer: B

23. Antony’s manipulation is most effective because he:
A. openly insults Brutus
B. appears respectful while influencing opinion
C. threatens citizens
D. uses legal authority
Answer: B

24. The transformation of citizens reflects a shift from:
A. ignorance to knowledge
B. loyalty to law
C. passive thinking to emotional action
D. democracy to monarchy
Answer: C

25. Antony’s main goal in the speech is to:
A. defend Caesar legally
B. win sympathy and turn public opinion
C. become king
D. stop the funeral
Answer: B

26. The phrase “Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot” suggests:
A. peace is restored
B. political chaos has begun
C. justice is served
D. Antony regrets actions
Answer: B

27. The mention of Octavius entering Rome hints at:
A. peace treaty
B. continuation of political struggle
C. Caesar’s return
D. Roman retreat
Answer: B

28. The crowd’s demand to burn houses shows:
A. organized protest
B. legal judgment
C. uncontrolled vengeance
D. military discipline
Answer: C

29. Antony’s speech is structurally powerful because it:
A. starts with anger and ends with peace
B. slowly escalates emotion step by step
C. is purely factual
D. avoids audience reaction
Answer: B

30. The overall effect of Antony’s speech is to show that:
A. logic always defeats emotion
B. rhetoric can control mass opinion
C. law is stronger than emotion
D. Caesar was unpopular
Answer: B

 

Multiple Choice Questions [3]

1. “Methinks there is much reason in his sayings.” This shows the First Citizen is:
a) critical and doubtful
b) easily convinced without evidence
c) opposed to Caesar
d) neutral observer
Answer: b

2. The Second Citizen believes Caesar has suffered “great wrong” mainly because he:
a) knows legal facts
b) trusts public opinion
c) agrees with persuasive interpretation
d) saw the murder
Answer: c

3. The Third Citizen’s reaction “Has he, masters?” suggests:
a) confidence
b) curiosity and uncertainty
c) authority
d) anger
Answer: b

4. The Third Citizen fears Caesar’s place will be taken by someone worse, showing:
a) political wisdom
b) emotional instability
c) loyalty to Brutus
d) factual knowledge
Answer: b

5. The Fourth Citizen’s statement that Caesar refused the crown suggests:
a) Caesar was ambitious
b) Caesar was not ambitious
c) Caesar was weak
d) Caesar was guilty
Answer: b

6. The citizens’ judgments are mainly based on:
a) legal evidence
b) emotional inference
c) historical records
d) Brutus’ speech only
Answer: b

7. “If it be found so, some will dear abide it” implies:
a) punishment will be light
b) consequences will be severe
c) Caesar will return
d) Rome will prosper
Answer: b

8. The Second Citizen describing Antony as “poor soul” indicates:
a) contempt
b) sympathy
c) fear
d) hatred
Answer: b

9. The citizens’ admiration for Antony suggests they are influenced by:
a) Caesar’s will
b) emotional appearance of grief
c) legal authority
d) military power
Answer: b

10. The phrase “nobler man in Rome than Antony” reflects:
a) political analysis
b) emotional bias
c) historical fact
d) legal judgment
Answer: b

B. Transition to Antony’s Speech

11. The Fourth Citizen’s remark “Now mark him” shows:
a) indifference
b) anticipation of persuasion
c) hostility toward Antony
d) rejection of Antony
Answer: b

12. Antony’s opening line about Caesar shows a contrast between:
a) life and death
b) law and justice
c) wealth and poverty
d) war and peace
Answer: a

13. Antony’s reference to Caesar “now lies he there” creates a sense of:
a) celebration
b) finality and tragedy
c) victory
d) justice
Answer: b

14. Antony’s claim that Brutus and Cassius are “honourable men” is primarily:
a) sincere praise
b) verbal irony
c) legal approval
d) emotional truth
Answer: b

15. Antony’s strategy begins with:
a) attacking Brutus directly
b) denying intent to incite anger
c) demanding justice
d) reading the will immediately
Answer: b

16. Antony’s mention of “mutiny and rage” is used to:
a) encourage violence
b) reject responsibility while provoking emotion
c) warn the crowd legally
d) calm the citizens
Answer: b

17. Antony’s refusal to blame Brutus directly shows:
a) fear of punishment
b) rhetorical strategy
c) loyalty
d) confusion
Answer: b

18. The phrase “wrong the dead, wrong myself and you” indicates:
a) guilt manipulation
b) legal argument
c) historical narration
d) political neutrality
Answer: a

19. Antony introducing the will is a technique to create:
a) suspense and curiosity
b) legal clarity
c) political stability
d) military tension
Answer: a

20. Citizens’ repeated demand “The will!” shows:
a) logical reasoning
b) emotional excitement
c) rejection of Caesar
d) fear of Antony
Answer: b

21. The citizens’ reaction to Antony shows they behave like:
a) rational judges
b) easily influenced crowd
c) trained soldiers
d) philosophers
Answer: b

22. Antony’s speech is effective because it gradually shifts from:
a) logic to violence
b) persuasion to silence
c) neutrality to emotional control
d) law to justice
Answer: c

23. The demand “Read it!” shows the crowd’s:
a) patience
b) growing impatience and curiosity
c) legal awareness
d) indifference
Answer: b

24. Antony’s hesitation increases:
a) boredom
b) suspense and emotional pressure
c) legal clarity
d) fear of Brutus
Answer: b

25. The citizens’ shift from admiration of Caesar to agitation suggests:
a) stable opinion
b) emotional instability
c) judicial reasoning
d) military training
Answer: b

D. Arrival of Antony (Stage Dynamics)

26. The command “Make a ring about the corpse” creates:
a) order and discipline
b) dramatic focus on Caesar’s body
c) legal investigation
d) military formation
Answer: b

27. Antony’s request “Shall I descend?” increases:
a) authority distance
b) dramatic interaction with crowd
c) legal formality
d) political neutrality
Answer: b

28. “Room for Antony, most noble Antony” shows citizens now:
a) distrust him
b) respect and idolize him
c) ignore him
d) arrest him
Answer: b

29. The citizens’ language toward Antony reflects:
a) hostility
b) admiration influenced by emotion
c) legal understanding
d) political debate
Answer: b

30. This opening extract mainly establishes:
a) Caesar’s victory
b) rising emotional manipulation of the Roman crowd
c) Brutus’ leadership
d) war preparations
Answer: b

 

Who Said /Who said to Whom?

1. Methinks there is much reason in his sayings.
First Citizen — to the other Citizens

2. If thou consider rightly of the matter, Caesar has had great wrong.
Second Citizen — to the other Citizens

3. Has he, masters? I fear there will a worse come in his place.
Third Citizen — to the other Citizens

4. Mark'd ye his words? He would not take the crown; Therefore 'tis certain he was not ambitious.
Fourth Citizen — to the other Citizens

5. If it be found so, some will dear abide it.
First Citizen — to the other Citizens

6. Poor soul! his eyes are red as fire with weeping.
Second Citizen — to the other Citizens

7. There's not a nobler man in Rome than Antony.
Third Citizen — to the other Citizens

8. Now mark him, he begins again to speak.
Fourth Citizen — to the other Citizens

9. But yesterday the word of Caesar might Have stood against the world; now lies he there… Than I will wrong such honourable men.
Antony — to the Citizens

10. But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar… Unto their issue.
Antony — to the Citizens

11. We'll hear the will: read it, Mark Antony.
Fourth Citizen — to Antony

12. The will, the will! we will hear Caesar's will.
All Citizens — to Antony

13. Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it… For, if you should, O, what would come of it!
Antony — to the Citizens

14. Read the will; we'll hear it, Antony; You shall read us the will, Caesar's will.
Fourth Citizen — to Antony

15. Will you be patient? will you stay awhile? … Whose daggers have stabb'd Caesar; I do fear it.
Antony — to the Citizens

16. They were traitors: honourable men!
Fourth Citizen — to the other Citizens

17. The will! the testament!
All Citizens — to Antony

18. They were villains, murderers: the will! read the will.
Second Citizen — to Antony

19. You will compel me, then, to read the will? … Shall I descend? and will you give me leave?
Antony — to the Citizens

20. Come down. / Descend. / You shall have leave.
Several Citizens — to Antony

21. A ring; stand round.
Fourth Citizen — to the other Citizens

22. Stand from the hearse, stand from the body.
First Citizen — to the crowd

23. Room for Antony, most noble Antony.
Second Citizen — to the crowd

24. Nay, press not so upon me; stand far off.
Antony — to the Citizens

25. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now… Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors.
Antony — to the Citizens

26. O piteous spectacle!
First Citizen — to the other Citizens

27. O noble Caesar!
Second Citizen — to the other Citizens

28. O woeful day!
Third Citizen — to the other Citizens

29. O traitors, villains!
Fourth Citizen — to the other Citizens

30. O most bloody sight!
First Citizen — to the other Citizens

31. We will be revenged.
Second Citizen — to the other Citizens

32. Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay! Let not a traitor live!
All Citizens — to one another

33. Stay, countrymen.
Antony — to the Citizens

34. Peace there! hear the noble Antony.
First Citizen — to the crowd

35. We'll hear him, we'll follow him, we'll die with him.
Second Citizen — to the other Citizens

36. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up… To rise and mutiny.
Antony — to the Citizens

37. We'll mutiny.
All Citizens — to one another

38. We'll burn the house of Brutus.
First Citizen — to the crowd

39. Away, then! come, seek the conspirators.
Third Citizen — to the crowd

40. Yet hear me, countrymen; yet hear me speak.
Antony — to the Citizens

41. Peace, ho! Hear Antony. Most noble Antony!
All Citizens — to one another

42. Why, friends, you go to do you know not what… You have forgot the will I told you of.
Antony — to the Citizens

43. Most true. The will! Let's stay and hear the will.
All Citizens — to one another

44. Here is the will, and under Caesar's seal… To every several man, seventy-five drachmas.
Antony — to the Citizens

45. Most noble Caesar! We'll revenge his death.
Second Citizen — to the crowd

46. O royal Caesar!
Third Citizen — to the crowd

47. Hear me with patience.
Antony — to the Citizens

48. Peace, ho!
All Citizens — to one another

49. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks… Here was a Caesar! when comes such another?
Antony — to the Citizens

50. Never, never. Come, away, away! We'll burn his body in the holy place… Take up the body.
First Citizen — to the crowd

51. Go fetch fire.
Second Citizen — to the crowd

52. Pluck down benches.
Third Citizen — to the crowd

53. Pluck down forms, windows, any thing.
Fourth Citizen — to the crowd

54. Now let it work. Mischief, thou art afoot, Take thou what course thou wilt!
Antony — to himself

55. How now, fellow!
Antony — to the Servant

56. Sir, Octavius is already come to Rome.
Servant — to Antony

57. Where is he?
Antony — to the Servant

58. He and Lepidus are at Caesar's house.
Servant — to Antony

59. And thither will I straight to visit him… And in this mood will give us anything.
Antony — to the Servant

60. I heard him say, Brutus and Cassius Are rid like madmen through the gates of Rome.
Servant — to Antony

61. Belike they had some notice of the people… Bring me to Octavius.
Antony — to the Servant

 

One-Mark Questions

1. What does “Methinks” mean in the opening line?
It means “it seems to me.”

2. Whose arguments are the citizens evaluating at the beginning?
They are evaluating Brutus’ arguments.

3. What does the Second Citizen say Caesar has suffered?
He says Caesar has suffered great wrong.

4. What fear does the Third Citizen express about Caesar’s replacement?
He fears a worse man may take Caesar’s place.

5. What specific action of Caesar is cited as proof he was not ambitious?
His refusal of the crown three times is cited as proof.

6. What does “dear abide it” suggest about consequences?
It suggests severe punishment or suffering.

7. What physical sign shows Antony’s emotional state?
His eyes are red with weeping.

8. What compliment does a citizen give Antony before he resumes speaking?
He calls Antony the noblest man in Rome.

9. What contrast does Antony draw between yesterday and today?
Yesterday Caesar’s word ruled the world; today he lies dead.

10. What feeling does Antony awaken by saying no one is so poor as to reverence Caesar?
He awakens shame and guilt.

11. What does Antony pretend he does not wish to do?
He pretends he does not wish to stir them to mutiny.

12. What phrase does Antony repeatedly use for Brutus and Cassius?
He repeatedly calls them “honourable men.”

13. What rhetorical device is used in repeating “honourable men”?
Verbal irony is used.

14. What document does Antony introduce to the crowd?
He introduces Caesar’s will.

15. Where did Antony say he found the will?
He found it in Caesar’s closet.

16. Why does Antony say he will not read the will?
He says it would inflame the people.

17. What emotional reaction does Antony predict if the will is read?
He predicts rage and rebellion.

18. What does Antony mean when he says they are not wood or stones?
He means they are emotional human beings.

19. What physical arrangement does Antony ask the crowd to make?
He asks them to form a ring around the body.

20. Why does Antony ask permission to descend from the pulpit?
He wants to appear respectful and humble.

21. What command do the citizens give as Antony comes down?
They command everyone to make room for him.

22. What does Antony first ask the citizens to prepare?
He asks them to prepare their tears.

23. What garment of Caesar does Antony refer to?
He refers to Caesar’s mantle.

24. On what occasion had Caesar first worn this mantle?
He wore it when he defeated the Nervii.

25. Which conspirator’s wound does Antony identify first?
He identifies Cassius’ wound first.

26. What adjective does Antony use for Casca’s wound?
He calls Casca envious.

27. Which conspirator is described as “well-beloved”?
Brutus is described as well-beloved.

28. Why is Brutus’ wound described as especially cruel?
Because Caesar loved him deeply.

29. What comparison does Antony use to describe the blood following the dagger?
He compares it to someone rushing out of a door.

30. What question does Antony suggest Caesar’s blood was asking?
Whether Brutus knocked so unkindly.

31. What metaphor is used when Antony calls Brutus Caesar’s angel?
Brutus is metaphorically called an angel.

32. What does Antony call Brutus’ betrayal?
He calls it the most unkindest cut of all.

33. What emotion defeated Caesar more than weapons?
Ingratitude defeated him.

34. Where did Caesar fall after being stabbed?
He fell at the base of Pompey’s statue.

35. What dramatic irony is present in mentioning Pompey?
Pompey had been Caesar’s rival in life.

36. What does Antony say fell along with Caesar?
He says Rome itself fell with Caesar.

37. What does Antony call the citizens’ tears?
He calls them gracious drops.

38. What does Antony show after the mantle?
He shows Caesar’s wounded body.

39. What immediate reaction do the citizens express?
They express horror and pity.

40. What decision do they soon declare?
They declare revenge.

41. What violent verbs do they shout together?
They shout burn, fire, kill, and slay.

42. Why does Antony say “Stay, countrymen”?
He wants to restrain their rage temporarily.

43. What does Antony claim about the conspirators’ motives?
He claims he does not know their private griefs.

44. How does Antony again refer to the conspirators?
He again calls them wise and honourable.

45. What does Antony say he has not come to do?
He says he has not come to steal their hearts.

46. How does Antony describe himself as a speaker?
He describes himself as a plain blunt man.

47. What abilities does Antony deny possessing?
He denies having wit, eloquence, and powerful speech.

48. What does Antony say he will let speak instead of him?
He says Caesar’s wounds will speak.

49. What exaggeration does Antony use about the wounds?
He says he would put a tongue in every wound.

50. What impossible image does he use about stones?
He says the stones of Rome would rise in mutiny.

51. What do the citizens shout after this?
They shout that they will mutiny.

52. Whose house do they threaten to burn first?
They threaten to burn Brutus’ house.

53. What does Antony remind them they have forgotten?
He reminds them about the will.

54. What amount of money does Caesar leave each citizen?
He leaves seventy-five drachmas.

55. What title do citizens now use for Caesar?
They call him most noble and royal.

56. What further gift does Antony reveal from the will?
He reveals Caesar has left his gardens and orchards.

57. On which side of the river are these properties located?
They are on this side of the Tiber.

58. For how long are the citizens to enjoy these gifts?
They are to enjoy them forever.

59. What rhetorical question does Antony ask about another Caesar?
He asks when such another Caesar will come.

60. What answer do the citizens give?
They say never.

61. What do the citizens plan to do with Caesar’s body?
They plan to burn it in the holy place.

62. What objects do they decide to use as fuel?
They decide to use benches and forms.

63. After they leave, what does Antony declare is now in motion?
He declares mischief is now afoot.

64. What tone does Antony show in this aside?
He shows satisfaction and calculation.

65. Who arrives after the citizens leave?
A servant arrives.

66. What news does the servant bring?
He reports that Octavius has come to Rome.

67. Who is with Octavius?
Lepidus is with him.

68. Where are Octavius and Lepidus staying?
They are at Caesar’s house.

69. What decision does Antony immediately take?
He decides to go and visit Octavius.

70. What metaphor does Antony use about Fortune?
He says Fortune is merry.

71. What news is given about Brutus and Cassius?
They have fled like madmen.

72. Why does Antony believe they fled?
He believes they heard how he moved the people.

73. What does Antony ask the servant to do at the end?
He asks him to bring him to Octavius.

74. What central theme is strongly reflected in this entire extract?
The theme of persuasion and manipulation of the masses is strongly reflected.

75. What dramatic turning point does this extract represent in the play?
It marks the turning of Rome against the conspirators and the beginning of civil conflict.

 

Two-Mark Questions

1. How does Brutus establish his authority and credibility while addressing the citizens?
Brutus establishes authority by calmly organizing the crowd, dividing them strategically, and addressing them as “friends.” His composed tone, appeal to reason, and apparent fairness project him as a rational patriot acting for Rome’s welfare.

2. Why does Brutus divide the crowd instead of addressing them together?
By dividing the crowd, Brutus ensures order and avoids confusion. This tactic allows focused persuasion and prevents collective emotional reaction, reflecting his logical temperament and political strategy.

3. How does Antony initially present himself before beginning his persuasive strategy?
Antony presents himself as humble and obedient, claiming he speaks for Brutus’s sake. This modest posture lowers suspicion and prepares the audience to trust him before he gradually undermines the conspirators.

4. Explain the dramatic irony in Antony repeatedly calling Brutus “an honourable man.”
The phrase appears respectful but becomes increasingly sarcastic as Antony presents contradictory evidence. The audience recognizes the irony, observing how praise subtly transforms into accusation without direct confrontation.

5. How does the reference to the Lupercal strengthen Antony’s argument?
Mentioning the Lupercal festival and Caesar’s thrice refusal of the crown provides concrete evidence. It appeals to shared memory, reinforcing credibility and weakening the accusation of ambition logically and publicly.

6. What role do rhetorical questions play in Antony’s speech?
Rhetorical questions like “Was this ambition?” engage the crowd actively. Instead of instructing them, Antony encourages independent thinking, leading them subtly toward doubting Brutus’s claims.

7. How does Antony blend emotional appeal with logical reasoning?
Antony combines factual references with emotional reminders of Caesar’s love and generosity. This balance persuades both intellect and heart, making his speech psychologically powerful.

8. What does the citizens’ reaction reveal about public psychology?
The citizens quickly shift opinions, showing instability and susceptibility. Their responses reveal how easily collective emotions can be influenced by persuasive rhetoric in times of political uncertainty.

9. How does Antony use humility as a strategic device?
By claiming he does not intend to disprove Brutus, Antony appears modest. This calculated humility prevents resistance and enables him to guide the audience subtly toward rebellion.

10. Why is Brutus’s exit before Antony’s speech dramatically significant?
Brutus’s exit demonstrates confidence but misjudgment. Without oversight, Antony gains rhetorical freedom, allowing emotional manipulation that ultimately overturns Brutus’s influence.

11. How does repetition enhance Antony’s persuasive effect?
The repetition of “thrice” and “honourable man” reinforces key ideas. Repetition imprints doubt and irony upon the listeners’ minds, intensifying persuasion through rhythm and emphasis.

12. Discuss the contrast between Brutus’s and Antony’s speaking styles.
Brutus speaks logically and formally, appealing to reason. Antony, however, uses emotional storytelling, irony, and rhetorical devices, proving more effective in stirring the crowd.

13. How does Antony revive the citizens’ former love for Caesar?
By reminding them, “You all did love him once,” Antony evokes nostalgia and guilt. This emotional recollection softens their acceptance of the assassination.

14. What is suggested by the citizen’s fear that “a worse come in his place”?
The line reflects anxiety about political instability. It implies regret and suspicion that Caesar’s removal may not improve Rome’s future.

15. How does Antony manipulate the concept of honour?
Antony repeatedly uses the word “honourable” ironically. By juxtaposing it with contradictory facts, he empties the term of meaning and exposes hypocrisy indirectly.

16. What transformation occurs in the crowd during the extracts?
The crowd shifts from demanding justification to sympathizing with Caesar. Their growing doubt signals the success of Antony’s rhetorical strategy.

17. How does physical staging contribute to Antony’s persuasion?
Antony speaking from the public chair elevates him symbolically. His visible grief and dramatic pauses intensify emotional engagement among listeners.

18. How does Antony avoid direct accusation while still discrediting Brutus?
He claims respect for Brutus while presenting opposing facts. This indirect challenge prevents immediate hostility yet gradually reshapes public perception.

19. What political theme is emphasized through the citizens’ reactions?
The extracts highlight the volatility of democratic masses and the power of rhetoric in shaping political destiny within a republic.

20. How does Shakespeare portray the power of language in these extracts?
Through Antony’s speech, language becomes a weapon stronger than swords. Persuasive words transform public opinion, demonstrating rhetoric’s immense influence in political life.

Three-Mark Questions [1]

1. How does Antony use Caesar’s cloak to arouse pity?

Antony recalls the first time Caesar wore the cloak and points out each tear made by the conspirators’ daggers. By describing the wounds and calling them “poor dumb mouths,” he emotionally connects the citizens to Caesar’s suffering and makes them pity his death deeply.

2. Why does Antony call Brutus’s stab “the most unkindest cut of all”?

He calls it so because Brutus was Caesar’s dearest friend. The betrayal from someone Caesar loved and trusted broke his heart more than all the other wounds, making Brutus’s act the most cruel and unkind of all.

3. What is the significance of Caesar falling at the base of Pompey’s statue?

It is symbolic irony. Pompey was once Caesar’s rival whom he defeated, yet Caesar died at the feet of Pompey’s statue, suggesting the revenge of fate and emphasizing the tragic and poetic justice of the scene.

4. How does Antony portray Brutus during his speech?

Antony calls Brutus “honourable” repeatedly but with increasing irony. He pretends to respect him while actually making the people doubt his honour and painting him as a hypocritical and treacherous murderer of Caesar.

5. What is Antony’s tone when he says, “I am no orator, as Brutus is”?

The tone is humble yet ironic. Antony pretends to be a plain, blunt man but uses this statement cleverly to win the people’s sympathy and to appear sincere while manipulating them emotionally.

6. What is the effect of Antony’s speech on the Roman crowd?

Antony’s speech transforms the calm citizens into an angry mob. He stirs their emotions from grief to fury until they decide to burn the conspirators’ houses and seek revenge for Caesar’s death.

7. What is meant by “the dint of pity”?

It means the touch or influence of compassion. Antony notices that his emotional appeal has successfully moved the citizens to tears, showing that they have begun to feel genuine sorrow for Caesar.

8. How does Antony use Caesar’s will to influence the people?

He cleverly mentions the will, delays reading it to raise curiosity, then reveals that Caesar left money and gardens to all Romans. This act turns the crowd’s affection and loyalty strongly in Caesar’s favour.

9. What does Antony mean by “Mischief, thou art afoot”?

It means that the rebellion and chaos he has stirred are now beginning. He personifies “mischief,” showing his acceptance that the mob’s violence will now proceed uncontrollably against the conspirators.

10. Why does Antony call Caesar “sweet Caesar”?

He uses the affectionate term “sweet” to express personal love and respect. It also evokes tenderness among the listeners, softening their hearts and increasing their sympathy for Caesar.

11. What does Antony mean by “I tell you that which you yourselves do know”?

Antony means that he is not fabricating or exaggerating anything but merely recalling what the citizens already know about Caesar’s kindness, generosity, and love for Rome. This statement builds his credibility, making his words sound truthful and sincere while subtly preparing the crowd to doubt Brutus’s accusations of ambition.

12. What does Antony imply when he says “They that have done this deed are honourable”?

Antony repeatedly calls the conspirators “honourable men,” but his tone is clearly sarcastic. Each repetition deepens the irony, contrasting their supposed honour with their cruel and treacherous act. Through this irony, Antony gradually persuades the listeners to see the hypocrisy and guilt of Brutus and his fellow conspirators.

13. What was Caesar’s gift to every Roman in his will?

In his will, Caesar bequeathed seventy-five drachmas to every Roman citizen, along with access to his private gardens and orchards situated near the Tiber River for their recreation and benefit. This generous act of public love and charity demonstrates Caesar’s deep affection for the people and his true greatness as a leader.

14. How does Antony appeal to the citizens’ emotions?

Antony skilfully stirs the crowd’s emotions by combining powerful imagery, personal recollections, and rhetorical pauses. He displays Caesar’s wounded body, recalls his compassion for the poor, and dramatizes his sorrow. These techniques awaken pity, admiration, and anger, transforming the audience’s grief into outrage against the conspirators who murdered Caesar.

15. What reaction do the citizens have when Antony shows Caesar’s body?

When Antony uncovers Caesar’s mutilated body, the citizens are overcome with grief, horror, and fury. They weep for their fallen leader, curse the assassins, and denounce them as “traitors” and “villains.” Their sorrow quickly turns into a collective thirst for revenge, signalling the birth of mob violence and rebellion.

16. Why does Antony address Caesar’s wounds as “poor dumb mouths”?

Antony personifies Caesar’s wounds, calling them “poor dumb mouths” that silently beg for justice. This vivid image makes the lifeless body appear to accuse the conspirators directly. By attributing speech to the wounds, Antony deepens the emotional effect and stirs the audience’s sympathy and moral outrage against the murderers.

17. What is Antony’s motive behind pretending to restrain the crowd?

Antony’s pretence of restraining the crowd is a clever rhetorical strategy. He appears calm and reasonable, seeming to discourage violence. However, this feigned moderation inflames the citizens’ passions even more. His subtle reverse psychology makes them feel it is their moral duty to avenge Caesar’s death immediately.

18. How does Antony use irony in his speech?

Antony’s speech is built around masterful irony. While repeatedly calling the conspirators “honourable men,” he presents evidence that proves the opposite. His calm tone masks his true intent, allowing the citizens to reach the conclusion themselves. This controlled irony exposes the hypocrisy of the conspirators and wins public sympathy for Caesar.

19. Why does Antony recall Caesar’s victory over the Nervii?

Antony recalls Caesar’s heroic victory over the Nervii to remind the crowd of his military bravery and patriotic service. This reference evokes pride and admiration in the citizens’ hearts, emphasizing Caesar’s greatness as a defender of Rome. It also highlights the cruelty and ingratitude of those who betrayed and murdered him.

20. How does Antony’s speech mark a turning point in the play?

Antony’s funeral oration completely reverses public opinion. The citizens who once supported Brutus now condemn him and his fellow conspirators. His emotional persuasion transforms reason into rage, leading the mob to mutiny. This pivotal shift ushers in an age of chaos, revenge, and civil war throughout Rome.

21. What does the line “There’s not a nobler man in Rome than Antony” show about public opinion at that moment?
At this point, the citizens admire Antony and consider him morally superior. This admiration shows how quickly public favour shifts. Their praise indicates growing sympathy toward Antony even before he fully reveals his persuasive intent.

22. Why does Antony say, “You are not wood, you are not stones, but men”?
Antony reminds the citizens that they are human and capable of feeling compassion. By contrasting men with lifeless objects, he awakens their emotional sensitivity and prepares them to react passionately to Caesar’s generosity.

23. Why does Antony initially refuse to read Caesar’s will?
Antony pretends reluctance to read the will to increase curiosity and emotional tension. His delay creates suspense and makes the citizens demand it eagerly, thereby strengthening the dramatic impact when its contents are finally revealed.

24. What is the effect of forming a ring around Caesar’s corpse?
The ring physically unites the crowd around the body, intensifying collective emotion. It creates intimacy between citizens and the corpse, making the tragedy personal. This staging strengthens their shared grief and prepares them for violent reaction.

25. What does Antony imply by saying the citizens are Caesar’s heirs?
Antony suggests that Caesar loved them deeply and considered them family. By calling them heirs, he elevates their importance and binds them emotionally to Caesar, increasing loyalty and gratitude.

26. What is the significance of “If you have tears, prepare to shed them now”?
This line is a dramatic emotional cue. Antony signals that what follows will be deeply moving. It prepares the crowd psychologically for grief and heightens the tragic atmosphere before revealing Caesar’s wounds.

27. What does Antony mean by saying the wounds would “move the stones of Rome to rise and mutiny”?
He exaggerates to show the intensity of betrayal. If even stones could feel, they would rebel. This hyperbole emphasizes the injustice of Caesar’s murder and justifies emotional uprising.

28. Why do the citizens shout, “We’ll burn the house of Brutus”?
The crowd’s anger has reached a climax. Their grief transforms into revenge. Burning Brutus’s house symbolizes their rejection of his leadership and their desire to punish perceived treachery.

29. What is Antony’s purpose in saying, “Why, friends, you go to do you know not what”?
Antony pretends to calm them, warning against blind violence. However, this feigned restraint increases their determination, as they feel morally justified in avenging Caesar.

30. What does the entry of the Servant signify in the scene?
The Servant’s arrival shifts the focus from emotional rhetoric to political consequence. It signals that events are moving rapidly beyond public speech toward organized power struggle.

31. Why is the arrival of Octavius important at this moment?
Octavius’s arrival marks the beginning of political consolidation after Caesar’s death. His presence foreshadows alliance with Antony and the coming civil conflict against the conspirators.

32. What is suggested by Brutus and Cassius fleeing “like madmen”?
Their flight reveals fear and recognition of failure. They understand that public opinion has turned violently against them, confirming Antony’s success in stirring rebellion.

33. What does Antony mean by “Fortune is merry”?
Antony suggests that fate currently favours him. Events are unfolding advantageously for his political ambitions. The phrase reflects opportunistic confidence rather than moral reflection.

34. How does the crowd’s cry “Revenge! About! Seek! Burn! Fire! Kill! Slay!” show collective psychology?
The rapid commands reflect uncontrolled emotional escalation. Individual reasoning disappears, replaced by mob mentality. The rhythm of violent verbs mirrors chaotic passion overwhelming civic order.

35. What is implied in Antony’s final words, “Now let it work”?
Antony acknowledges that the forces he has unleashed will proceed independently. He recognizes that rebellion has begun and accepts the inevitable consequences of his manipulation.

Three-Mark Questions [2]

1. How does Brutus establish credibility while addressing the citizens after Caesar’s assassination?
Brutus establishes credibility by calmly organizing the crowd and addressing them respectfully as “friends.” He divides them strategically to avoid chaos and presents himself as a rational patriot. His tone is measured and logical, suggesting he acted not out of personal hatred but for Rome’s welfare. This composure enhances his image as an honourable and responsible leader in a tense political atmosphere.

2. Why does Brutus divide the crowd instead of speaking to them collectively?
Brutus divides the crowd to ensure order and prevent emotional uproar. By separating listeners, he reduces the possibility of collective agitation and allows structured persuasion. This strategy reflects his reliance on logic and discipline. It also reveals his political calculation, as he intends to influence smaller groups more effectively. However, this division later proves ineffective when Antony unites them emotionally.

3. How does Antony initially present himself before beginning his persuasive attack?
Antony presents himself as humble, obedient, and grateful, claiming he speaks only for Brutus’s sake. He avoids direct confrontation and appears respectful toward the conspirators. This calculated modesty lowers suspicion among the citizens. By positioning himself as a loyal supporter rather than an opponent, he gains their trust, preparing the ground for subtly challenging Brutus’s justification.

4. Explain the dramatic irony in Antony’s repeated description of Brutus as “an honourable man.”
The phrase “an honourable man” initially sounds sincere, but as Antony presents evidence contradicting Brutus’s claims, the praise becomes ironic. The audience recognizes that Antony means the opposite. This dramatic irony intensifies with repetition, gradually transforming respect into sarcasm. Without openly accusing Brutus, Antony exposes hypocrisy, allowing listeners to draw their own conclusions about the conspirators’ moral integrity.

5. How does the reference to the Lupercal strengthen Antony’s argument against Caesar’s ambition?
By referring to the Lupercal festival and Caesar’s thrice refusal of the crown, Antony provides concrete and memorable evidence. Since many citizens witnessed the event, the reference strengthens credibility. The repeated refusal contradicts the charge of ambition. Antony thus appeals to shared public memory, logically dismantling Brutus’s argument while appearing merely to recount observable facts.

6. What is the function of rhetorical questions such as “Was this ambition?” in Antony’s speech?
The rhetorical question invites the audience to reflect rather than passively listen. Antony does not impose an answer; instead, he guides the crowd to conclude that Caesar was not ambitious. This technique makes listeners feel intellectually involved. It subtly undermines Brutus’s claim without open accusation, enhancing persuasion through inquiry rather than direct argument.

7. How does Antony combine emotional appeal and logical reasoning in his speech?
Antony balances factual references, such as the refusal of the crown, with emotional reminders of Caesar’s love and generosity. He appeals to reason through evidence while stirring feelings through nostalgia and visible grief. This dual strategy engages both intellect and heart. The combination proves more powerful than Brutus’s purely logical approach, demonstrating mastery of persuasive rhetoric.

8. What does the citizens’ shifting response reveal about mob psychology?
The citizens quickly move from supporting Brutus to sympathizing with Caesar. Their unstable reactions show how easily public opinion can be influenced. They rely more on emotional appeal than independent judgment. Shakespeare portrays the crowd as impressionable and volatile, emphasizing the vulnerability of democratic societies to persuasive and manipulative speech.

9. How does Antony use humility as a calculated persuasive strategy?
Antony repeatedly claims he does not intend to disprove Brutus. This modest stance prevents suspicion and portrays him as reasonable. However, beneath this humility lies strategic manipulation. By appearing submissive, he gains the audience’s confidence, enabling him to introduce doubt gradually. His humility thus becomes a powerful rhetorical weapon rather than genuine self-effacement.

10. Why is Brutus’s exit before Antony’s speech dramatically significant?
Brutus leaves confidently, believing his reasoning sufficient. His exit allows Antony complete rhetorical freedom. Dramatically, this creates tension because the audience anticipates Antony’s persuasive reversal. Brutus’s absence symbolizes his misjudgement of emotional politics. His logical confidence contrasts sharply with Antony’s emotional strategy, leading to the conspirators’ downfall.

11. How does repetition strengthen Antony’s persuasive effect?
The repetition of “thrice” and “honourable man” reinforces key ideas in listeners’ minds. Each repetition deepens irony and intensifies doubt. Rhythm and recurrence create emotional resonance, making arguments memorable. Through repetition, Antony transforms a seemingly respectful phrase into biting sarcasm, demonstrating how language can reshape perception through persistent emphasis.

12. Compare Brutus’s logical tone with Antony’s emotional approach.
Brutus appeals to reason and civic duty, speaking formally and briefly. Antony appeals to emotion, memory, and shared experience. While Brutus trusts logic, Antony understands psychological influence. The contrast reveals that emotional rhetoric often outweighs rational argument in shaping public response.

13. How does Antony revive the citizens’ former love for Caesar?
By reminding them that they once loved Caesar “not without cause,” Antony awakens guilt and nostalgia. He emphasizes past affection to contrast with present indifference. This reminder softens hostility and encourages mourning. Emotional memory becomes a persuasive force, rekindling loyalty and questioning the justification for murder.

14. What fear is reflected in the citizen’s line about “a worse come in his place”?
The statement reveals anxiety about Rome’s uncertain future. The citizen begins to doubt whether removing Caesar truly benefited the republic. Fear of political instability replaces confidence. This line marks the beginning of public scepticism [an attitude of doubt or questioning] toward the conspirators’ intentions.

15. How does Antony manipulate the idea of honour throughout his speech?
Antony repeats the word “honourable” while presenting facts that contradict honour. Gradually, the word loses sincerity and becomes ironic. By juxtaposing praise with contradiction, Antony exposes moral inconsistency. He redefines honour in the audience’s mind, transforming admiration into suspicion.

16. How does physical staging enhance Antony’s influence over the crowd?
Antony speaks from the public chair, elevating him physically and symbolically. His visible grief and dramatic pauses intensify emotional impact. The staging emphasizes authority and sincerity. Combined with expressive delivery, physical presence strengthens persuasion.

17. How does Antony avoid direct confrontation while discrediting Brutus?
Antony carefully avoids accusing Brutus directly. Instead, he presents contradictory facts and rhetorical questions. This indirect method prevents immediate hostility. The crowd gradually reaches conclusions independently, making the persuasion more effective and less confrontational.

18. What transformation takes place in the crowd during these extracts?
Initially seeking justification, the crowd grows doubtful and sympathetic toward Caesar. Emotional agitation replaces calm reasoning. By the end, they are prepared for unrest. This transformation highlights the immense power of rhetoric over collective thought.

19. What political message about democracy is suggested in these extracts?
The extracts suggest that democratic societies are vulnerable to persuasive speech. Public opinion is unstable and easily manipulated. Leadership depends not only on reason but also on emotional appeal. Shakespeare highlights the fragile balance between logic and rhetoric in political life.

20. How does Shakespeare portray language as a powerful political weapon?
Through Antony’s speech, language becomes more powerful than violence. Words reshape perception, stir emotion, and ignite rebellion. Shakespeare demonstrates that rhetorical mastery can overturn authority and alter history, emphasizing the transformative power of speech.

Three-Mark Questions [3]

1. Describe Antony’s strategy in his funeral oration.

Antony begins with restraint, pretending to honour Brutus and the conspirators. Gradually, he uses emotional appeal, irony, and Caesar’s wounds to awaken pity. He finally reveals Caesar’s will, which turns grief into anger. His controlled tone manipulates the crowd into rebellion, proving his mastery of rhetoric and human psychology.

2. How does Antony contrast himself with Brutus in his speech?

Antony calls himself “no orator, as Brutus is,” claiming to be plain-spoken and sincere. This humble pose wins the people’s trust. Ironically, Antony’s emotional and persuasive speech is far more powerful than Brutus’s logical one, showing that heartfelt appeal can outweigh reason in moving public opinion.

3. Explain how Antony’s speech transforms the mood of the citizens.

At first, the citizens are calm and confused after Brutus’s justification. Antony slowly changes this mood by stirring grief, pity, and anger. As he displays Caesar’s wounds and reveals the will, their emotions erupt into violent fury, and they become a raging mob seeking revenge.

4. What role does Caesar’s will play in Antony’s success?

The will becomes Antony’s final emotional weapon. By revealing Caesar’s generosity—money and public gardens—he proves Caesar’s love for Rome and contrasts it with the conspirators’ cruelty. The people, feeling indebted and enraged, rise to avenge Caesar’s death.

5. Discuss Antony’s use of irony in the funeral oration.

Antony constantly calls the conspirators “honourable men,” but his tone is sarcastic. Each repetition increases doubt about their honour. His apparent praise hides accusation, and irony becomes his sharpest rhetorical tool, turning the citizens against the conspirators without openly blaming them.

6. How does Antony use imagery to move the Roman people?

Antony uses vivid and emotional images—the torn mantle, Caesar’s bleeding wounds, and the statue of Pompey running blood. These pictures create a sense of horror and pity, forcing the citizens to visualize Caesar’s murder and feel its brutality, thus stirring them to rebellion.

7. What is the significance of Antony’s closing words: “Mischief, thou art afoot”?

These words show Antony’s awareness that his speech has set chaos in motion. He accepts the coming violence as justice for Caesar’s murder. The line personifies “mischief” as a living force and reflects Antony’s satisfaction in having turned the mob’s emotions to his cause.

8. How does Antony establish himself as both loyal and cunning?

He shows loyalty by mourning Caesar sincerely and calling him “sweet Caesar.” Yet his calculated emotional manipulation and ironic restraint reveal cunning. He disguises his revenge under apparent modesty, proving himself both a devoted friend and a brilliant strategist.

9. In what way does Antony’s speech reveal his understanding of human nature?

Antony understands that people respond more to emotion than logic. He appeals to their hearts through pity, grief, and generosity instead of reasoning. His step-by-step persuasion transforms ordinary citizens into a passionate mob, proving his deep psychological insight.

10. How does Antony’s speech contribute to the tragedy of Julius Caesar?

Antony’s oration ignites the chain of violence that follows Caesar’s death. By turning the mob against the conspirators, he destroys public order and leads Rome into civil war. His success in stirring chaos marks the tragic collapse of reason and the triumph of passion in the play.

Four-Mark Questions

1. How does Antony gradually transform the mood of the citizens in the extract?
Antony begins calmly and respectfully, pretending not to challenge Brutus. He reminds the citizens of Caesar’s refusal of the crown and his love for Rome. By repeating “honourable men” ironically, he plants doubt without direct accusation. His rhetorical questions encourage reflection, while emotional appeals revive sympathy. Gradually, thoughtful listeners become agitated mourners. By the end, grief turns into fury, proving Antony’s mastery in shifting public emotion from reasoned acceptance to passionate rebellion.

2. Contrast the persuasive techniques of Brutus and Antony as shown in the extracts.
Brutus relies on logic, brevity, and patriotic justification. He appeals to reason and civic responsibility, presenting Caesar’s death as necessary for Rome’s liberty. Antony, however, uses emotional appeal, repetition, irony, and shared memory. While Brutus speaks like a statesman, Antony speaks like a grieving friend. Brutus seeks intellectual agreement; Antony seeks emotional identification. The contrast reveals that in volatile situations, emotional rhetoric often proves more influential than abstract political reasoning.

3. Examine the dramatic irony in Antony’s repeated use of the phrase “honourable men.”
The phrase initially appears respectful toward Brutus and the conspirators. However, as Antony lists Caesar’s virtues and generosity, the praise becomes ironic. Each repetition deepens the contradiction between words and implied meaning. The audience perceives the sarcasm even before the citizens fully do. This irony enables Antony to criticize without open hostility. By the end, “honourable” sounds hollow, exposing moral hypocrisy while maintaining Antony’s outward appearance of loyalty.

4. How does the dialogue of the citizens reflect the instability of public opinion?
The citizens shift quickly from supporting Brutus to sympathizing with Caesar. At first, they reason about ambition; soon they express pity and admiration for Antony. Their judgments change with each persuasive statement. This instability shows their emotional vulnerability and lack of independent reasoning. Shakespeare portrays the crowd as impressionable, emphasizing how easily public opinion can be manipulated by skilled rhetoric, especially in moments of political uncertainty.

5. Discuss Antony’s strategic use of humility in the extract.
Antony repeatedly claims he does not intend to disprove Brutus and calls himself a “plain blunt man.” This humility appears sincere but is calculated. By lowering expectations, he avoids suspicion and gains trust. The modest tone contrasts with Brutus’s formal authority. Beneath the humility lies sharp rhetorical intelligence. His self-deprecation makes his arguments seem spontaneous and honest, strengthening persuasion while concealing deliberate manipulation.

6. How do rhetorical questions strengthen Antony’s speech?
Questions such as “Was this ambition?” engage the audience directly. Instead of imposing conclusions, Antony invites reflection. This technique makes citizens feel intellectually involved in judging Caesar’s character. Because answers seem self-discovered, they are more convincing. Rhetorical questioning also subtly undermines Brutus’s argument without open contradiction. Thus, the device strengthens logical appeal while maintaining emotional resonance.

7. Analyse the significance of the Lupercal reference in Antony’s argument.
By recalling Caesar’s thrice refusal of the crown during the Lupercal festival, Antony presents concrete evidence against ambition. Since many citizens witnessed the event, the reference carries credibility. The repetition of “thrice” emphasizes consistency. This shared memory strengthens logical appeal while reinforcing emotional sympathy. The example directly contradicts Brutus’s claim, making the accusation of ambition appear unjust and politically motivated.

8. Explain the progression from sympathy to anger in the crowd’s response.
Initially, the citizens express curiosity and mild doubt. As Antony recalls Caesar’s virtues, sympathy deepens into sorrow. The repeated irony and emotional reminders stir indignation. Gradually, grief transforms into rage, culminating in cries for revenge. This progression illustrates how emotion escalates when guided by persuasive rhetoric. Shakespeare depicts collective psychology as reactive and volatile, especially under charismatic leadership.

9. How does repetition function as a persuasive device in the extract?
Repetition reinforces key ideas and creates rhythm. The words “honourable” and “thrice” echo throughout the speech, deepening irony and emphasis. Each recurrence builds emotional intensity. Repetition ensures memorability, shaping perception subtly over time. By hearing the same phrase in conflicting contexts, citizens begin questioning its sincerity. Thus, repetition becomes a strategic instrument for reshaping belief.

10. Discuss the dramatic significance of Brutus leaving before Antony speaks.
Brutus exits confidently, believing his reasoning sufficient. His absence gives Antony complete control over the stage. Dramatically, this heightens tension because the audience anticipates a reversal. Brutus’s departure symbolizes political misjudgement. He underestimates emotional persuasion, allowing Antony to influence the crowd unchecked. The scene foreshadows the conspirators’ downfall.

11. What political anxiety is revealed in the line fearing “a worse come in his place”?
The statement reflects uncertainty about Rome’s future. The assassination was justified as protection against tyranny, yet citizens fear instability. This doubt signals weakening trust in the conspirators’ motives. Political change appears risky rather than secure. The line exposes the fragile confidence underlying revolutionary action.

12. How does Antony balance respect and subversion [rebellion/ mutiny]in his speech?
Antony outwardly praises Brutus as honourable while presenting facts that contradict such honour. This balance prevents direct confrontation and avoids immediate backlash. The contrast between respectful language and critical evidence generates persuasive tension. By maintaining politeness, Antony strengthens credibility while undermining the conspirators’ moral authority.

13. Examine how the concept of honour evolves in the extract.
Initially, honour implies moral integrity and patriotism. Through ironic repetition, its meaning shifts toward sarcasm. The word gradually loses sincerity, exposing hypocrisy. Shakespeare demonstrates how language can reshape moral concepts. Honour becomes a contested idea, reflecting the instability of political virtue.

14. How does Antony revive the citizens’ former affection for Caesar?
Antony reminds them that they once loved Caesar and witnessed his generosity. By appealing to shared experience and emotional memory, he rekindles attachment. This recollection creates guilt and nostalgia. The contrast between past affection and present indifference strengthens sympathy.

15. What broader commentary on democracy does Shakespeare suggest in this extract?
The extract suggests that democracy is vulnerable to persuasive rhetoric. Public opinion shifts rapidly under emotional influence. Logical reasoning alone cannot secure stability. Shakespeare highlights the power of speech in shaping collective destiny, warning that political outcomes depend not only on justice but on rhetorical skill.

Reference to Context

Extract 1

Antony. But yesterday the word of Caesar might
Have stood against the world; now lies he there.
And none so poor to do him reverence.
O masters, if I were disposed to stir
Your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,
I should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,
Who, you all know, are honourable men:
I will not do them wrong; I rather choose
To wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you,
Than I will wrong such honourable men.

1. How does Antony contrast Caesar’s past power with his present condition? (3 Marks)
Antony contrasts Caesar’s immense authority with his present helplessness by stating that yesterday his word could stand “against the world,” but now he lies lifeless without respect. This sharp contrast highlights the sudden fall from greatness to insignificance. The imagery intensifies the tragedy of death and evokes pity in the listeners. It also exposes the instability of power and the ingratitude of those who once obeyed him unquestioningly.
2. What is the significance of the line “And none so poor to do him reverence”? (3 Marks)
The line suggests that even the poorest citizen refuses to show respect to the dead Caesar. Antony uses exaggeration to underline public ingratitude and the dramatic reversal of fortune. The phrase deepens the sense of abandonment and isolation surrounding Caesar’s body. It subtly rebukes the crowd for their indifference and awakens their conscience, making them feel morally responsible for neglecting their former leader.
3. How does Antony use irony in calling Brutus and Cassius “honourable men” in this extract? (3 Marks)
Antony outwardly praises Brutus and Cassius as honourable, but the tone carries deep irony. While claiming he would not wrong them, he presents circumstances that imply injustice. The repetition of “honourable” contrasts sharply with Caesar’s humiliating state. This indirect criticism allows Antony to question their integrity without openly accusing them. The irony gradually plants doubt in the minds of the citizens about the true honour of the conspirators.
4. Why does Antony say he would rather “wrong the dead” than wrong the conspirators? (3 Marks)
Antony pretends that criticizing the conspirators would be more unjust than remaining silent about Caesar’s greatness. This statement is ironic because he is clearly defending Caesar. By claiming he prefers to wrong himself and the dead rather than Brutus, he exposes the absurdity of blind loyalty to so-called honourable men. The line deepens the emotional tension and highlights Antony’s strategic restraint in persuading the crowd.
5. Analyse Antony’s strategy of controlled restraint in this extract. (4 Marks)
In this passage, Antony carefully adopts a tone of restraint, claiming he does not wish to stir mutiny or wrong the conspirators. This apparent moderation builds trust among the citizens, who see him as reasonable and respectful. However, beneath this restraint lies calculated persuasion. By contrasting Caesar’s former greatness with his current neglect, Antony evokes pity and guilt. His ironic praise of “honourable men” subtly undermines their credibility. This controlled approach prevents immediate resistance while gradually shaping public opinion, demonstrating Antony’s rhetorical brilliance.

Extract 2
But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar;
I found it in his closet, 'tis his will:
Let but the commons hear this testament—
Which, pardon me, I do not mean to read—
And they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds
And dip their napkins in his sacred blood,
Yea, beg a hair of him for memory,
And, dying, mention it within their wills,
Bequeathing it as a rich legacy
Unto their issue.

1. How does Antony create suspense while referring to Caesar’s will? (3 marks)
Antony produces suspense by displaying the parchment and revealing that it is Caesar’s will, yet immediately declaring that he does not intend to read it. This deliberate hesitation arouses intense curiosity among the citizens. By suggesting that hearing the will would deeply move them, he increases emotional tension. The delay makes the crowd eager and restless, strengthening their desire to know its contents and enhancing the dramatic impact of its eventual revelation.
2. What does Antony suggest about the people’s reaction if they hear the will? (3 marks)
Antony suggests that the citizens would become overwhelmingly emotional if they heard the will. He imagines them kissing Caesar’s wounds, dipping napkins in his sacred blood, and preserving relics for memory. These exaggerated images emphasize their potential devotion and gratitude. The description portrays Caesar as deeply loved and sacred, while highlighting the people’s sentimental nature. This anticipation prepares the crowd for intense emotional attachment and admiration.
3. Explain the imagery in the lines describing kissing wounds and dipping napkins in blood. (3 marks)
The imagery is vivid and dramatic, presenting Caesar’s wounds as sacred relics. By imagining citizens kissing the wounds and dipping napkins in blood, Antony evokes reverence similar to religious devotion. The blood becomes symbolic of sacrifice and martyrdom. This powerful visual imagery intensifies emotional appeal and elevates Caesar’s death into a sacred event, thereby stirring pity, loyalty, and indignation among the listeners.
4. Why does Antony say he does not mean to read the will? (3 marks)
Antony claims he does not intend to read the will as a strategic device. His refusal increases suspense and provokes the crowd’s curiosity. By pretending restraint, he makes the citizens insist on hearing it. This reverse psychology strengthens their emotional involvement and ensures that when the will is revealed, its impact will be far more powerful and persuasive.
5. Analyse how Antony uses the will as a rhetorical instrument in this extract. (4 marks)
In this passage, Antony cleverly transforms Caesar’s will into a persuasive weapon. By merely mentioning it and refusing to read it, he heightens curiosity and emotional anticipation. His imaginative description of how the citizens would treasure Caesar’s wounds presents Caesar as generous and beloved. The will becomes symbolic of Caesar’s lasting affection for the people. Through suspense, imagery, and calculated delay, Antony ensures that the will will ignite admiration, gratitude, and eventual outrage against the conspirators.

Extract 3

Antony. Have patience, gentle friends, I must not read it;
It is not meet you know how Caesar loved you.
You are not wood, you are not stones, but men;
And, being men, bearing the will of Caesar,
It will inflame you, it will make you mad:
'Tis good you know not that you are his heirs;
For, if you should, O, what would come of it!

Fourth Citizen. Read the will; we'll hear it, Antony;
You shall read us the will, Caesar's will.

Antony. Will you be patient? will you stay awhile?
I have o'ershot myself to tell you of it:
I fear I wrong the honourable men
Whose daggers have stabb'd Caesar; I do fear it.

1. Why does Antony say, “I must not read it,” and what is his real intention behind this statement? (3 marks)
Antony pretends that he should not read Caesar’s will because it would emotionally disturb the people. Outwardly, he says it is “not meet” (not proper) for them to know how much Caesar loved them. However, his real intention is to arouse curiosity and excitement among the citizens. By refusing first, he cleverly increases their eagerness and prepares them emotionally for rebellion.

2. Explain the meaning and significance of the line: “You are not wood, you are not stones, but men.” (3 marks)
Antony reminds the citizens that they are human beings with feelings, not lifeless objects like wood or stones. He suggests that, as men, they will naturally react with strong emotions if they hear about Caesar’s love for them. The line appeals to their humanity and prepares them to feel anger and sympathy, thus turning them against the conspirators.

3. How does Antony use irony in the line, “I fear I wrong the honourable men / Whose daggers have stabb’d Caesar”? (3 marks)
Antony calls the conspirators “honourable men,” but the audience understands that he does not truly mean it. The word “honourable” is used sarcastically because men who stabbed Caesar cannot be truly honourable. This verbal irony exposes their hypocrisy without openly accusing them, making Antony’s speech politically safe yet emotionally powerful.

4. Why does Antony say he has “o’ershot” himself, and how does this statement help his strategy? (3 marks)
Antony says he has “o’ershot” himself, meaning he has said more than he intended about the will. This creates the impression that he is speaking impulsively and honestly. In reality, it is part of his strategy to increase suspense and make the crowd more desperate to hear the will. It strengthens his control over their emotions.

5. Show how Antony’s speech in this extract reveals his skill as a manipulative and persuasive speaker. (4 marks)
In this extract, Antony demonstrates remarkable rhetorical skill. He pretends reluctance to read the will, which increases public curiosity. He appeals to the citizens’ emotions by reminding them that they are “men” who will be moved by Caesar’s love. He uses irony in calling the conspirators “honourable men,” subtly undermining their reputation. By expressing fear that he may wrong them, he appears loyal and cautious, while actually turning the crowd against them. Thus, Antony manipulates emotion, curiosity, and irony to win the people to his side.

Extract 4

Antony. If you have tears, prepare to shed them now.
You all do know this mantle: I remember
The first time ever Caesar put it on;
'Twas on a summer's evening, in his tent,
That day he overcame the Nervii:
Look, in this place ran Cassius' dagger through:
See what a rent the envious Casca made:
Through this the well-beloved Brutus stabb'd;
And as he pluck'd his cursed steel away,
Mark how the blood of Caesar follow'd it,
As rushing out of doors, to be resolved
If Brutus so unkindly knock'd, or no;
For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel:

1. What is the effect of Antony’s opening line, “If you have tears, prepare to shed them now”? (3 marks)
Antony directly appeals to the emotions of the citizens by inviting them to weep. This line prepares the crowd for a highly emotional description of Caesar’s wounds. It shifts the speech from reasoning to deep feeling, making the citizens sympathetic and ready to be stirred to anger against the conspirators.

2. Why does Antony describe Caesar’s mantle and mention the day he overcame the Nervii? (3 marks)
By referring to the mantle and the victory over the Nervii, Antony reminds the people of Caesar’s bravery and military success. The personal memory makes the scene vivid and authentic. It contrasts Caesar’s former glory with his present tragic death, thereby intensifying the sense of loss and injustice.

3. How does Antony use imagery while pointing to the wounds made by Cassius, Casca, and Brutus? (3 marks)
Antony uses powerful visual imagery by pointing out the “rent” made by each dagger. His description makes the citizens imagine the torn cloak and bleeding body of Caesar. This graphic portrayal creates a dramatic and emotional impact, helping the crowd feel outrage toward each conspirator individually.

4. Explain the meaning of “For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar’s angel.” (3 marks)
Antony calls Brutus Caesar’s “angel” to show how deeply Caesar trusted and loved him. The word “angel” suggests loyalty, purity, and closeness. By highlighting this trust, Antony emphasizes the betrayal, making Brutus’ act seem more cruel and shocking than the others.

5. Show how Antony increases the tragic effect of Caesar’s death in this extract. (4 marks)
Antony increases the tragic effect through emotional appeal, vivid imagery, and personal memory. He first calls upon the citizens to prepare for tears, creating anticipation. He then recalls Caesar’s glorious past and displays the mantle as a symbol of his honour. By naming each conspirator and showing the specific wounds, he personalizes the crime. Finally, by stressing Brutus’ betrayal—calling him Caesar’s “angel”—he presents the murder as not only political but deeply personal. This combination of pathos and dramatic narration deeply moves the crowd and turns them against the conspirators.

Extract 5
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him!
This was the most unkindest cut of all;
For when the noble Caesar saw him stab,
Ingratitude, more strong than traitors' arms,
Quite vanquish'd him: then burst his mighty heart;
And, in his mantle muffling up his face,
Even at the base of Pompey's statue,
Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.
O, what a fall was there, my countrymen!
Then I, and you, and all of us fell down,
Whilst bloody treason flourish'd over us.
O, now you weep; and, I perceive, you feel
The dint of pity: these are gracious drops.
Kind souls, what, weep you when you but behold
Our Caesar's vesture wounded? Look you here,
Here is himself, marr'd, as you see, with traitors.

1. Why does Antony call Brutus’ blow “the most unkindest cut of all”? (3 marks)
Antony calls Brutus’ stab “the most unkindest cut of all” because it was a betrayal by a trusted friend. Caesar loved and trusted Brutus deeply, so his attack hurt Caesar more emotionally than physically. The phrase emphasizes the pain of ingratitude and makes Brutus appear more cruel than the other conspirators.

2. Explain the significance of Caesar falling “at the base of Pompey’s statue.” (3 marks)
Caesar falling at the base of Pompey’s statue is highly symbolic. Pompey had once been Caesar’s rival, and now Caesar dies beneath his statue. This suggests irony and fate, as if Pompey’s spirit silently witnesses Caesar’s defeat. It also highlights the tragic reversal of fortune in Caesar’s life.

3. How does Antony personify “Ingratitude” in this extract? (3 marks)
Antony says, “Ingratitude, more strong than traitors’ arms, / Quite vanquish’d him.” Here, ingratitude is personified as a powerful force that defeats Caesar. Antony suggests that emotional betrayal by Brutus was stronger than the physical weapons of the conspirators. This makes the moral injury greater than the bodily harm.

4. What is the effect of Antony saying, “O, what a fall was there, my countrymen!”? (3 marks)
This exclamation expresses deep sorrow and shock at Caesar’s death. Antony suggests that not only Caesar fell, but Rome itself fell with him. It broadens the tragedy from a personal loss to a national disaster, stirring patriotic emotions in the citizens.

5. Show how Antony uses pathos and dramatic presentation to turn the crowd against the conspirators in this extract. (4 marks)
Antony uses intense emotional appeal (pathos) throughout the passage. He stresses Caesar’s love for Brutus and highlights the betrayal as the deepest wound. He describes Caesar’s heart bursting and his dramatic fall near Pompey’s statue, creating a tragic scene. Antony then connects Caesar’s fall to the fall of Rome, making it a public tragedy. Finally, he reveals Caesar’s wounded body to the crowd, shifting from the cloak to the corpse itself. This powerful combination of emotion, imagery, and symbolism deeply moves the citizens and pushes them toward anger against the conspirators.

Extract 6

Antony. Good friends, sweet friends, let me not stir you up
To such a sudden flood of mutiny.
They that have done this deed are honourable:
What private griefs they have, alas, I know not,
That made them do it: they are wise and honourable,
And will, no doubt, with reasons answer you.
I come not, friends, to steal away your hearts:
I am no orator, as Brutus is;
But, as you know me all, a plain blunt man,
That love my friend; and that they know full well
That gave me public leave to speak of him:

For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,
Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,
To stir men's blood: I only speak right on;

1. Why does Antony say, “let me not stir you up / To such a sudden flood of mutiny”? (3 marks)
Antony pretends that he does not want to excite the people to rebellion. By asking them not to mutiny, he actually strengthens their anger and desire for revenge. This is a clever use of reverse psychology. He appears calm and responsible, while secretly encouraging their rising emotions.

2. How is irony used in the repeated phrase “honourable” in this extract? (3 marks)
Antony repeatedly calls the conspirators “honourable,” but his tone makes the word ironic. After describing Caesar’s wounds and betrayal, the audience clearly understands that the conspirators are not truly honourable. The repetition exposes their hypocrisy and gradually destroys their credibility without direct accusation.

3. Explain the significance of Antony’s statement, “I am no orator, as Brutus is.” (3 marks)
Antony claims that he is not an orator like Brutus and describes himself as a “plain blunt man.” This is false modesty. In reality, his speech is highly persuasive and emotional. By lowering himself and praising Brutus, he gains the trust and sympathy of the crowd, making his words more powerful and believable.

4. What does Antony mean by saying he has neither “wit, nor words, nor worth”? (3 marks)
Antony pretends that he lacks intelligence, eloquence, and ability. This is deliberate understatement. By presenting himself as simple and honest, he contrasts himself with Brutus’ formal rhetoric. This strategy makes the citizens feel that Antony speaks from the heart rather than from political ambition.

5. Show how Antony uses dramatic irony and rhetorical strategy to control the crowd in this extract. (4 marks)
In this extract, Antony masterfully controls the crowd through irony and pretended humility. He claims he does not want to cause mutiny, yet his words intensify their anger. He repeatedly calls the conspirators “honourable,” but the context makes this praise sound sarcastic. By saying he is “no orator” and only a “plain blunt man,” he gains the people’s trust while actually demonstrating great rhetorical skill. His modest tone, emotional appeal, and subtle irony allow him to influence the crowd without openly opposing the conspirators.

Extract 7
For I have neither wit, nor words, nor worth,
Action, nor utterance, nor the power of speech,
To stir men's blood: I only speak right on;
I tell you that which you yourselves do know;
Show you sweet Caesar's wounds, poor poor dumb mouths,
And bid them speak for me: but were I Brutus,
And Brutus Antony, there were an Antony
Would ruffle up your spirits and put a tongue
In every wound of Caesar that should move
The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.

1. Why does Antony say he has neither “wit, nor words, nor worth”? (3 marks)
Antony claims that he lacks intelligence, eloquence, and ability to persuade. This is an example of false modesty. In reality, he is speaking very skilfully. By presenting himself as simple and honest, he gains the sympathy and trust of the crowd, making his speech more effective.

2. Explain the meaning of “poor poor dumb mouths.” (3 marks)
Antony refers to Caesar’s wounds as “poor poor dumb mouths.” He personifies the wounds as mouths that cannot speak. By saying he will let them speak for him, he suggests that the wounds themselves are evidence of the conspirators’ cruelty. This creates strong emotional impact and deepens the crowd’s pity and anger.

3. What does Antony mean when he says, “but were I Brutus, / And Brutus Antony”? (3 marks)
Antony imagines a reversal of roles. He says that if he were Brutus and Brutus were Antony, he would passionately stir up the people to rebellion. This is ironic because he is already doing exactly that. Through this hypothetical statement, he excites the crowd further while pretending not to do so.

4. How does Antony use hyperbole in this extract? (3 marks)
Antony uses exaggeration when he says that an Antony would “move / The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny.” Stones cannot literally rise, so this is hyperbole. It emphasizes the power of persuasive speech and shows how deeply Caesar’s wounds could stir even lifeless objects, thereby intensifying the dramatic effect.

5. Show how this extract highlights Antony’s mastery of rhetoric and emotional manipulation. (4 marks)
In this extract, Antony continues his strategy of pretending humility while skilfully controlling the crowd. He claims he lacks the power of speech, yet his language is rich with imagery and emotion. By personifying Caesar’s wounds as “dumb mouths,” he makes the murder vivid and tragic. His hypothetical reversal with Brutus cleverly excites the citizens without openly calling for rebellion. The hyperbolic image of stones rising to mutiny further inflames emotions. Thus, Antony proves himself a master of rhetoric, using irony, imagery, and exaggeration to turn public opinion in his favour.

Extract 8

Antony. Moreover, he hath left you all his walks,
His private arbours and new-planted orchards,
On this side Tiber; he hath left them you,
And to your heirs for ever, common pleasures,
To walk abroad, and recreate yourselves.
Here was a Caesar! when comes such another?

First Citizen. Never, never. Come, away, away!
We'll burn his body in the holy place,
And with the brands fire the traitors' houses.
Take up the body.

Second Citizen. Go fetch fire.

Third Citizen. Pluck down benches.

Fourth Citizen. Pluck down forms, windows, anything.

Exeunt Citizens with the body

1. What does Antony reveal about Caesar’s will in this extract? (3 marks)
Antony reveals that Caesar has left his private gardens, arbours, and orchards to the citizens of Rome. These places are to be enjoyed by them and their heirs forever. This shows Caesar’s generosity and love for the common people, proving that he was not selfish or ambitious as the conspirators claimed.

2. How does the gift of the “walks” and “orchards” influence the citizens? (3 marks)
The revelation of Caesar’s generous gifts deeply moves the citizens. It confirms that Caesar cared for their happiness and comfort. As a result, their sorrow turns into anger against the conspirators, and they decide to take violent revenge. Antony successfully transforms sympathy into action.

3. Explain the significance of the line, “Here was a Caesar! when comes such another?” (3 marks)
This line highlights Caesar’s greatness and uniqueness. Antony suggests that Rome will never see such a noble and generous leader again. It glorifies Caesar and deepens the tragic sense of loss, strengthening the citizens’ emotional reaction.

4. What decision do the citizens make after hearing Antony’s speech? (3 marks)
After hearing Antony, the citizens resolve to burn Caesar’s body in a holy place and use the firebrands to burn the houses of the conspirators. They gather fire and break benches and windows for fuel. This shows that Antony’s speech has successfully incited them to rebellion and violence.

5. Show how this extract represents the climax of Antony’s speech and its consequences. (4 marks)
This extract marks the climax of Antony’s funeral oration. By revealing Caesar’s generous will, Antony provides final proof of Caesar’s love for the people. The emotional build-up throughout the speech reaches its peak here. The citizens, overwhelmed with grief and anger, openly reject the conspirators and plan violent revenge. Their actions—burning Caesar’s body and attacking the traitors’ houses—demonstrate that Antony has completely won their hearts. Thus, the extract shows the powerful impact and dramatic consequences of Antony’s rhetoric.

Julius Caesar, Scene 3, Page 140 to 142

Glossary (English and Hindi)

dreamt — had a dream; saw something in sleep — सपना देखा
feast — a grand meal or celebration — भोज, दावत
unlucky — unfortunate, bringing bad luck — अशुभ, दुर्भाग्यपूर्ण
charge — fill strongly with — भर देना, प्रभावित करना
fantasy — imagination, thoughts — कल्पना
wander — move about without purpose — इधर-उधर भटकना
forth — forward, outward — बाहर, आगे
citizen — a resident of a city or country — नागरिक
whither — to what place — कहाँ, किस स्थान को
dwell — live, reside — निवास करना, रहना
bachelor — an unmarried man — अविवाहित पुरुष
directly — clearly and straightaway — सीधे, स्पष्ट रूप से
briefly — in a short manner — संक्षेप में
wisely — intelligently, sensibly — बुद्धिमानी से
truly — honestly, truthfully — सत्यपूर्वक, सच-सच
fools — foolish people — मूर्ख लोग
marry — to wed — विवाह करना
bear me a bang — make me suffer or hit me for my words — मेरे कथन के लिए मुझे दंड देना
fear — feeling of danger or worry — भय
proceed — continue — आगे बढ़ना, जारी रखना
funeral — ceremony after a person’s death — अंतिम संस्कार
enemy — opponent, foe — शत्रु
matter — issue, subject — विषय, बात
answered — replied to — उत्तर दिया
Capitol — the great public building in Rome — कैपिटल भवन
sir — respectful form of address — श्रीमान
conspirator — a person involved in a secret plot — षड्यंत्रकारी
tear him to pieces — attack violently — टुकड़े-टुकड़े कर देना
verses — lines of poetry — काव्य-पंक्तियाँ
pluck — pull out forcibly — उखाड़ लेना, खींच निकालना
heart — inner being or spirit — हृदय
turn him going — send him away — उसे भगा देना
brands / firebrands — burning sticks or torches — जलती मशालें
burn — set on fire — जला देना
away, go! — leave immediately — तुरंत जाओ
poet — a writer of poems — कवि
conspirator — one who secretly plans against authority — षड्यंत्र रचने वाला
Decius — one of Caesar’s conspirators — डेसियस (सीज़र का षड्यंत्रकारी)
Casca — a conspirator who first stabbed Caesar — कास्का
Ligarius — another conspirator against Caesar — लिगेरियस

English Paraphrase

Cinna the poet enters and says that he dreamt of feasting with Caesar the previous night. His imagination is filled with fearful and unlucky thoughts. He does not wish to go outside, yet some strange force seems to pull him out of his house.

A group of citizens enters and begins questioning him aggressively. One asks his name, another where he is going, another where he lives, and another whether he is married or unmarried. They demand that he answer directly, briefly, wisely, and truthfully.

Cinna humorously repeats all their questions and replies that, wisely speaking, he is a bachelor. One citizen jokes that this means married men are fools and warns Cinna that he may be beaten for saying so. The citizens then tell him to continue answering properly.

Cinna says directly that he is going to Caesar’s funeral. When asked whether he goes as a friend or enemy, he replies that he goes as a friend. Asked where he lives, he answers briefly that he lives near the Capitol. Finally, when asked his name, he truthfully says that his name is Cinna.

The moment the citizens hear the name “Cinna,” they become violent and shout that he is a conspirator. Cinna desperately explains that he is Cinna the poet, not Cinna the conspirator. However, the angry mob does not care. One citizen says they should tear him apart merely for writing bad poetry. Another says that even if he is not the conspirator, his name alone is enough to condemn him. The mob then rushes away carrying firebrands to burn the houses of Brutus, Cassius, Decius, Casca, and Ligarius.

Hindi Paraphrase

कवि सिन्ना प्रवेश करता है और कहता है कि पिछली रात उसने स्वप्न में सीज़र के साथ भोज किया। उसके मन में अशुभ और डरावने विचार भरे हुए हैं। उसका बाहर जाने का मन नहीं है, फिर भी कोई अदृश्य शक्ति उसे बाहर निकलने के लिए मजबूर कर रही है।

तभी कुछ नागरिक आते हैं और उससे कठोरता से प्रश्न पूछने लगते हैं। एक उसका नाम पूछता है, दूसरा पूछता है कि वह कहाँ जा रहा है, तीसरा पूछता है कि वह कहाँ रहता है, और चौथा पूछता है कि वह विवाहित है या अविवाहित। वे उससे सीधे, संक्षेप में, बुद्धिमानी से और सच-सच उत्तर देने को कहते हैं।

सिन्ना मजाकिया ढंग से उनके सभी प्रश्न दोहराता है और कहता है कि बुद्धिमानी की दृष्टि से वह अविवाहित है। इस पर एक नागरिक मजाक करता है कि इसका अर्थ है कि विवाहित लोग मूर्ख होते हैं, और कहता है कि इस बात के लिए सिन्ना को मार भी पड़ सकती है। फिर वे उसे ठीक से उत्तर देने को कहते हैं।

सिन्ना स्पष्ट रूप से कहता है कि वह सीज़र के अंतिम संस्कार में जा रहा है। जब उससे पूछा जाता है कि वह मित्र के रूप में जा रहा है या शत्रु के रूप में, तो वह उत्तर देता है कि वह मित्र के रूप में जा रहा है। जब उससे उसके निवास स्थान के बारे में पूछा जाता है, तो वह संक्षेप में कहता है कि वह कैपिटल के पास रहता है। अंत में जब उससे उसका नाम पूछा जाता है, तो वह सच-सच बताता है कि उसका नाम सिन्ना है।

“सिन्ना” नाम सुनते ही नागरिक क्रोधित हो उठते हैं और चिल्लाने लगते हैं कि वह षड्यंत्रकारी है। सिन्ना घबराकर समझाता है कि वह षड्यंत्रकारी सिन्ना नहीं, बल्कि कवि सिन्ना है। परन्तु उग्र भीड़ उसकी बात सुनने को तैयार नहीं होती। एक नागरिक कहता है कि उसकी खराब कविताओं के कारण ही उसे फाड़ डालना चाहिए। दूसरा कहता है कि चाहे वह षड्यंत्रकारी न भी हो, केवल उसका नाम ही उसे दोषी सिद्ध करने के लिए पर्याप्त है। इसके बाद भीड़ जलती मशालें लेकर ब्रूटस, कैसियस, डेसियस, कास्का और लिगेरियस के घर जलाने के लिए दौड़ पड़ती है।

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who enters at the beginning of the scene?
A. Brutus
B. Cassius
C. Antony
D. Cinna the poet
Answer: D

2. What did Cinna dream about?
A. Fighting with Caesar
B. Feasting with Caesar
C. Caesar becoming king
D. Escaping from Rome
Answer: B

3. How does Cinna describe his thoughts after the dream?
A. Joyful
B. Peaceful
C. Unlucky and fearful
D. Excited
Answer: C

4. What does Cinna say he has no will to do?
A. Speak
B. Sleep
C. Wander forth of doors
D. Attend the funeral
Answer: C

5. What still leads Cinna outside despite his fear?
A. Curiosity
B. Antony’s orders
C. His friends
D. Something mysterious
Answer: D

6. Who questions Cinna first?
A. Antony
B. First Citizen
C. Cassius
D. Brutus
Answer: B

7. What does the Second Citizen ask Cinna?
A. His age
B. His profession
C. Where he is going
D. Why he is sad
Answer: C

8. What does the Third Citizen ask?
A. His family name
B. Where he lives
C. His occupation
D. His religion
Answer: B

9. What does the Fourth Citizen ask?
A. Whether he is rich
B. Whether he is married or bachelor
C. Whether he knew Caesar
D. Whether he is a poet
Answer: B

10. How are the citizens speaking to Cinna?
A. Politely
B. Respectfully
C. Aggressively
D. Kindly
Answer: C

11. What kind of answers do the citizens demand?
A. Long and detailed
B. Funny and entertaining
C. Direct, brief, wise, and true
D. Emotional and dramatic
Answer: C

12. What does Cinna call himself wisely?
A. A Roman
B. A citizen
C. A bachelor
D. A poet
Answer: C

13. What joke does the Second Citizen make?
A. Poets are fools
B. Caesars are weak
C. Married men are fools
D. Romans are cowards
Answer: C

14. Where is Cinna going?
A. To the Senate
B. To Caesar’s funeral
C. To Brutus’ house
D. To the Capitol
Answer: B

15. How does Cinna say he goes to the funeral?
A. As an enemy
B. As a stranger
C. As a friend
D. As a servant
Answer: C

16. Where does Cinna say he lives?
A. Near the river
B. Near the market
C. By the Capitol
D. Near Caesar’s palace
Answer: C

17. What is Cinna’s full identity?
A. Cinna the soldier
B. Cinna the senator
C. Cinna the conspirator
D. Cinna the poet
Answer: D

18. Why do the citizens suddenly attack Cinna?
A. He insults Caesar
B. He supports Brutus
C. His name is Cinna
D. He lies to them
Answer: C

19. What do the citizens mistake Cinna for?
A. A senator
B. A conspirator
C. A servant
D. A messenger
Answer: B

20. What does Cinna repeatedly say in fear?
A. I am innocent
B. I loved Caesar
C. I am Cinna the poet
D. I know Brutus
Answer: C

21. What does the Fourth Citizen say about Cinna’s poetry?
A. It is beautiful
B. It is inspiring
C. It is bad
D. It is famous
Answer: C

22. What punishment does the mob suggest for Cinna’s bad verses?
A. Exile
B. Imprisonment
C. Beating
D. Tearing him apart
Answer: D

23. What does the mob decide about Cinna’s name?
A. It is honorable
B. It is unlucky
C. It alone is enough for punishment
D. It should be praised
Answer: C

24. What does “pluck but his name out of his heart” mean?
A. Remove his identity
B. Forgive him
C. Praise him
D. Save him
Answer: A

25. Which emotion mainly controls the citizens?
A. Love
B. Fear
C. Rage
D. Sympathy
Answer: C

26. What do the citizens carry while leaving?
A. Swords
B. Shields
C. Firebrands
D. Spears
Answer: C

27. Whose house do the citizens first plan to burn?
A. Antony’s
B. Caesar’s
C. Brutus’
D. Octavius’
Answer: C

28. Which conspirator’s house is also mentioned for burning?
A. Cicero’s
B. Cassius’
C. Lepidus’
D. Flavius’
Answer: B

29. Which literary device is used in “Tear him to pieces”?
A. Simile
B. Metaphor
C. Hyperbole
D. Personification
Answer: C

30. What does this scene mainly show?
A. Roman bravery
B. Mob violence and irrationality
C. Caesar’s victory
D. Antony’s weakness
Answer: B

31. Why is the scene important in the play?
A. It shows Caesar alive again
B. It shows the citizens becoming violent
C. It introduces a new king
D. It ends the conspiracy
Answer: B

32. What type of character is Cinna the poet?
A. A tragic victim
B. A king
C. A soldier
D. A judge
Answer: A

33. What quality of the mob is revealed in this scene?
A. Wisdom
B. Patience
C. Blind anger
D. Mercy
Answer: C

34. Which word best describes the citizens’ behavior?
A. Rational
B. Violent
C. Noble
D. Calm
Answer: B

35. What has mainly influenced the citizens before this scene?
A. Brutus’ speech
B. Cassius’ advice
C. Antony’s funeral speech
D. Caesar’s will alone
Answer: C

36. What is the mood of the scene?
A. Comic and peaceful
B. Romantic and joyful
C. Violent and chaotic
D. Calm and hopeful
Answer: C

37. What irony is present in the scene?
A. A poet is punished for his name, not his crime
B. Caesar returns alive
C. Antony joins the conspirators
D. Brutus becomes king
Answer: A

38. Which theme is strongly presented in this scene?
A. Friendship
B. Love
C. Mob mentality
D. Justice
Answer: C

39. Why does Shakespeare include this scene?
A. To create humour only
B. To show the dangerous power of the mob
C. To praise the conspirators
D. To introduce new characters
Answer: B

40. What does the mob’s treatment of Cinna prove?
A. The citizens are fair judges
B. The people have become unreasonable
C. The conspirators are innocent
D. Caesar was unpopular
Answer: B

1.    Who Speaks to Whom

2.    “I dreamt tonight that I did feast with Caesar…”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Himself / audience

3.    “What is your name?”
Speaker: First Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

4.    “Whither are you going?”
Speaker: Second Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

5.    “Where do you dwell?”
Speaker: Third Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

6.    “Are you a married man or a bachelor?”
Speaker: Fourth Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

7.    “Answer every man directly.”
Speaker: Second Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

8.    “Ay, and briefly.”
Speaker: First Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

9.    “Ay, and wisely.”
Speaker: Fourth Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

10. “Ay, and truly, you were best.”
Speaker: Third Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

11. “Wisely I say, I am a bachelor.”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

12. “That’s as much as to say they are fools that marry.”
Speaker: Second Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet and other citizens

13. “Directly, I am going to Caesar’s funeral.”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

14. “As a friend, or an enemy?”
Speaker: First Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

15. “As a friend.”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

16. “Briefly, I dwell by the Capitol.”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

17. “Your name, sir, truly.”
Speaker: Third Citizen
Listener: Cinna the Poet

18. “Truly, my name is Cinna.”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

19. “Tear him to pieces, he’s a conspirator!”
Speaker: First Citizen
Listener: Other citizens

20. “I am Cinna the poet! I am Cinna the poet!”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

21. “Tear him for his bad verses!”
Speaker: Fourth Citizen
Listener: Other citizens

22. “I am not Cinna the conspirator.”
Speaker: Cinna the Poet
Listener: Citizens

23. “It is no matter, his name’s Cinna!”
Speaker: Fourth Citizen
Listener: Other citizens

24. “Tear him, tear him!”
Speaker: Third Citizen
Listener: Other citizens

25. “To Brutus’, to Cassius’! Burn all!”
Speaker: Third Citizen
Listener: Citizens / mob