Julius Caesar, Act 2, Scene 1, Page 68 – 74: Glossary, Paraphrase & Question-Answers

 

Act 2, Scene 1, Page 68 – 74: [Paging is as per the Evergreen Textbook]

BRUTUS  He is welcome hither.……………….CASSIUS:  The clock hath 

Stricken three. TREBONIUS: ’Tis time to part

Glossary

Hither — to this place — यहाँ
Watchful cares — anxious, sleepless thoughts — चिंताजनक विचार
Interpose — come in between — बीच में आना
Betwixt — between — के बीच
Entreat — request earnestly — विनती करना
Whisper — speak softly — धीरे बोलना
Yon — that (at a distance) — वह (दूर स्थित)
Fret (the clouds) — disturb / streak — बादलों को चीरना
Messengers of day — signs of dawn — सुबह के संकेत
Confess — admit — स्वीकार करना
Deceived — mistaken — भ्रमित
Arises — comes up — उदय होता है
Weighing — judging / indicating — संकेत देना
Youthful season — early part of the year (spring) — वर्ष का आरंभिक समय
Hence — from now / from here — यहाँ से
Presents his fire — shows sunlight — सूर्य की किरणें दिखाना
Capitol — Roman senate house — रोमन संसद भवन
Resolution — firm decision — दृढ़ निश्चय
Oath — sworn promise — शपथ
Sufferance — endurance / patience — सहनशीलता
Time’s abuse — corruption of the times — समय का दुरुपयोग
Break off betimes — stop early — समय रहते छोड़ देना
Idle bed — useless rest — व्यर्थ विश्राम
High-sighted tyranny — far-reaching oppression — व्यापक अत्याचार
Range on — continue freely — बिना रोक-टोक जारी रहना
Drop by lottery — die by chance — संयोग से मर जाना
Bear fire enough — have strong force — पर्याप्त जोश होना
Kindle — inspire — प्रज्वलित करना
Steel with valour — strengthen with courage — साहस से सुदृढ़ करना
Melting spirits — weak hearts — कमजोर मन
Spur — encouragement — प्रेरणा
Prick us — urge us — उकसाना
Redress — set right — सुधार करना
Bond — binding tie — बंधन
Palter — act insincerely — टालमटोल करना
Engaged — pledged — प्रतिज्ञाबद्ध
Cautelous — overly cautious — अत्यधिक सावधान
Carrions — worthless people — निकम्मे लोग
Welcome wrongs — accept injustice — अन्याय को सहना
Stain — pollute — कलंकित करना
Even virtue — pure moral worth — शुद्ध सद्गुण
Enterprise — undertaking — कार्य
Insuppressive mettle — uncontrollable spirit — दबाई न जा सकने वाली शक्ति
Performance — action — क्रियान्वयन
Bastardy — dishonour — अपमान
Sound him — test his opinion — राय जानना
Silver hairs — old age — वृद्धावस्था
Purchase opinion — gain support — समर्थन प्राप्त करना
Commend — praise — प्रशंसा करना
No whit — not at all — बिल्कुल नहीं
Gravity — seriousness — गंभीरता
Break with him — consult him — उससे सलाह करना
Touched — harmed / included — शामिल करना
Meet — appropriate — उचित
Contriver — schemer — षड्यंत्रकारी
Means — power/resources — साधन
Annoy — trouble — हानि पहुँचाना
Wrath — rage — क्रोध
Envy — jealousy — ईर्ष्या
Sacrificers — ritual killers — यज्ञ करने वाले
Butchers — brutal killers — हत्यारे
Dismember — cut into pieces — अंगभंग करना
Carve — cut carefully — सावधानी से काटना
Hew — hack roughly — बेरहमी से काटना
Carcass — dead body — शव
Subtle masters — clever leaders — चतुर नेता
Chide — scold — डाँटना
Envious — hateful — द्वेषपूर्ण
Purgers — cleansers — शुद्ध करने वाले
Engrafted love — deeply rooted love — गहराई से जुड़ा प्रेम
Take thought — think deeply — गंभीरता से सोचना
Given to sports — fond of pleasures — विलासप्रिय
Much company — social life — संगति प्रेम
Stricken — struck (of clock) — बज चुका
Part — separate — अलग होना

English Summary
The scene opens with Brutus warmly welcoming the conspirators as they arrive. He notices the anxiety that has kept them awake and gently questions Cassius about the troubled thoughts that have come between his eyes and sleep. Cassius asks to speak privately, and the two whisper, showing the secrecy and seriousness of their purpose. Meanwhile, Decius, Casca, and Cinna engage in a brief discussion about the direction of the sunrise. This debate about whether the sun rises in the east or elsewhere reflects not only the early hour of the morning but also the uncertainty and confusion that surround the conspirators’ actions.

When Brutus steps forward, he calls upon all the men to join hands, symbolising unity. Cassius suggests that they should seal their decision with an oath. Brutus firmly rejects this idea. He argues that if the honour of men, the patience of their souls, and the injustice of the times are not strong enough reasons to act, then they should abandon the plan altogether and return to their beds. According to Brutus, tyranny should be allowed to continue only if Romans lack the courage to oppose it. However, he believes their cause is powerful enough to inspire even the weak and timid to act bravely. Therefore, he insists that no oath is needed; their shared purpose and sense of honour are sufficient bonds.

Brutus further explains that oaths are for cowards, weak men, and those who tolerate injustice. He warns that taking an oath would stain the moral purity of their enterprise and suggest that their cause lacks inner strength. A true Roman, he says, carries honour in his blood, and breaking a promise would be a deep moral disgrace. His speech establishes him as a man guided by idealism, morality, and faith in Roman virtue.

The conspirators then discuss whether Cicero should be included in their plot. Cassius and others believe that Cicero’s age and reputation would lend respectability and public approval to their actions. Brutus strongly disagrees, arguing that Cicero never follows plans initiated by others and would weaken their unity. Accepting Brutus’s judgment, the group decides to leave Cicero out of the conspiracy.

Next, Decius raises the question of whether anyone other than Caesar should be killed. Cassius argues that Mark Antony, being Caesar’s close friend and a clever, ambitious man, could become dangerous if left alive. He suggests that Antony and Caesar should die together to prevent future trouble. Brutus opposes this idea, saying that killing Antony would make their act appear savage and bloodthirsty. Using a powerful metaphor, he explains that Antony is merely a limb of Caesar, and once the head is cut off, the limb will be powerless. Brutus insists that they must act as “sacrificers” performing a necessary ritual for Rome, not as brutal butchers driven by anger and envy.

Brutus further elaborates that they are rising against the spirit of Caesar, not acting out of personal hatred. He wishes they could destroy Caesar’s ambition without harming his body, but accepts that Caesar must die for the good of Rome. He urges the conspirators to kill Caesar boldly yet calmly, without rage, treating the act as a solemn offering rather than a violent slaughter. By controlling their emotions and appearance, they will seem to the public as purifiers of the state, not murderers.

Cassius still expresses fear of Mark Antony because of Antony’s deep love for Caesar. Brutus dismisses this concern, arguing that Antony, being fond of pleasure, sports, and social life, will lack the seriousness and resolve to seek revenge. Trebonius supports Brutus’s view, stating that Antony poses no real danger and will later laugh off the events.

As the clock strikes three, Brutus calls for silence and asks Cassius to count the chimes. Realising that the appointed time has come, Trebonius declares that it is time for them to part. The scene ends with the conspirators separating, their plan set, moving closer to the moment that will change the fate of Rome.

हिंदी सारांश
दृश्य की शुरुआत ब्रूटस द्वारा षड्यंत्रकारियों का स्वागत करने से होती है। वह उनके चेहरों पर चिंता और बेचैनी देखता है और कैसियस से पूछता है कि कौन-सी चिंताएँ उनकी नींद छीन रही हैं। कैसियस निजी रूप से बात करने का अनुरोध करता है और दोनों धीरे-धीरे बातचीत करते हैं, जिससे उनके षड्यंत्र की गोपनीयता और गंभीरता स्पष्ट होती है। इसी बीच डेसियस, कैस्का और सिन्ना सूर्योदय की दिशा पर बहस करते हैं। यह चर्चा केवल सुबह के समय का संकेत नहीं देती, बल्कि उनके मन में व्याप्त भ्रम और अनिश्चितता को भी दर्शाती है।

इसके बाद ब्रूटस आगे आकर सभी को एक-एक करके हाथ मिलाने को कहता है, जो उनकी एकता का प्रतीक है। कैसियस प्रस्ताव रखता है कि वे अपने निर्णय की शपथ लें। ब्रूटस इस विचार को दृढ़ता से अस्वीकार करता है। वह कहता है कि यदि मनुष्यों की प्रतिष्ठा, आत्मा का धैर्य और समय का अत्याचार उन्हें प्रेरित नहीं कर सकता, तो उन्हें यह योजना छोड़ देनी चाहिए। उसके अनुसार, यदि रोमवासी साहस नहीं दिखाते, तो अत्याचार को चलता रहने देना ही उचित होगा। लेकिन ब्रूटस को विश्वास है कि उनका उद्देश्य इतना शक्तिशाली है कि वह कायरों को भी साहसी बना सकता है, इसलिए किसी शपथ की आवश्यकता नहीं है।

ब्रूटस आगे स्पष्ट करता है कि शपथ कायरों, कमजोर लोगों और अन्याय सहने वालों के लिए होती है। शपथ लेना उनके कार्य की नैतिक पवित्रता को कलंकित करेगा और यह संकेत देगा कि उनके उद्देश्य में आंतरिक शक्ति नहीं है। सच्चा रोमन अपने रक्त में ही सम्मान और निष्ठा रखता है, और किसी भी वचन को तोड़ना गहरा नैतिक अपराध होगा। इस भाषण से ब्रूटस का आदर्शवादी, नैतिक और देशभक्त स्वभाव सामने आता है।

इसके बाद षड्यंत्रकारी सिसेरो को शामिल करने पर विचार करते हैं। कैसियस और अन्य मानते हैं कि सिसेरो की वृद्धावस्था और प्रतिष्ठा से जनता में उनके कार्य को मान्यता मिलेगी। लेकिन ब्रूटस इसका विरोध करता है और कहता है कि सिसेरो कभी दूसरों द्वारा शुरू किए गए कार्यों का अनुसरण नहीं करता। अंततः ब्रूटस की राय स्वीकार कर ली जाती है और सिसेरो को बाहर रखने का निर्णय होता है।

फिर यह प्रश्न उठता है कि क्या सीज़र के अलावा किसी और को भी मारना चाहिए। कैसियस का मत है कि मार्क एंटनी, जो सीज़र का घनिष्ठ मित्र और चतुर व्यक्ति है, भविष्य में खतरनाक सिद्ध हो सकता है। वह सुझाव देता है कि सीज़र और एंटनी दोनों को एक साथ मार दिया जाए। ब्रूटस इसका विरोध करता है और कहता है कि ऐसा करने से उनका कार्य अत्यधिक क्रूर और रक्तरंजित लगेगा। वह रूपक के माध्यम से समझाता है कि एंटनी सीज़र का केवल एक अंग है; सिर कटते ही अंग निष्क्रिय हो जाएगा। ब्रूटस कहता है कि उन्हें कसाई नहीं बल्कि यज्ञ करने वाले की तरह कार्य करना चाहिए।

ब्रूटस यह भी स्पष्ट करता है कि वे सीज़र की आत्मा और महत्वाकांक्षा के विरुद्ध खड़े हैं, व्यक्तिगत द्वेष से प्रेरित नहीं हैं। वह इच्छा प्रकट करता है कि काश सीज़र की महत्वाकांक्षा को नष्ट किया जा सकता बिना उसका शरीर नष्ट किए, पर स्वीकार करता है कि रोम के हित में सीज़र का रक्त बहना अनिवार्य है। वह सभी से आग्रह करता है कि सीज़र को साहसपूर्वक लेकिन शांत मन से मारा जाए ताकि जनता उन्हें हत्यारे नहीं बल्कि राज्य को शुद्ध करने वाले समझे।

कैसियस फिर भी एंटनी से भय व्यक्त करता है, क्योंकि एंटनी का सीज़र के प्रति गहरा प्रेम है। ब्रूटस इस भय को निराधार बताता है और कहता है कि एंटनी विलास, खेल-कूद और संगति में डूबा व्यक्ति है, जो गंभीर प्रतिशोध लेने में सक्षम नहीं होगा। ट्रेबोनियस भी ब्रूटस का समर्थन करता है और कहता है कि एंटनी से कोई खतरा नहीं है।

अंत में घड़ी तीन बजती है। ब्रूटस शांति का संकेत देता है और समय की पुष्टि करता है। ट्रेबोनियस घोषणा करता है कि अब अलग होने का समय आ गया है। इस प्रकार दृश्य का अंत होता है, जहाँ षड्यंत्रकारी अपने निश्चय के साथ अलग-अलग हो जाते हैं और रोम के इतिहास को बदल देने वाली घटना के निकट पहुँच जाते हैं।

Paraphrase in English and Hindi

BRUTUS He is welcome hither.
He is welcome here.
वह यहाँ स्वागत योग्य है।
CASSIUS This, Decius Brutus.
This man is Decius Brutus.
यह डेसियस ब्रूटस है।
BRUTUS He is welcome too.
He is also welcome.
उसका भी स्वागत है।
CASSIUS This, Casca; this, Cinna; and this, Metellus Cimber.
This is Casca, this is Cinna, and this is Metellus Cimber.
यह कैस्का है, यह सिन्ना है और यह मेटेलस सिम्बर है।
BRUTUS They are all welcome.
All of them are welcome.
ये सभी स्वागत योग्य हैं।
What watchful cares do interpose themselves
What anxious thoughts come in the way
कौन-सी चिंताएँ बीच में आ जाती हैं
Betwixt your eyes and night?
between your eyes and sleep?
जो तुम्हारी आँखों और नींद के बीच बाधा बन रही हैं?
CASSIUS Shall I entreat a word?
May I speak to you privately?
क्या मैं आपसे एकांत में बात कर सकता हूँ?
Brutus and Cassius whisper.
Brutus and Cassius speak softly together.
ब्रूटस और कैसियस धीरे-धीरे बात करते हैं।
DECIUS Here lies the east; doth not the day break here?
Here is the east; does the day not break here?
यहाँ पूर्व दिशा है; क्या यहीं से दिन नहीं निकलता?
CASCA No.
No, it does not.
नहीं।
CINNA O pardon, sir, it doth; and yon gray lines
Forgive me, sir, it does; and those gray streaks
क्षमा करें, यह यहीं से निकलता है; और वे धूसर रेखाएँ
That fret the clouds are messengers of day.
that disturb the clouds are signs of morning.
जो बादलों को चीर रही हैं, वे सुबह के संकेत हैं।
CASCA You shall confess that you are both deceived.
You will admit that both of you are mistaken.
तुम दोनों को मानना पड़ेगा कि तुम भ्रमित हो।
Here, as I point my sword, the sun arises,
The sun rises where I point my sword.
जहाँ मैं अपनी तलवार दिखाता हूँ, वहीं से सूर्य उगता है।
Which is a great way growing on the south,
which is far to the south at present,
जो इस समय काफी दक्षिण में है,
Weighing the youthful season of the year.
showing the early season of the year.
जो वर्ष के प्रारंभिक मौसम को दर्शाता है।
Some two months hence, up higher toward the north
About two months from now, higher toward the north,
लगभग दो महीने बाद, और अधिक उत्तर की ओर,
He first presents his fire, and the high east
the sun will first show its light, and the true east
सूर्य पहले अपनी रोशनी दिखाएगा और वास्तविक पूर्व
Stands, as the Capitol, directly here.
will stand exactly here, like the Capitol.
कैपिटोल की तरह ठीक यहाँ स्थित होगा।
BRUTUS, coming forward with Cassius Give me your hands all over, one by one.
Come, give me your hands, one after another.
आओ, एक-एक करके अपने हाथ दो।
CASSIUS And let us swear our resolution.
And let us swear to our decision.
और अपने निश्चय की शपथ लें।
BRUTUS No, not an oath.
No, not an oath.
नहीं, शपथ नहीं।
If not the face of men,
If not the honour of men,
यदि मनुष्यों की प्रतिष्ठा भी नहीं,
The sufferance of our souls, the time’s abuse—
the endurance of our souls and the injustice of the times—
हमारी आत्मा का धैर्य और समय का अत्याचार—
If these be motives weak, break off betimes,
if these reasons are weak, stop at once,
यदि ये कारण कमजोर हों, तो अभी छोड़ दो,
And every man hence to his idle bed.
and let everyone return to useless rest.
और हर व्यक्ति व्यर्थ विश्राम को लौट जाए।
So let high-sighted tyranny range on
Then let far-reaching tyranny continue,
तो व्यापक अत्याचार चलता रहे,
Till each man drop by lottery.
until men die by chance.
जब तक लोग संयोग से मरते रहें।
But if these—
But if these reasons—
पर यदि ये कारण—
As I am sure they do—bear fire enough
as I am sure they do—have enough passion
जैसा कि मुझे विश्वास है—पर्याप्त जोश रखते हों
To kindle cowards and to steel with valour
to inspire cowards and arm them with courage
कायरों को प्रेरित करने और साहस से भरने के लिए
The melting spirits of women, then, countrymen,
even the weak hearts of women, then, countrymen,
यहाँ तक कि स्त्रियों के कोमल हृदयों को भी, हे देशवासियो,
What need we any spur but our own cause
what encouragement do we need except our own cause
हमें अपने उद्देश्य के सिवा और किस प्रेरणा की आवश्यकता है
To prick us to redress?
to urge us to set things right?
जो हमें सुधार के लिए उकसाए?
What other bond
What other bond is needed
और कौन-सा बंधन चाहिए
Than secret Romans that have spoke the word
than Romans who have secretly given their word
उन रोमन नागरिकों के सिवा जिन्होंने गुप्त वचन दिया है
And will not palter?
and will not go back on it?
और जो उससे पीछे नहीं हटेंगे?
And what other oath
And what other oath is required
और कौन-सी अन्य शपथ चाहिए
Than honesty to honesty engaged
than honest men pledged to one another
ईमानदार लोगों की आपसी निष्ठा के सिवा
That this shall be or we will fall for it?
that this will be done or we will die for it?
कि यह कार्य होगा या हम इसके लिए मरेंगे?
Swear priests and cowards and men cautelous,
Let priests, cowards, and overly cautious men swear,
पुजारी, कायर और अत्यधिक सतर्क लोग शपथ लें,
Old feeble carrions, and such suffering souls
old weak worthless men and suffering souls
बूढ़े, दुर्बल, निकम्मे और सहने वाले लोग
That welcome wrongs; unto bad causes swear
who accept injustice; such people swear for bad causes
जो अन्याय को स्वीकार करते हैं; वे बुरे कार्यों के लिए शपथ लेते हैं
Such creatures as men doubt; but do not stain
such doubtful creatures; but do not stain
जिन पर लोग संदेह करते हैं; परंतु कलंकित मत करो
The even virtue of our enterprise,
the pure virtue of our undertaking,
हमारे कार्य की शुद्ध नैतिकता को,
Nor the insuppressive mettle of our spirits,
nor the unstoppable strength of our spirits,
न ही हमारी आत्माओं की अदम्य शक्ति को,
To think that or our cause or our performance
by thinking that our cause or our action
यह सोचकर कि हमारा उद्देश्य या हमारा कार्य
Did need an oath, when every drop of blood
needs an oath, when every drop of blood
शपथ का मोहताज है, जबकि रक्त की हर बूँद
That every Roman bears, and nobly bears,
that every Roman bears with honour,
जिसे हर रोमन सम्मान से धारण करता है,
Is guilty of a several bastardy
would be guilty of deep dishonour
गंभीर अपमान की दोषी हो जाएगी
If he do break the smallest particle
if he breaks the smallest part
यदि वह सबसे छोटे अंश को भी तोड़ दे
Of any promise that hath passed from him.
of any promise he has made.
किसी भी वचन का जो उसने दिया है।
CASSIUS But what of Cicero? Shall we sound him? I think he will stand very strong with us.
But what about Cicero? Shall we test his opinion? I think he will strongly support us.
पर सिसेरो का क्या? क्या हम उसकी राय लें? मुझे लगता है वह हमारा पूरा साथ देगा।
CASCA Let us not leave him out.
Let us not exclude him.
उसे बाहर न रखें।
CINNA No, by no means.
No, certainly not.
नहीं, बिल्कुल नहीं।
METELLUS CIMBER O, let us have him, for his silver hairs
Oh, let us include him, for his old age
हाँ, उसे साथ लें, क्योंकि उसके सफेद बाल
Will purchase us a good opinion
will earn us public respect
हमें अच्छी राय दिलाएँगे
And buy men’s voices to commend our deeds.
and win people’s approval of our actions.
और लोगों का समर्थन दिलाएँगे।
It shall be said his judgment ruled our hands.
People will say his wisdom guided us.
लोग कहेंगे कि उसके निर्णय ने हमारा मार्गदर्शन किया।
Our youths and wildness shall no whit appear,
Our youth and recklessness will not appear at all,
हमारी युवावस्था और उतावलापन बिल्कुल नहीं दिखेगा,
But all be buried in his gravity.
but will be hidden by his seriousness.
बल्कि उसकी गंभीरता में छिप जाएगा।
BRUTUS O, name him not! Let us not break with him,
Oh, do not name him! Let us not consult him,
ओह, उसका नाम मत लो! उससे सलाह न करें,
For he will never follow anything
because he never follows anything
क्योंकि वह कभी किसी कार्य का अनुसरण नहीं करता
That other men begin.
that other men begin.
जो दूसरे लोग शुरू करते हैं।
CASSIUS Then leave him out.
Then exclude him.
तो उसे बाहर रखें।
CASCA Indeed, he is not fit.
Indeed, he is not suitable.
वास्तव में, वह उपयुक्त नहीं है।
DECIUS Shall no man else be touched, but only Caesar?
Shall no one else be harmed except Caesar?
क्या केवल सीज़र को ही नुकसान पहुँचाया जाएगा?
CASSIUS Decius, well urged. I think it is not meet
Decius, you speak well. I think it is not proper
डेसियस, तुमने ठीक कहा। मुझे लगता है यह उचित नहीं
Mark Antony, so well beloved of Caesar,
that Mark Antony, so loved by Caesar,
कि मार्क एंटनी, जो सीज़र का प्रिय है,
Should outlive Caesar.
should survive Caesar.
सीज़र के बाद जीवित रहे।
We shall find of him A shrewd contriver;
We will find him a clever schemer;
हम उसे एक चतुर षड्यंत्रकारी पाएँगे;
and, you know, his means,
and you know, his resources,
और तुम जानते हो, उसके साधन,
If he improve them, may well stretch so far
if he uses them well, may reach far enough
यदि वह उन्हें बढ़ाए, तो बहुत दूर तक फैल सकते हैं
As to annoy us all; which to prevent,
to harm us all; to prevent this,
और हम सबको नुकसान पहुँचा सकते हैं; इसे रोकने के लिए,
Let Antony and Caesar fall together.
let Antony and Caesar fall together.
एंटनी और सीज़र दोनों को एक साथ गिरा देना चाहिए।
BRUTUS Our course will seem too bloody, Caius Cassius,
Our plan will seem too bloody, Caius Cassius,
हमारी योजना बहुत रक्तरंजित लगेगी, कैयस कैसियस,
To cut the head off and then hack the limbs,
to cut off the head and then cut the limbs,
पहले सिर काटना और फिर अंग काटना,
Like wrath in death and envy afterwards;
like anger in death and envy after,
जैसे मृत्यु में क्रोध और बाद में ईर्ष्या हो;
For Antony is but a limb of Caesar.
for Antony is only a limb of Caesar.
क्योंकि एंटनी केवल सीज़र का एक अंग है।
Let’s be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius.
Let us be ritual killers, not cruel murderers, Caius.
आओ हम यज्ञकर्ता बनें, हत्यारे नहीं, कैयस।
We all stand up against the spirit of Caesar,
We all oppose the spirit of Caesar,
हम सब सीज़र की आत्मा के विरुद्ध खड़े हैं,
And in the spirit of men there is no blood.
and in the human spirit there is no blood.
और मनुष्य की आत्मा में रक्त नहीं होता।
O, that we then could come by Caesar’s spirit
Oh, if only we could reach Caesar’s spirit
काश हम सीज़र की आत्मा तक पहुँच सकते
And not dismember Caesar!
and not tear Caesar’s body apart!
और सीज़र का अंगभंग न करना पड़े!
But, alas, Caesar must bleed for it.
But sadly, Caesar must bleed for it.
पर दुख की बात है, सीज़र को इसके लिए रक्त बहाना होगा।
And, gentle friends, Let’s kill him boldly, but not wrathfully.
And, dear friends, let us kill him bravely, not angrily.
और हे प्रिय मित्रों, उसे साहस से मारें, क्रोध से नहीं।
Let’s carve him as a dish fit for the gods,
Let us cut him like an offering for the gods,
आओ उसे देवताओं के योग्य भोग की तरह काटें,
Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds.
not hack him like a dead body for dogs.
कुत्तों के लिए शव की तरह नहीं।
And let our hearts, as subtle masters do,
And let our hearts, like clever masters,
और हमारे हृदय, चतुर स्वामियों की तरह,
Stir up their servants to an act of rage
urge their servants to act in anger
अपने सेवकों को क्रोध के कार्य के लिए उकसाएँ
And after seem to chide ’em.
and afterward appear to scold them.
और बाद में उन्हें डाँटते हुए दिखें।
This shall make Our purpose necessary and not envious;
This will make our purpose seem necessary, not hateful;
इससे हमारा उद्देश्य आवश्यक लगेगा, ईर्ष्यापूर्ण नहीं;
Which so appearing to the common eyes,
which appearing so to the public,
जो जनता की दृष्टि में ऐसा दिखाई देगा,
We shall be called purgers, not murderers.
we will be called cleansers, not murderers.
हमें हत्यारे नहीं, शुद्ध करने वाले कहा जाएगा।
And for Mark Antony, think not of him,
And as for Mark Antony, do not worry about him,
और जहाँ तक मार्क एंटनी की बात है, उसकी चिंता मत करो,
For he can do no more than Caesar’s arm
for he can do no more than Caesar’s arm
क्योंकि वह सीज़र की बाँह से अधिक कुछ नहीं कर सकता
When Caesar’s head is off.
when Caesar’s head is cut off.
जब सीज़र का सिर काट दिया जाएगा।
CASSIUS Yet I fear him,
Yet I fear him,
फिर भी मुझे उससे भय है,
For in the engrafted love he bears to Caesar—
because of the deep-rooted love he has for Caesar—
क्योंकि सीज़र के प्रति उसका गहरा प्रेम—
BRUTUS Alas, good Cassius, do not think of him.
Alas, dear Cassius, do not think of him.
अरे, प्रिय कैसियस, उसकी चिंता मत करो।
If he love Caesar, all that he can do
If he loves Caesar, all he can do
यदि वह सीज़र से प्रेम करता है, तो वह बस इतना ही कर सकता है
Is to himself: take thought and die for Caesar.
is harm himself by grieving and dying for Caesar.
कि स्वयं को कष्ट दे और सीज़र के लिए मर जाए।
And that were much he should, for he is given
And that would be much for him, for he is inclined
और यह भी उसके लिए बहुत होगा, क्योंकि वह झुका हुआ है
To sports, to wildness, and much company.
to pleasures, recklessness, and social life.
खेल-कूद, उच्छृंखलता और संगति की ओर।
TREBONIUS There is no fear in him. Let him not die,
There is no danger from him. Let him live,
उससे कोई भय नहीं है। उसे जीवित रहने दो,
For he will live and laugh at this hereafter.
for he will live and laugh about this later.
क्योंकि वह जीवित रहेगा और बाद में इस पर हँसेगा।
Clock strikes.
The clock strikes.
घड़ी बजती है।
BRUTUS Peace, count the clock.
Silence, count the clock’s stroke.
शांति, घड़ी की गिनती करो।
CASSIUS The clock hath stricken three.
The clock has struck three.
घड़ी ने तीन बजाए हैं।
TREBONIUS ’Tis time to part.
It is time to separate.
अब अलग होने का समय है।

MCQs

1.    Who welcomes the conspirators at the beginning of the scene?
A. Cassius
B. Brutus
C. Decius
D. Casca
Ans. B. Brutus

2.    Whom does Cassius introduce first to Brutus?
A. Casca
B. Cinna
C. Decius Brutus
D. Metellus Cimber
Ans. C. Decius Brutus

3.    What does Brutus ask Cassius about that keeps him awake?
A. His ambition
B. His fear
C. His watchful cares
D. His dreams
Ans. C. His watchful cares

4.    Why do Brutus and Cassius whisper?
A. To deceive others
B. To argue
C. To speak privately
D. To mock others
Ans. C. To speak privately

5.    Who claims that the east lies where he points his sword?
A. Cinna
B. Decius
C. Casca
D. Brutus
Ans. C. Casca

6.    What do the “gray lines” in the clouds signify?
A. Storm
B. Night
C. Messengers of day
D. Smoke
Ans. C. Messengers of day

7.    Who says that the others are deceived about the sunrise?
A. Decius
B. Casca
C. Cinna
D. Cassius
Ans. B. Casca

8.    What season of the year is referred to in the scene?
A. Winter
B. Summer
C. Youthful season (early spring)
D. Autumn
Ans. C. Youthful season (early spring)

9.    What symbolic action does Brutus ask the conspirators to perform?
A. Draw swords
B. Kneel
C. Join hands
D. Take an oath
Ans. C. Join hands

10. Who suggests swearing an oath?
A. Brutus
B. Cassius
C. Casca
D. Decius
Ans. B. Cassius

11. Why does Brutus refuse to take an oath?
A. He fears betrayal
B. He dislikes religion
C. Honour and cause are enough
D. He distrusts Cassius
Ans. C. Honour and cause are enough

12. According to Brutus, who need oaths?
A. Patriots
B. Soldiers
C. Priests and cowards
D. Leaders
Ans. C. Priests and cowards

13. What does Brutus say should happen if their motives are weak?
A. Kill Caesar quickly
B. Swear stronger oaths
C. Break off the plan
D. Seek Cicero’s help
Ans. C. Break off the plan

14. What does “drop by lottery” suggest?
A. Voluntary death
B. Death by chance
C. Execution
D. Old age
Ans. B. Death by chance

15. What quality does Brutus believe their cause has?
A. Greed
B. Fire and strength
C. Fear
D. Trickery
Ans. B. Fire and strength

16. What is the “bond” Brutus trusts instead of an oath?
A. Fear
B. Law
C. Secret Roman honour
D. Friendship
Ans. C. Secret Roman honour

17. Breaking a promise makes a Roman guilty of what?
A. Treason
B. Cowardice
C. Bastardy (dishonour)
D. Weakness
Ans. C. Bastardy (dishonour)

18. Who suggests sounding Cicero?
A. Brutus
B. Cassius
C. Casca
D. Decius
Ans. B. Cassius

19. Why does Metellus Cimber want Cicero included?
A. His wealth
B. His bravery
C. His silver hairs
D. His secrecy
Ans. C. His silver hairs

20. What would Cicero’s presence supposedly buy?
A. Money
B. Time
C. Public approval
D. Weapons
Ans. C. Public approval

21. Why does Brutus oppose including Cicero?
A. He hates Cicero
B. Cicero is weak
C. Cicero follows no one
D. Cicero loves Caesar
Ans. C. Cicero follows no one

22. Who agrees that Cicero should be left out?
A. Metellus
B. Decius
C. Cassius
D. All
Ans. C. Cassius

23. Who asks whether only Caesar should be touched?
A. Cassius
B. Decius
C. Casca
D. Brutus
Ans. B. Decius

24. Whom does Cassius want killed along with Caesar?
A. Cicero
B. Brutus
C. Mark Antony
D. Casca
Ans. C. Mark Antony

25. Why does Cassius fear Antony?
A. His age
B. His army
C. His love for Caesar
D. His wealth
Ans. C. His love for Caesar

26. What does Brutus call Antony metaphorically?
A. The heart of Caesar
B. The shadow of Caesar
C. A limb of Caesar
D. The soul of Caesar
Ans. C. A limb of Caesar

27. What does Brutus want the conspirators to be, not butchers?
A. Kings
B. Judges
C. Sacrificers
D. Soldiers
Ans. C. Sacrificers

28. Against what do the conspirators stand according to Brutus?
A. Caesar’s body
B. Caesar’s army
C. Caesar’s spirit
D. Caesar’s family
Ans. C. Caesar’s spirit

29. Why must Caesar bleed, according to Brutus?
A. For revenge
B. For money
C. For Rome
D. For glory
Ans. C. For Rome

30. How should Caesar be killed, according to Brutus?
A. Secretly and fearfully
B. Boldly but calmly
C. Cruelly
D. Publicly
Ans. B. Boldly but calmly

31. Caesar is compared to what when killed rightly?
A. A king
B. A beast
C. A dish for gods
D. A criminal
Ans. C. A dish for gods

32. What should the conspirators appear to the public as?
A. Warriors
B. Heroes
C. Purgers
D. Kings
Ans. C. Purgers

33. What should they not appear as?
A. Traitors
B. Murderers
C. Rebels
D. Tyrants
Ans. B. Murderers

34. What will Antony be able to do after Caesar’s death, according to Brutus?
A. Take revenge
B. Lead Rome
C. Nothing significant
D. Escape
Ans. C. Nothing significant

35. Who still fears Mark Antony?
A. Brutus
B. Casca
C. Cassius
D. Trebonius
Ans. C. Cassius

36. What kind of life does Brutus say Antony leads?
A. Strict
B. Political
C. Pleasure-loving
D. Religious
Ans. C. Pleasure-loving

37. Who says Antony will live and laugh later?
A. Cassius
B. Decius
C. Trebonius
D. Brutus
Ans. C. Trebonius

38. What sound interrupts the discussion near the end?
A. Thunder
B. Shouting
C. Clock striking
D. Trumpet
Ans. C. Clock striking

39. What time does the clock strike?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four
Ans. C. Three

40. Who asks to count the clock?
A. Cassius
B. Brutus
C. Casca
D. Decius
Ans. B. Brutus

41. What does Trebonius say at the end?
A. Kill Caesar now
B. Swear again
C. It is time to part
D. Trust Antony
Ans. C. It is time to part

42. The scene mainly focuses on which theme?
A. Love
B. Honour and conspiracy
C. War
D. Friendship
Ans. B. Honour and conspiracy

43. Brutus’s character is shown as primarily:
A. Cruel
B. Fearful
C. Idealistic
D. Greedy
Ans. C. Idealistic

44. Cassius’s character is shown as:
A. Carefree
B. Practical and suspicious
C. Innocent
D. Passive
Ans. B. Practical and suspicious

45. The sunrise discussion symbolises:
A. Weather
B. Confusion and transition
C. Geography
D. Celebration
Ans. B. Confusion and transition

46. The conspirators meet at what time of day?
A. Noon
B. Evening
C. Early morning
D. Midnight
Ans. C. Early morning

47. Brutus believes violence should be guided by:
A. Rage
B. Envy
C. Reason
D. Fear
Ans. C. Reason

48. Who believes Cicero’s age will add dignity?
A. Cassius
B. Casca
C. Metellus Cimber
D. Decius
Ans. C. Metellus Cimber

49. The tone of Brutus’s long speech is mainly:
A. Comic
B. Philosophical and moral
C. Threatening
D. Sarcastic
Ans. B. Philosophical and moral

50. The scene prepares the audience mainly for:
A. Antony’s speech
B. Caesar’s death
C. Civil war
D. Brutus’s trial
Ans. B. Caesar’s Death

“Who Said To Whom?”

1.    “He is welcome hither.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

2.    “This, Decius Brutus.”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

3.    “He is welcome too.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

4.    “This, Casca; this, Cinna; and this, Metellus Cimber.”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

5.    “They are all welcome.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

6.    “What watchful cares do interpose themselves / Betwixt your eyes and night?”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

7.    “Shall I entreat a word?”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

8.    “Here lies the east; doth not the day break here?”
Decius Brutus said this to Casca and the other conspirators.

9.    “No.”
Casca said this to Decius Brutus.

10. “O pardon, sir, it doth; and yon gray lines / That fret the clouds are messengers of day.”
Cinna said this to Casca and Decius Brutus.

11. “You shall confess that you are both deceived.”
Casca said this to Decius Brutus and Cinna.

12. “Give me your hands all over, one by one.”
Brutus said this to the conspirators.

13. “And let us swear our resolution.”
Cassius said this to Brutus and the conspirators.

14. “No, not an oath.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

15. “But what of Cicero? Shall we sound him?”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

16. “Let us not leave him out.”
Casca said this to Brutus and Cassius.

17. “No, by no means.”
Cinna said this to the conspirators.

18. “O, let us have him, for his silver hairs / Will purchase us a good opinion.”
Metellus Cimber said this to Brutus and the conspirators.

19. “O, name him not! Let us not break with him,”
Brutus said this to the conspirators.

20. “Then leave him out.”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

21. “Indeed, he is not fit.”
Casca said this to the conspirators.

22. “Shall no man else be touched, but only Caesar?”
Decius Brutus said this to the conspirators.

23. “Let Antony and Caesar fall together.”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

24. “Let’s be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

25. “Let’s carve him as a dish fit for the gods, / Not hew him as a carcass fit for hounds.”
Brutus said this to the conspirators.

26. “Yet I fear him,”
Cassius said this to Brutus.

27. “Alas, good Cassius, do not think of him.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

28. “There is no fear in him. Let him not die,”
Trebonius said this to Brutus and Cassius.

29. “Peace, count the clock.”
Brutus said this to Cassius.

30. “The clock hath stricken three.”
Cassius said this to Brutus and the conspirators.

31. “’Tis time to part.”
Trebonius said this to the conspirators.

 One-Mark Questions

1.    Who welcomes the conspirators at the beginning of the scene?
Brutus welcomes the conspirators.

2.    Whom does Cassius first introduce to Brutus?
Cassius first introduces Decius Brutus to Brutus.

3.    Name any two conspirators introduced by Cassius.
Casca and Cinna are two conspirators introduced by Cassius.

4.    What does Brutus notice about Cassius’s state of mind?
Brutus notices that Cassius is troubled by anxious, sleepless thoughts.

5.    Why do Brutus and Cassius whisper?
They whisper to speak privately.

6.    Who says, “Here lies the east”?
Decius says, “Here lies the east.”

7.    Who disagrees and says the day does not break there?
Casca disagrees.

8.    What do the “gray lines” in the clouds indicate?
They indicate the coming of day.

9.    Who claims that the others are deceived about the sunrise?
Casca claims they are deceived.

10. What gesture does Brutus ask the conspirators to make?
Brutus asks them to give their hands one by one.

11. Who proposes that the conspirators should swear an oath?
Cassius proposes swearing an oath.

12. Why does Brutus refuse to take an oath?
He believes honour and their cause are sufficient.

13. According to Brutus, who should swear oaths?
Priests, cowards, and overly cautious men should swear oaths.

14. What does Brutus say should be done if their motives are weak?
The plan should be abandoned.

15. What does Brutus say their cause can do to cowards?
It can inspire and strengthen them with courage.

16. What bond does Brutus trust instead of an oath?
He trusts Roman honour and honesty.

17. Who suggests sounding Cicero?
Cassius suggests sounding Cicero.

18. Why does Metellus Cimber want Cicero included?
Because his age and reputation would win public approval.

19. Why does Brutus oppose including Cicero?
Because Cicero never follows plans begun by others.

20. Who finally agrees to leave Cicero out?
Cassius agrees to leave Cicero out.

21. Who asks whether only Caesar should be harmed?
Decius asks this question.

22. Whom does Cassius want killed along with Caesar?
Cassius wants Mark Antony killed.

23. Why does Cassius fear Mark Antony?
Because Antony deeply loves Caesar.

24. How does Brutus describe Antony metaphorically?
He calls Antony a limb of Caesar.

25. What does Brutus want the conspirators to be rather than butchers?
He wants them to be sacrificers.

26. How should Caesar be killed according to Brutus?
He should be killed boldly but calmly.

27. What does Brutus want the conspirators to be called by the public?
He wants them to be called purgers.

28. Who says Antony will live and laugh later?
Trebonius says this.

29. What sound marks the nearing end of the scene?
The striking of the clock marks the end.

30. At what hour does the clock strike?
The clock strikes three.

Reference To Context

Extract–1
“They are all welcome. What watchful cares do interpose themselves
Betwixt your eyes and night?”

1.    Who speaks these lines and to whom?
Brutus speaks these lines to Cassius.

2.    Where are the speakers at this moment?
They are in Brutus’s house, early in the morning, before Caesar goes to the Capitol.

3.    What does “watchful cares” mean here?
It refers to anxious thoughts and worries that prevent Cassius from sleeping.

4.    What does this line reveal about Cassius’s state of mind?
It shows that Cassius is tense, worried, and deeply troubled by the conspiracy.

5.    How does Brutus’s tone appear in this line?
Brutus sounds calm, observant, and concerned rather than suspicious or aggressive.

6.    Why is sleeplessness significant in this scene?
It reflects moral anxiety and the seriousness of the dangerous act being planned.

7.    What theme is introduced through this question?
The theme of inner conflict and the burden of political responsibility is introduced.

Extract –2
“Here lies the east; doth not the day break here?”

1.    Who speaks these words?
Decius Brutus speaks these words.

2.    What is he referring to?
He is pointing toward the horizon and suggesting that dawn is breaking.

3.    Why is the direction of sunrise debated?
The conspirators disagree about natural signs, reflecting uncertainty and confusion.

4.    What dramatic effect does this debate create?
It builds tension and symbolises moral and political confusion before the assassination.

5.    Who contradicts Decius first?
Casca contradicts him.

6.    How does Cinna respond to this debate?
Cinna supports Decius, saying the grey lines in the clouds signal morning.

7.    What does this scene symbolically suggest?
It suggests that a new but troubled political day is about to begin for Rome.

Extract –3
“Give me your hands all over, one by one.”

1.    Who speaks these words?
Brutus speaks these words.

2.    To whom are these words addressed?
They are addressed to the conspirators.

3.    What action accompanies these words?
Brutus steps forward and takes the hands of the conspirators.

4.    What does this gesture symbolise?
It symbolises unity, trust, and collective responsibility.

5.    Why is this moment important dramatically?
It marks Brutus’s full leadership of the conspiracy.

6.    How does Cassius react immediately after this?
Cassius suggests that they should swear an oath.

7.    What mood is created by this action?
A solemn and serious mood of commitment is created.

Extract –4
“No, not an oath.”

1.    Who speaks these words?
Brutus speaks these words.

2.    What suggestion is he rejecting?
He rejects Cassius’s suggestion of swearing an oath.

3.    Why does Brutus oppose taking an oath?
He believes Roman honour and conscience are stronger than sworn promises.

4.    What values does Brutus emphasise here?
Honour, honesty, patriotism, and moral integrity.

5.    How does this speech present Brutus’s character?
It shows him as idealistic, noble, and morally rigid.

6.    What does Brutus say weak motives should lead to?
Immediate withdrawal from the conspiracy.

7.    What theme is strongly highlighted in this speech?
The theme of honour versus deceit is highlighted.

Extract –5
“O, name him not! Let us not break with him,”

1.    Who speaks these lines?
Brutus speaks these lines.

2.    Who is being referred to?
Cicero is being referred to.

3.    Why do some conspirators want Cicero included?
They believe his reputation would add credibility to their actions.

4.    Why does Brutus oppose including Cicero?
He believes Cicero never supports plans initiated by others.

5.    What does this show about Brutus’s judgment?
He values sincerity and effectiveness over public image.

6.    How does Cassius respond to Brutus’s decision?
Cassius agrees to leave Cicero out.

7.    What theme is reflected in this discussion?
The conflict between moral purity and political strategy.

Extract –6
“Let Antony and Caesar fall together.”

1.    Who speaks these words?
Cassius speaks these words.

2.    What fear motivates this suggestion?
Cassius fears Mark Antony’s intelligence and loyalty to Caesar.

3.    How does Cassius describe Antony indirectly?
As a potential dangerous planner and future threat.

4.    What political concern is revealed here?
The fear of retaliation and loss of power after Caesar’s death.

5.    How does Brutus react to this proposal?
He strongly opposes killing Antony.

6.    What does this disagreement show about Cassius and Brutus?
Cassius is practical and suspicious, while Brutus is idealistic.

7.    What larger theme does this conflict reveal?
Idealism versus political realism.

Extract –7
“Let’s be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius.”

1.    Who speaks these words?
Brutus speaks these words.

2.    To whom are they addressed?
They are addressed to Cassius.

3.    What distinction is Brutus making?
Between a noble, ritual killing and brutal murder.

4.    What imagery is used in this line?
Religious and sacrificial imagery.

5.    What does Brutus want their act to represent?
A moral necessity, not personal hatred.

6.    How does this reflect Brutus’s worldview?
He believes noble intentions can justify violent actions.

7.    How does this speech affect the conspiracy’s plan?
It ensures that only Caesar will be killed.

Extract –8
“The clock hath stricken three.”

1.    Who speaks these words?
Cassius speaks these words.

2.    What event immediately precedes this line?
Brutus asks the others to count the clock.

3.    Why is the striking of the clock significant?
It signals that the time for action is near.

4.    What effect does this have on the conspirators?
It creates urgency and ends further debate.

5.    What does Trebonius suggest after this?
He says it is time to part.

6.    How does this moment contribute to dramatic tension?
It reminds the audience that the assassination is imminent.

7.    What theme is reinforced at this point?
The inevitability of fate and approaching destiny.

Two-Mark Questions

1.    Why does Brutus ask Cassius about the “watchful cares” that trouble him?
Brutus notices Cassius’s sleepless anxiety and asks about the worries that keep him awake, showing his concern and awareness of the mental tension among the conspirators.

2.    What is the significance of the discussion about the direction of the sunrise?
The sunrise discussion shows confusion and differing viewpoints among the conspirators and symbolises the uncertain, transitional moment before they commit themselves to their dangerous plan.

3.    Why does Brutus reject the idea of taking an oath?
Brutus believes that true Romans should be bound by honour, conscience, and patriotism, not by oaths, and that their noble cause needs no artificial reinforcement.

4.    According to Brutus, what should happen if their motives are weak?
If their reasons are weak, Brutus says they should abandon the conspiracy immediately and return to their beds, allowing tyranny to continue unchallenged.

5.    How does Brutus describe the power of their cause?
Brutus says their cause has enough fire to inspire cowards, strengthen weak hearts, and drive Romans to act bravely for justice and the good of the state.

6.    Why does Metellus Cimber support including Cicero in the conspiracy?
Metellus believes Cicero’s age and reputation would lend dignity to the plot, win public approval, and make their actions appear wise and well judged.

7.    Why does Brutus oppose involving Cicero?
Brutus argues that Cicero never supports plans begun by others and would not truly cooperate, making his inclusion ineffective and potentially harmful.

8.    What fear does Cassius express about Mark Antony?
Cassius fears Antony’s deep love for Caesar and believes Antony could become a dangerous schemer if left alive after Caesar’s death.

9.    Why does Brutus compare Antony to a “limb of Caesar”?
Brutus suggests Antony depends entirely on Caesar; once Caesar, the “head,” is removed, Antony will be powerless and harmless.

10. How does Brutus distinguish between “sacrificers” and “butchers”?
Brutus says sacrificers act calmly and for a higher purpose, while butchers kill brutally out of rage, and he insists their act should appear noble, not savage.

11. What does Brutus mean by killing Caesar “boldly, but not wrathfully”?
He means Caesar should be killed with courage and self-control, without anger or hatred, so the act appears necessary rather than cruel or vengeful.

12. How does Brutus want the public to view the conspirators after Caesar’s death?
Brutus wants them to be seen as purgers who cleanse Rome of tyranny, not as murderers driven by envy or personal hatred.

13. Why does Brutus dismiss Cassius’s fear of Mark Antony?
Brutus believes Antony is devoted to pleasure, sports, and social life, and lacks the seriousness and ambition needed to threaten the conspirators.

14. How does Trebonius support Brutus’s view of Antony?
Trebonius says Antony poses no danger and will simply live on and laugh about the events later, reinforcing Brutus’s confidence.

15. What is the dramatic importance of the clock striking three?
The clock striking three signals that the time for action is approaching, heightening tension and prompting the conspirators to separate and

Three-Mark Questions

1.    How does the welcoming of each conspirator by Brutus help establish the mood of the scene?
Brutus’s repeated welcome creates a calm, orderly atmosphere that contrasts with the violent plot being planned. It shows his leadership and attempts to maintain unity, civility, and mutual respect among the conspirators before their dangerous act.

2.    What does the whispered conversation between Brutus and Cassius suggest about their relationship?
The whispering indicates secrecy and mutual trust between Brutus and Cassius. It also shows that Cassius relies on Brutus’s moral authority, while Brutus is cautious and thoughtful, weighing each step carefully before giving his approval.

3.    Why is the debate about the sunrise dramatically important at this moment?
The argument over the sunrise reflects confusion, uncertainty, and differing perceptions among the conspirators. Dramatically, it suggests that even nature seems unsettled, mirroring the moral and political uncertainty surrounding their planned assassination.

4.    How does Brutus redefine the concept of loyalty to Rome in his speech?
Brutus presents loyalty as faithfulness to Roman ideals and liberty rather than to any individual ruler. He argues that opposing Caesar is an act of patriotism, not betrayal, and that honourable Romans must act according to conscience.

5.    In what way does Brutus use Roman identity to strengthen the conspirators’ resolve?
Brutus appeals to their shared Roman blood, honour, and sense of virtue. He claims that a true Roman would be dishonoured if he broke a promise, making their identity itself a binding force stronger than any oath.

6.    What reasoning does Cassius give for wanting Mark Antony killed?
Cassius argues that Antony’s intelligence, influence, and closeness to Caesar could make him a dangerous opponent after Caesar’s death. He fears Antony might use his abilities and resources to avenge Caesar and threaten the conspirators.

7.    How does Brutus justify sparing Mark Antony despite Cassius’s fears?
Brutus believes Antony lacks ambition and seriousness, seeing him as a pleasure-loving man. He argues that once Caesar is dead, Antony will lose his power and become harmless, making his death unnecessary and excessive.

8.    What imagery does Brutus use to explain how Caesar should be killed?
Brutus uses religious and ceremonial imagery, comparing the act to a sacrifice. He urges them to “carve” Caesar like an offering to the gods, not to “hew” him like a carcass, emphasizing restraint and dignity.

9.    How does Brutus attempt to control how the assassination will be perceived by the public?
Brutus plans the act carefully so it appears necessary and just rather than envious or cruel. By stressing calm behaviour and noble purpose, he hopes the public will see them as defenders of Rome, not murderers.

10. What effect does the striking of the clock have on the conspirators?
The clock marks the approach of the decisive moment, creating urgency and tension. It interrupts their debate, reminds them that time is running out, and signals that they must part and move towards action.