Poetry of Dr. Shankar D Mishra

THE SENTENCE: DEFINITION AND ITS TYPES:

A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense and expresses/conveys a complete thought/meaning.

Examples:

1. The sun rises in the east.

2. She is reading a book.

3. What a beautiful flower!

4. Please help me.

Remember: A sentence begins with a capital letter and usually ends with a full stop (.), a question mark (?) or an exclamation mark (!).

वाक्य की परिभाषा: शब्दों का वह समूह जिसका पूर्ण अर्थ निकलता है और जो एक पूर्ण विचार या भाव को प्रकट करता है, उसे वाक्य कहते हैं।

उदाहरण (Examples):

सूरज पूर्व में उगता है। (The sun rises in the east.)
वह किताब पढ़ रही है। (She is reading a book.)
कितना सुंदर फूल है! (What a beautiful flower!)
कृपया मेरी मदद करें। (Please help me.)

याद रखें (Remember): एक वाक्य हमेशा बड़े अक्षर (Capital letter) से शुरू होता है और आमतौर पर पूर्ण विराम (.), प्रश्नवाचक चिह्न (?) या विस्मयादिबोधक चिह्न (!) पर समाप्त होता है।

ବାକ୍ୟର ସଂଜ୍ଞା: ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଏପରି ଏକ ସମୂହ ଯାହା ଏକ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରକୃତ ମନର ଭାବ ବା ବିଚାରକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝାଇଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ :

1. ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପୂର୍ବ ଦିଗରେ ଉଦୟ ହୁଅନ୍ତି। (The sun rises in the east.)

2. ସେ ବହି ପଢ଼ୁଛି। (She is reading a book.)

3. କେଡ଼େ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଫୁଲଟିଏ! (What a beautiful flower!)

4. ଦୟାକରି ମତେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତୁ। (Please help me.)

ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ (Remember): ଏକ ଇଂରାଜୀ ବାକ୍ୟ ସର୍ବଦା ବଡ଼ ଅକ୍ଷର (Capital letter) ରୁ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଏକ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଚ୍ଛେଦ (.), ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ (?) କିମ୍ବା ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ଚିହ୍ନ (!) ରେ ଶେଷ ହୋଇଥାଏ।

**TYPES OF SENTENCES

A sentence can be classified in two ways: according to the meaning it conveys (sense) and according to the way it is constructed (structure). These are two different bases of classification.

DIAGRAM 1 — THE TWO BASES OF CLASSIFICATION

TYPES OF SENTENCES	BASED ON SENSE	BASED ON STRUCTURE
Classification	5 kinds	3 kinds
Focus	What the sentence expresses.	How the sentence is formed.

I. SENTENCES BASED ON SENSE

There are five kinds of sentences based on the meaning or purpose they express:

DIAGRAM 2 — FIVE KINDS BASED ON SENSE

KIND	FUNCTION	EXAMPLE
1. Assertive / Declarative	Makes a statement or declares something.	The earth moves around the sun.
2. Interrogative	Asks a question.	Where do you live?
3. Imperative	Expresses a command, request, advice or instruction.	Please close the door.
4. Exclamatory	Expresses a strong feeling or emotion.	What a beautiful painting!
5. Optative	Expresses a wish, prayer or blessing.	May you succeed in life!

Important points: An assertive sentence may be affirmative or negative. An imperative sentence often has an understood subject, ‘you’. An exclamatory sentence commonly ends with an exclamation mark (!), while an interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?).

II. SENTENCES BASED ON STRUCTURE

There are three kinds of sentences based on the number and relationship of clauses:

DIAGRAM 3 — THREE KINDS BASED ON STRUCTURE

KIND	STRUCTURE	EXAMPLE
1. Simple	Contains one independent clause (one main clause).	The little boy played in the garden.
2. Compound	Contains two or more independent clauses joined by a coordinating conjunction or suitable punctuation.	The sun set, and the birds returned to their nests.
3. Complex	Contains one independent clause and at least one dependent (subordinate) clause.	I stayed indoors because it was raining.

Understanding clauses: An independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence. A dependent clause cannot stand alone as a complete sentence.

*वाक्यों का वर्गीकरण दो आधारों पर किया जाता है:

DIAGRAM 1 — वाक्यों के वर्गीकरण के दो आधार

वाक्य के प्रकार	अर्थ के आधार पर (Sense)	रचना के आधार पर (Structure)
संख्या	5 प्रकार	3 प्रकार
आधार	वाक्य का अर्थ / उद्देश्य	वाक्य की बनावट / उपवाक्य

I. SENTENCES BASED ON SENSE — अर्थ के आधार पर वाक्य

अर्थ या भाव के आधार पर वाक्य पाँच प्रकार के होते हैं:

DIAGRAM 2 — अर्थ के आधार पर पाँच प्रकार

प्रकार	हिंदी में व्याख्या	उदाहरण
1. Assertive / Declarative विधानवाचक वाक्य	जो वाक्य किसी बात, तथ्य या विचार का सामान्य कथन करता है, उसे विधानवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।	The sun rises in the east. सूर्य पूर्व में उगता है।
2. Interrogative प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य	जिस वाक्य में कोई प्रश्न पूछा जाता है, उसे प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।	Where do you live? तुम कहाँ रहते हो?
3. Imperative आज्ञावाचक वाक्य	जिस वाक्य से आदेश, अनुरोध, सलाह, प्रार्थना या निर्देश प्रकट हो, उसे आज्ञावाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।	Please open the door. कृपया दरवाज़ा खोलिए।
4. Exclamatory विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य	जिस वाक्य से खुशी, दुःख, आश्चर्य या अन्य तीव्र भावना प्रकट हो, उसे विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य कहते हैं।	What a beautiful flower! कितना सुंदर फूल है!
5. Optative इच्छावाचक वाक्य	जिस वाक्य से इच्छा, कामना, आशीर्वाद या प्रार्थना प्रकट हो, उसे इच्छावाचक वाक्य कहते हैं।	May you succeed! तुम सफल होओ!

ध्यान दें: विधानवाचक वाक्य सकारात्मक या नकारात्मक हो सकता है। आज्ञावाचक वाक्य में कर्ता ‘you’ प्रायः छिपा रहता है। प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य के अंत में (?) तथा विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य के अंत में (!) लगाया जाता है।

II. SENTENCES BASED ON STRUCTURE — रचना के आधार पर वाक्य

उपवाक्यों (clauses) की संख्या और उनके आपसी संबंध के आधार पर वाक्य तीन प्रकार के होते हैं:

DIAGRAM 3 — रचना के आधार पर तीन प्रकार

प्रकार	हिंदी में व्याख्या	उदाहरण
1. Simple Sentence सरल वाक्य	जिस वाक्य में केवल एक स्वतंत्र मुख्य उपवाक्य होता है, उसे सरल वाक्य कहते हैं।	The child is playing. बच्चा खेल रहा है।
2. Compound Sentence संयुक्त वाक्य	जिस वाक्य में दो या दो से अधिक स्वतंत्र मुख्य उपवाक्य होते हैं, जो प्रायः and, but, or जैसे समुच्चयबोधक शब्दों से जुड़े होते हैं, उसे संयुक्त वाक्य कहते हैं।	The sun set, and the birds returned. सूर्य अस्त हुआ और पक्षी लौट आए।
3. Complex Sentence मिश्र वाक्य	जिस वाक्य में एक स्वतंत्र मुख्य उपवाक्य तथा कम-से-कम एक आश्रित उपवाक्य होता है, उसे मिश्र वाक्य कहते हैं।	I stayed indoors because it was raining. मैं घर के अंदर रहा क्योंकि वर्षा हो रही थी।

उपवाक्य को समझें: स्वतंत्र उपवाक्य अपने आप में पूरा अर्थ देता है। आश्रित उपवाक्य अपना पूरा अर्थ देने के लिए मुख्य उपवाक्य पर निर्भर रहता है।

ବାକ୍ୟର ଶ୍ରେଣୀବିଭାଗ ଦୁଇଟି ଆଧାରରେ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ:

DIAGRAM 1 — ବାକ୍ୟ ଶ୍ରେଣୀବିଭାଗର ଦୁଇଟି ଆଧାର

ବାକ୍ୟର ପ୍ରକାର	ଅର୍ଥ ଆଧାରରେ (Sense)	ଗଠନ / ରଚନା ଆଧାରରେ (Structure)
ସଂଖ୍ୟା	୫ ପ୍ରକାର	୩ ପ୍ରକାର
ଆଧାର	ବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥ / ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ	ବାକ୍ୟର ଗଠନ / ଉପବାକ୍ୟ (Clauses)

I. SENTENCES BASED ON SENSE — ଅର୍ଥ ଆଧାରରେ ବାକ୍ୟ

ଅର୍ଥ ବା ଭାବ ଆଧାରରେ ବାକ୍ୟ ପାଞ୍ଚ ପ୍ରକାରର ହୋଇଥାଏ:

DIAGRAM 2 — ଅର୍ଥ ଆଧାରରେ ପାଞ୍ଚ ପ୍ରକାର

ପ୍ରକାର	ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା	ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ଓ ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples)
1. Assertive / Declarative ବିବୃତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୌଣସି କଥା, ତଥ୍ୟ ବା ବିଚାରର ସାଧାରଣ ବିବୃତି ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିବୃତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	The sun rises in the east. (ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ପୂର୍ବ ଦିଗରେ ଉଦୟ ହୁଅନ୍ତି।)
2. Interrogative ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚାରାଯାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	Where do you live? (ତୁମେ କେଉଁଠି ରୁହ?)
3. Imperative ଆଦେଶ/ଅନୁରୋଧସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରୁ ଆଦେଶ, ଅନୁରୋଧ, ଉପଦେଶ, ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା ବା ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଆଦେଶ/ଅନୁରୋଧସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	Please open the door. (ଦୟାକରି କବାଟଟି ଖୋଲ।)
4. Exclamatory ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରୁ ଆନନ୍ଦ, ଦୁଃଖ, ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବା ଅନ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ଗଭୀର ଆବେଗ ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	What a beautiful flower! (କେଡ଼େ ସୁନ୍ଦର ଫୁଲଟିଏ!)
5. Optative ଇଚ୍ଛା/ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା, କାମନା, ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦ ବା ପ୍ରାର୍ଥନା ପ୍ରକାଶ ପାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଇଚ୍ଛା/ଆଶୀର୍ବାଦସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	May you succeed! (ତୁମେ ସଫଳ ହୁଅ!)

ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ: ବିବୃତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ସକାରାତ୍ମକ (Affirmative) କିମ୍ବା ନକାରାତ୍ମକ (Negative) ହୋଇପାରେ। ଆଦେଶସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା ‘you’ ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ଉହ୍ୟ (ଲୁଚି) ରହିଥାଏ। ପ୍ରଶ୍ନସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଶେଷରେ (?) ଏବଂ ବିସ୍ମୟସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଶେଷରେ (!) ଚିହ୍ନ ଲଗାଯାଏ।

II. SENTENCES BASED ON STRUCTURE — ଗଠନ ଆଧାରରେ ବାକ୍ୟ

ଉପବାକ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକର (clauses) ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପାରସ୍ପରିକ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ ଆଧାରରେ ବାକ୍ୟ ତିନି ପ୍ରକାରର ହୋଇଥାଏ:

DIAGRAM 3 — ଗଠନ ଆଧାରରେ ତିନି ପ୍ରକାର

ପ୍ରକାର	ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା	ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples)
1. Simple Sentence ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ (Independent clause) ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ସରଳ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	The child is playing. (ପିଲାଟି ଖେଳୁଛି।)
2. Compound Sentence ଯୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଦୁଇ ବା ତତୋଧିକ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ ଥାଏ, ଯାହା ପ୍ରାୟତଃ and, but, or ଭଳି ସଂଯୋଜକ ଅବ୍ୟୟ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଯୋଡ଼ି ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି, ତାହାକୁ ଯୌଗିକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	The sun set, and the birds returned. (ସୂର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଅସ୍ତ ହେଲେ ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନେ ଫେରିଗଲେ।)
3. Complex Sentence ଜଟିଳ/ମିଶ୍ର ବାକ୍ୟ	ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ପ୍ରଧାନ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ଅତିକମରେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଆଶ୍ରିତ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ (Dependent clause) ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ଜଟିଳ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।	I stayed indoors because it was raining. (ମୁଁ ଘର ଭିତରେ ରହିଲି କାରଣ ବର୍ଷା ହେଉଥିଲା।)

ଉପବାକ୍ୟକୁ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ (Understand Clauses): ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ ନିଜେ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିପାରେ। ଆଶ୍ରିତ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ ନିଜର ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅର୍ଥ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ପ୍ରଧାନ ବା ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉପବାକ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ନିର୍ଭର କରିଥାଏ।

TYPE 1 – BASED ON SENSE

1. ASSERTIVE SENTENCE (कथनवाचक वाक्य / विधानवाचक वाक्य)

1. Definition (परिभाषा)

An Assertive Sentence is a sentence that makes a statement or declares something. It may express a fact, an opinion, a thought or a feeling.

हिंदी में: ऐसा वाक्य जो किसी तथ्य, विचार, मत या भावना को साधारण रूप से व्यक्त करता है, कथनवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।

ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ: ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ କୌଣସି ତଥ୍ୟ, ମତାମତ, ଚିନ୍ତାଧାରା ବା ଭାବନାକୁ ସାଧାରଣ ଭାବରେ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ବିବୃତ୍ତିସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।

2. Structure (ଗଠନ)

Subject + Predicate + Full Stop (.)

Positive (+): Subject + Positive Verb/Predicate + Full Stop (.)

Negative (−): Subject + Helping Verb + Not + Main Verb/Predicate + Full Stop (.)

POSITIVE (+) SENTENCES

1. He is an honest boy.

2. The sun rises in the east.

3. She sings beautifully.

4. We respect our teachers.

5. Birds fly in the sky.

NEGATIVE (−) SENTENCES

6. He is not a dishonest boy.

7. The sun does not rise in the west.

8. She does not sing badly.

9. We do not disrespect our teachers.

10. Birds do not swim in the sky.

3. Important Points

1. An assertive sentence makes a statement.

2. It may be positive (affirmative) or negative.

3. It generally begins with a subject.

4. It ends with a full stop (.), not a question mark or an exclamation mark.

Remember: Assertive = Affirmative (+) or Negative (−).

Type 2 – Interrogative Sentence (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य / ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ) in the same format.

Interrogative Sentence has two subtypes: verbal or yes/No and wh-

2. INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य / ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

TYPE 2 – BASED ON SENSE

1. Definition (परिभाषा)

An Interrogative Sentence is a sentence that asks a question and ends with a question mark (?).

हिंदी में: ऐसा वाक्य जो किसी प्रश्न को पूछता है, प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।

ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ: ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କୌଣସି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ ପଚରାଯାଏ, ତାହାକୁ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।

2. Types of Interrogative Sentences

There are two types of Interrogative Sentences:

INTERROGATIVE SENTENCE

↓

1. Verbal

Yes / No Questions

2. WH-

Information Questions

3. Type A – Verbal Interrogative (Yes/No Questions)

Structure:

Helping Verb / Modal Auxiliary + Subject + Main Verb / Predicate + ?

Examples:

1. Is he a good boy?

2. Do you play cricket?

3. Does she sing well?

4. Can you speak English?

5. Have they completed their homework?

Important: These questions generally begin with a helping verb or modal auxiliary and can be answered with Yes or No.

4. Type B – WH-Interrogative (Information Questions)

Structure:

WH-Word + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb / Predicate + ?

Examples:

1. What is your name?

2. Where do you live?

3. When will he arrive?

4. Why are you crying?

5. How does she solve the problem?

Common WH-Words:

WH-Word	Used to ask about
Who	Person (subject)
Whom	Person (object)
Whose	Possession
What	Thing / Information
Which	Choice
When	Time
Where	Place
Why	Reason
How	Manner / Condition

5. Important Points

1. An interrogative sentence always ends with a question mark (?).

2. Verbal questions generally require Yes/No answers.

3. WH-questions require specific information.

4. In some WH-questions, the WH-word itself acts as the subject.

Example: Who teaches you English?

Note: The structure given above is the general structure; certain questions, particularly those beginning with Who or What as the subject, follow a different word order.

next imperative. definition and explanation to be in trilingual

3. IMPERATIVE SENTENCE (आज्ञावाचक वाक्य / ଆଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ)

TYPE 3 – BASED ON SENSE

1. Definition (परिभाषा)

An Imperative Sentence is a sentence that expresses a command, order, request, advice, suggestion, instruction or prohibition.

हिंदी में: ऐसा वाक्य जो आदेश, आज्ञा, अनुरोध, सलाह, सुझाव, निर्देश या निषेध प्रकट करता है, आज्ञावाचक वाक्य कहलाता है।

ଓଡ଼ିଆରେ: ଯେଉଁ ବାକ୍ୟ ଆଦେଶ, ଅନୁରୋଧ, ଉପଦେଶ, ପରାମର୍ଶ, ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦେଶ ବା ନିଷେଧକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ, ତାହାକୁ ଆଜ୍ଞାସୂଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ।

2. Structure (ଗଠନ)

Subject (You) + Verb (Base Form) + Object / Complement

Note: The subject 'You' is generally understood and not expressed.

Positive (+): Verb (Base Form) + Object / Complement + Full Stop (.)

Negative (−): Do Not / Don't + Verb (Base Form) + Object / Complement + Full Stop (.)

POSITIVE (+) SENTENCES

1. Open the door.

2. Please help the poor.

3. Always speak the truth.

4. Kindly take your seat.

5. Work hard to succeed.

NEGATIVE (−) SENTENCES

6. Do not make a noise.

7. Don't waste your time.

8. Never tell a lie.

9. Do not touch the wire.

10. Don't pluck the flowers.

3. Different Functions of Imperative Sentences

Function	Example
Command	Stand up.
Order	Leave the room.
Request	Please help me.
Advice	Take regular exercise.
Suggestion	Let's go for a walk.
Instruction	Mix the ingredients well.
Prohibition	Do not enter the room.

4. Important Points

1. The subject 'You' is generally understood.

2. The verb is used in its base form (V1).

3. An imperative sentence may be positive or negative.

4. It generally ends with a full stop (.), but may end with an exclamation mark (!) when expressing a strong command or emotion.

5. The word Please is often used to make a request polite.

Remember: Imperative = Command + Request + Advice + Suggestion + Instruction + Prohibition.

WORKSHEET – 1

TYPES OF SENTENCES BASED ON SENSE

LEVEL 1 – BASIC UNDERSTANDING

A. Choose the correct answer. (MCQs)

1. Which of the following is an assertive sentence?

(a) Where do you live?

(b) The earth revolves around the sun.

(d) What a beautiful scene!

2. Which punctuation mark is generally used at the end of an interrogative sentence?

(a) Full stop (.)

(b) Comma (,)

(d) Exclamation mark (!)

3. Which of the following is a verbal interrogative sentence?

(a) Where is your father?

(b) Why are you laughing?

(d) How beautiful the flower is!

4. Which of the following expresses a request?

(a) Shut the door.

(b) Please give me a glass of water.

(d) May God bless you!

5. Which of the following is an optative sentence?

(a) He is very intelligent.

(b) Are you happy?

(d) How intelligent he is!

6. Which of the following begins with an interjection?

(a) What a wonderful idea!

(b) Alas! We lost the match.

(d) May you succeed!

7. Which WH-word asks about possession?

(a) Who

(b) Whose

(d) When

8. Which of the following is a negative imperative sentence?

(a) You are not intelligent.

(b) Do not waste your time.

(d) May you not fail!

9. Which of the following expresses admiration?

(a) What a magnificent building it is!

(b) Is it a magnificent building?

(d) The building is not magnificent.

10. Which sentence expresses a wish?

(a) He wishes to become a doctor.

(b) May he become a successful doctor!

(d) He is a doctor.

B. Identify the type of sentence.

Identify each sentence as Assertive, Interrogative, Imperative, Exclamatory or Optative.

1. The children are playing in the garden.

2. How beautifully she dances!

3. Please keep your classroom clean.

4. Have you ever visited Delhi?

5. May you achieve your goals!

6. Never tell a lie.

7. What a wonderful performance it was!

8. Why did you miss the class?

9. The sun does not rise in the west.

10. Long live our motherland!

11. Hurrah! We have won the competition.

12. Let us work together.

13. Who teaches you English?

14. May God protect us from evil!

15. She is not fond of coffee.

C. Fill in the blanks.

1. An assertive sentence ends with a __________.

2. An interrogative sentence asks a __________.

3. An imperative sentence generally begins with a __________.

4. An optative sentence commonly begins with the word __________.

5. An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong __________.

6. Verbal interrogative sentences generally require __________ or __________ answers.

7. WH-interrogative sentences ask for specific __________.

8. The subject of an imperative sentence is generally __________.

9. Hurrah, Alas and Bravo are examples of __________.

10. A negative imperative sentence generally begins with __________ or __________.

D. State whether the following statements are True or False.

1. Every interrogative sentence begins with a WH-word.

2. An assertive sentence may be positive or negative.

3. An imperative sentence always has an explicitly expressed subject.

4. An optative sentence may express a blessing or a curse.

5. What and How can introduce exclamatory sentences.

6. Every sentence ending with an exclamation mark is necessarily optative.

7. A verbal interrogative sentence can be answered with Yes or No.

8. An imperative sentence may express advice.

9. An exclamatory sentence generally ends with a question mark.

10. An optative sentence may begin with May.

WORKSHEET – 2

LEVEL 2 – APPLICATION AND CLASSIFICATION

E. Identify the subtype of each sentence.

Write:

· Assertive – Positive or Negative

· Interrogative – Verbal or WH

· Imperative – Positive or Negative

· Exclamatory – How, What or Interjection

· Optative – Positive or Negative

1. Does your brother play football?

2. What a beautiful garden it is!

3. May you never lose hope!

4. Do not make a noise.

5. She does not like tea.

6. How cold the weather is!

7. Where have you kept my book?

8. May God bless your family!

9. Bravo! You have performed excellently.

10. Always respect your elders.

11. Is he not your best friend?

12. The students are preparing for their examination.

13. Alas! The old man is dead.

14. Never waste your valuable time.

15. What wonderful ideas these are!

F. Match the following.

Column A	Column B
1. Assertive	(a) Expresses a wish
2. Interrogative	(b) Expresses a strong emotion
3. Imperative	(c) Makes a statement
4. Exclamatory	(d) Asks a question
5. Optative	(e) Gives a command or request

G. Choose the appropriate word to complete each sentence.

1. __________ beautiful the rainbow is! (How / What)

2. __________ an intelligent student he is! (How / What)

3. __________ you succeed in life! (May / Do)

4. __________ you finished your work? (Have / What)

5. __________ make a noise in the classroom. (Do not / Does not)

6. __________ is your favourite subject? (Who / What)

7. __________! We have won the championship. (Hurrah / Alas)

8. __________ God help us! (May / Does)

9. __________ wonderful paintings these are! (How / What)

10. __________ you kindly open the window? (Would / What)

H. Rewrite the following sentences as directed.

1. He is a very intelligent boy. (Change into an exclamatory sentence beginning with How.)

2. It is a very beautiful flower. (Change into an exclamatory sentence beginning with What.)

3. You should always speak the truth. (Change into an imperative sentence.)

4. Do not waste your time. (Change into a positive imperative sentence.)

5. He is very fortunate. (Change into an exclamatory sentence.)

6. May God bless the poor man! (Change into an assertive sentence expressing the wish.)

7. Is she not a good singer? (Change into an assertive sentence.)

8. The night is very beautiful. (Change into an exclamatory sentence beginning with How.)

9. You must not tell a lie. (Change into a negative imperative sentence.)

10. What a wonderful achievement it is! (Change into an assertive sentence.)

WORKSHEET – 3

LEVEL 3 – ADVANCED UNDERSTANDING

I. Correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. Where you are going?

2. How a beautiful flower it is!

3. What beautiful is the scenery!

4. May God blesses you!

5. Does she sings well?

6. Do not to waste your time.

7. Never you tell a lie.

8. What an useful book it is!

9. How beautifully she sing!

10. May you not loses hope!

J. Identify the function expressed by each imperative sentence.

Choose from: Command, Order, Request, Advice, Suggestion, Instruction, Prohibition.

1. Kindly lend me your pen.

2. Take the first turning on the left.

3. Never smoke in a public place.

4. Work hard to achieve your ambition.

5. Let us go for a walk.

6. Stand up immediately.

7. Mix the flour with water.

8. Please forgive me.

9. Do not enter the laboratory.

10. Take care of your health.

K. Distinguish between the following pairs.

1. (a) What a beautiful painting it is!

(b) What is the colour of the painting?

2. (a) May God bless you!

(b) God blesses you.

3. (a) You should respect your parents.

(b) Respect your parents.

4. (a) How beautifully she sings!

(b) How does she sing?

5. (a) Hurrah! We have won the match.

(b) We have won the match.

For each pair, identify the type of sentence and explain the difference in meaning or function.

L. Identify the grammatical structure.

1. May + Subject + Verb (V1) + Complement + !

2. WH-word + Helping Verb + Subject + Main Verb + ?

3. Do Not + Verb (V1) + Object + .

4. How + Adjective + Subject + Verb + !

5. Subject + Verb + Object + .

Write one example of a sentence for each of the above grammatical structures.

M. Construct sentences as directed.

1. Write two positive and two negative assertive sentences.

2. Write two verbal interrogative sentences.

3. Write three WH-interrogative sentences using different Wh-words.

4. Write two positive and two negative imperative sentences.

5. Write two exclamatory sentences beginning with How.

6. Write two exclamatory sentences beginning with What, using plural nouns.

7. Write three exclamatory sentences beginning with interjections.

8. Write two positive and two negative optative sentences.

9. Write one imperative sentence expressing a polite request.

10. Write one optative sentence expressing a blessing and another expressing a curse.

WORKSHEET – 4

LEVEL 4 – THINKING AND REASONING

N. Read carefully and answer the questions.

1. Consider the following sentences:

(a) You are a brilliant student.

(b) Are you a brilliant student?

(d) Be a brilliant student.

Answer:
(i) Identify the types of all four sentences.
(ii) Which sentence asks a question?
(iii) Which sentence expresses strong admiration?
(iv) Which sentence gives advice or instruction?

2. Consider the following sentences:

(a) May you live long!

(b) You live long.

(d) Live long!

Answer:
(i) Identify the type of each sentence.
(ii) Which sentence expresses a wish?
(iii) Which sentence gives a command or wish-like instruction?
(iv) Explain the difference between (a) and (b).

O. Find the odd one out and give a reason.

1. Alas! / Hurrah! / Bravo! / Where?

2. May you prosper! / May God bless you! / May he recover! / Does he prosper?

3. Open the door. / Please sit down. / Never tell a lie. / What a lovely day!

4. Who are you? / Where do you live? / Is he your brother? / Why are you late?

5. She is intelligent. / He is honest. / They are happy. / How happy they are!

P. Analyse the following statements.

1. Can an interrogative sentence begin with a helping verb? Give an example.

2. Can an interrogative sentence begin with a Wh-word? Give an example.

3. Can an imperative sentence have an understood subject? Explain with an example.

4. Can an exclamatory sentence begin with an interjection? Give two examples.

5. Can an optative sentence express a negative wish? Give an example.

6. Can a sentence be grammatically assertive but express a negative idea? Give an example.

7. Is every sentence ending with an exclamation mark exclamatory? Explain with examples.

8. What is the difference between an exclamatory sentence and an optative sentence?

WORKSHEET – 5

LEVEL 5 – CHALLENGE YOURSELF

Q. Identify the types of sentences and justify your answers.

1. Would that I were a millionaire!

2. What a number of beautiful flowers there are!

3. Nobody can deny the importance of education.

4. Who does not want to be successful?

5. Let us never forget our duties.

6. How little he knows about English grammar!

7. May evil never triumph over good!

8. Oh! What have you done?

9. Please do not disturb the students.

10. Isn't honesty the best policy?

R. Convert the following into the required types without changing their basic meaning.

1. He is an extremely brave soldier. (Exclamatory)

2. It is a very difficult problem. (Exclamatory, beginning with What)

3. You should obey your teachers. (Imperative)

4. You should never waste food. (Negative imperative)

5. You have done a wonderful job. (Exclamatory, beginning with How)

6. He is not a careless student. (Interrogative)

7. I wish you a happy and prosperous life. (Optative)

8. The scenery is extremely beautiful. (Exclamatory, beginning with What)

9. You must keep your surroundings clean. (Imperative)

10. I wish that India might prosper. (Optative)

S. Punctuation and sentence formation.

Rewrite the following sentences using appropriate capital letters and punctuation marks.

1. what a wonderful achievement it is

2. where are you going

3. may god bless you

4. alas we have lost our only hope

5. please give me your notebook

6. she is not interested in music

7. how intelligent the boy is

8. do you know the answer

9. never insult the poor

10. hurrah our team has won the match

T. Creative writing challenge.

Construct sentences of your own according to the following conditions:

1. An assertive sentence containing a negative adverb.

2. An interrogative sentence beginning with a modal auxiliary.

3. A WH-interrogative sentence asking about reason.

4. An imperative sentence expressing a suggestion using Let's.

5. An imperative sentence expressing prohibition.

6. An exclamatory sentence beginning with How and using an adverb.

7. An exclamatory sentence beginning with What and using a plural noun.

8. An exclamatory sentence beginning with an interjection expressing sorrow.

9. An optative sentence expressing a positive blessing.

10. An optative sentence expressing a negative wish.

Compiled by Dr. Shankar D Mishra, Sr. Lecturer in English

WhatsApp Nos. 8249297412/8270604524 for English coaching for Std. 6 to 10, ICSE/CBSE & all types of competitive exams.

Poetry of Dr. Shankar D Mishra

Monday, 2 November 2026

THE SENTENCE: DEFINITION AND ITS TYPES ALONG WITH THE QUESTIONS