PARTS OF SPEECH

A part of speech (also called a word class) is a category that describes the role a word that plays in a sentence. Understanding the different parts of speech can help us to analyze how words function in a sentence and improve our writing. The main parts of speech are:

 

1. Noun: A word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. (e.g., "book", "city", "happiness")

2. Pronoun: A word that replaces nouns. (e.g., "he", "she", "it")

3. Adjective: A word that qualifies or describes nouns or pronouns. (e.g., "happy", "big", "blue")

4. Verb: A word that expresses an action, occurrence, or state of being. (e.g., "run", "eat", "be", "do", "have")

5. Adverb: A word that modifies or describes verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. (e.g., "quickly", "very", "well")

6. Conjunction: A word that connects words, phrases, or clauses. (e.g., "and", "but", "so", "or" "after" , "because"  )

7. Preposition: A word that shows relationships between words or phrases. (e.g., "in", "on", "under")

8. Interjection: A word that expresses a strong emotion or feeling. (e.g., "oh", "wow", "ouch", "alas",)

 

1. NOUN

 

Here are the main five types of nouns with examples:

 

1. Proper Noun: (Denotes the names of specific people, places, organizations, etc.)

    - Ram, Puri, Ganga, Monday

2. Common Noun: (Denotes a class of objects or general terms, not specific.)

    - Dog, city, company, day

3.  Collective Noun: (Denotes several persons or things regarded as one groups.)

    - Jury, committee, family, team, flock, herd

4. Material Noun: (Denotes a substance of which things are made.)

    - Gold, mud, paper, silk, rice

5. Abstract Noun: (Denotes a quality, action or state that can't be perceived through senses.)

    - Happiness, freedom, love, anger

 

Here are some more types of nouns with examples:

 

1. Concrete Noun: (Denotes tangibility i.e., which can be perceived through senses.)

    - Book, chair, apple, car

2. Countable Noun: (That can be counted individually.)

    - Cat, house, pen, idea

3. Uncountable Noun: (That can't be counted individually.)

    - Water, air, music, happiness

4. Possessive Noun: (That shows ownership or relationship.)

    - My car, John's book, the cat's toy

5- Verbal Noun: (That is derived from a verb, ending in ‘ing’ or’-ment’.)

    - Swimming, movement

6- Gerundial noun: (That which ends in -ing, and functions as a noun.)

    - Singing, dancing

7- Infinitive Noun (That which begins with ‘to’ and functions as a noun.)

    - To run, to eat

 

2. PRONOUN

 

Here are the main types of pronouns:

 

1. Personal Pronouns replace nouns for individuals or groups.

    - I, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them

2. Possessive Pronouns show ownership or relationship.

    - Mine, ours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs

3. Demonstrative Pronouns point out specific nouns.

    - This, that, these, those

4. Distributive Pronouns express distribution or sharing.

    - Each, everyone, either, neither

5. Reciprocal Pronouns express mutual action or relationship.

    - Each other, one another

6. Relative Pronouns introduce dependent clauses.

    - Who, which, that, whom, whose

7. Reflexive/Emphatic Pronouns refer back to/ emphasize the subject.

    - Myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves

8. Indefinite Pronouns refer to non-specific nouns.

    - Someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody, none, something, anything, nothing, one, some, all, theyfew, many

9. Interrogative Pronouns ask questions about nouns.

    - Who, what, which, whom, whose

10. Impersonal pronoun stands for no noun whatever.

- It

 

Here are the examples of different types of pronouns:

 

1. Personal Pronouns

- I: "I am going to the store."

- We: "We are going on vacation."

- You: "You are my best friend."

- He/She/It: "He is studying for the exam."

- They: "They are coming over tonight."

 

2. Possessive Pronouns

- Mine: "This book is mine."

- Ours: "This house is ours."

- Yours: "That car is yours."

- His/Hers: "This phone is his/hers.

- Theirs: "This idea was theirs."

 

3. Demonstrative Pronouns

- This: "This is an interesting book."

- That: "That is an expensive car."

- These: "These are comfortable shoes."

- Those: "Those are expensive toys."

 

4. Distributive Pronouns

- Each: "Each of them will receive a gift."

- “These picture cards cost each five rupees.”

- “These picture cards cost five rupees each.”

- “The blue, the green and the yellow cards each cost five rupees.”

- Either: "Either of the options is acceptable."

- Neither: "Neither of the answers is good."

 

5. Reciprocal Pronouns

 - "The two friends love each other."

- "The three friends love one other."

- "We gave each other gifts."

- "They help one another with their homework."

- "Ram and Hari respect each other's opinions."

 

6. Relative Pronouns

- Who: "The person who called is my friend."

- Whom: "The person whom I met is a doctor."

- Which: "The book, which is on the table, is mine."

- That: "The car that I bought is expensive."

- Whose: "The person whose phone is ringing is my sister."

 

Compound Relative Pronouns

Compound Relative Pronouns are formed by adding so, ever, or -soever to who, which and what.

 

(whosoever, whoever, whichsoever, whichever, whatsoever, whatever)

 

 Whatever (anything which) happens I will face it.

Whoever (any person who) comes is welcome.

Whatsoever you learn you must remember.

Among these chocolates take whichsoever you like best.

The thief shall be punished, whosoever he may be.

Take any of these pens, whichever you may like.

 

7. Reflexive Pronouns

- Myself: "I cut myself while shaving."

- Yourself: "You should try it yourself."

- Himself/Herself/Itself: "He himself made the mistake."

- Ourselves: "We ourselves are responsible."

- Themselves: "They themselves are to blame."

 

Emphatic Pronouns

- Myself: "I myself will finish the project."

- Yourself: "You yourself are responsible for the loss."

- Himself/Herself": He/She himself/herself made the decision."

Itself: "The earth itself moves."

- Ourselves: "We ourselves have cultivated the lands."

- Themselves: "They themselves worked out the sums."

 

Difference between reflexive pronouns and emphatic pronouns.

 

 

i. Reflexive Pronouns:

- Refer back to the subject of the sentence.

- Indicate that the subject is also the object of the action.

- Typically used with verbs that indicate an action that affects the subject itself.

 

Examples:

- I wash myself. (The subject "I" is also the object receiving the action of washing)

- She cut herself. (The subject "She" is also the object receiving the action of cutting)

 

ii. Emphatic Pronouns:

- Emphasize the noun or pronoun they refer to.

- Add stress or emphasis to a statement.

- Can be used to emphasize the subject, object or complement of a sentence.

 

Examples:

- I myself will attend the meeting. (Emphasizes that the speaker, the subject and no one else, will attend the meeting.)

- She herself made the cake. (Here, ‘herself ‘emphasizes that she, the subject, and no one else, made the cake.)

-The best player in the team is he himself. (Here, ‘himself ‘emphasizes that he, the complement, and no one else, is the best player.)

- The decision was taken by the captain himself. (Here, ‘himself ‘emphasizes that he, the object, and no one else, took the decision.)

 

8. Indefinite Pronouns:

One hardly knows what to do

One does not like to say so, but it is only too true.

One cannot be too careful of one's (not, his) good name.

One must not boast of one's own success

One must use one's best efforts it one wishes to succeed.

One must not praise one's self.

Someone is at the door.

Something is missing.

Anyone can join.

Anything is possible.

Nobody is at home.

Nothing is wrong.

None of his poems are well known.

None but fools have ever believed it

[None is a shortened form of not one, yet it is commonly used with plural verbs)

They (= people in general) say he has lost heavily.

They say that one of the local banks has stopped payment. [They say it is said by some persons.)

All were drowned.

Some are born great.

Some say he is a sharper

Somebody has stolen my watch.

Nobody was there to rescue the child.

Few escaped unhurt.

Many of them were Gurkhas.

We did not see any of them again.

One or other of us will be there.

Do good to others.

Did you ask anybody to come?

What is everybody's business is nobody's business.

His words are in everyone's mouth.

 

*All the above Pronouns in italics refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not relate to any person or thing in particular. They are, therefore, called Indefinite Pronouns.

Interrogative Pronouns

 

9. Interrogative Pronouns

- Who: "Who is going to the party?"

- What: "What is your name?"

- Which: "Which is your book?"

- Whose: "Whose is this pen?"

 

10. Impersonal pronoun

It rain.

It snows.

It thunders.

In the above sentences the pronoun ‘It’ stands for no noun whatsoever.

 

3. ADJECTIVE

 

Here are the main types of adjectives:

 

1. Quantitative adjectives express quantity or amount.

    - Some, any, all, few, many, much, little

2. Qualitative adjectives express quality or characteristics.

    - Happy, blue, big, soft, interesting

3. Demonstrative adjectives point out specific nouns.

    - This, that, these, those

4. Distributive adjectives express distribution or sharing.

    - Each, every, either, neither

5. Possessive adjectives show ownership or relationship.

    - My, your, his, her, its, our, their

6. Numeral adjectives express number or rank or position.

    - All, few, some, no, most, several

    - One, two, three - Cardinal adjectives

    - First, second, next - Ordinal adjectives

7. Proper adjectives express about the proper nouns.

    - Indian, Chinese, Japanese, Swiss, French, British

8. Interrogative adjectives ask questions about nouns.

    - What, which, how many, how much

9. Exclamatory adjectives express strong feelings.

    - What, how

10. Emphasizing adjectives give emphasis on something.

   - Very, own

11. Relative adjectives relate nouns.

- What, which

12. Comparative adjectives compare two things.

    - Bigger, happier, more interesting

13. Superlative adjectives compare three or more things.

    - Biggest, happiest, most interesting

14. Compound adjectives are made up of two or more words.

    - Well-known, full-time, part-time

15. Attributive adjectives come before the nouns they qualify.

  - The big house, the beautiful sunrise

16. Predicative adjectives follow a linking verb and describe the subject.

    - She is happy. He is tall.

 

 Here are the examples of different types of adjectives in sentences:

 

 1. Quantitative adjectives

    - Give me some milk.

    - Have you any rice?

    -  All work no play makes Jack a dull boy.

    - Few mangoes are rotten.

    - I have taught many students.

    - An empty vessel makes much sound.

   - There is little water in the jug.

 

2. Qualitative adjectives

    - Happy people are luck people.

    - The sky is blue.

    - It is a big temple.

    -  His voice is soft.

  - The story was interesting.

 

3. Demonstrative adjectives

    - This pen is mine.

    - That pen is yours.

    - These pens are black.

    - Those books are new.

 

4. Distributive adjectives

    - Each player was awarded.

    - Every student was present in the class.

    - Either question is wrong.

    - Neither question is correct.

 

5. Possessive adjectives

    - My pen is red.

    - Your pen is blue.

    - His dress is brown.

     - Her frock is white.

    - Its colour is black.

    - Our country is big.

    - Their demands were fulfilled.

 

6. Numeral adjectives

    - All students have passed.

    - Few students have failed.

    - Some students have passed.

    - No students have failed.

    - Most students have passed.

    - Several students have passed.

    - One student has passed.

    - Two students have passed.

    - Three students have passed.

    - The first question has been solved.

    - The second question has been solved.

    - The next question will be solved.

 

7. Proper adjectives

    - Indian players have won the match.

    - The Chinese toys are cheap.

    - The Japanese people are industrious.

    - A Swiss player has won the match.

    - The French player did well in the game.

    - The British government took this decision.

 

8. Interrogative adjectives

    - What questions did he ask you?

    - Which book do you want?

    - How many questions did you solve?

    - How much money did you spend?

 

9. Exclamatory adjectives

    - What easy questions these are!

   - How easy these questions are!

 

10. Emphasizing adjectives

- I asked these very questions.

- I saw this with my own eyes.

 

11. Relative adjectives

- Write what answers you know.

 - Tell which pen you bought.

 

12. Comparative adjectives

    - This is bigger than any other fish.

    - The poor are happier than the rich.

    - This story is more interesting than that one.

 

13. Superlative adjectives

    - Corruption is the biggest problem in the world.

    - The honest people are the happiest people.

    - This is the most interesting story I have ever read.

 

14. Compound adjectives

    - He is a well-known poet.

    - We need a full-time teacher.

    - We need a part-time teacher.

 

15. Attributive adjectives

  - The big house belongs to Mr. Dash.

  -  Everyone likes the beautiful sunrise.

 

16. Predicative adjectives

    - She is happy.

    - He is tall.

    - The house is big.

    - The sunrise is beautiful.

 

4. VERB

 

Here are the main types of verbs with examples:

 

1. Action verbs express physical or mental action.

    - Run, think, read, write, dance

2. Linking verbs connect the subject to additional information. They are followed by predicate nominative (a noun or pronoun that renames the subject) or a predicate adjective (an adjective that describes the subject.)

    - Be, seem, appear, become, and feel

3. Static verbs express an unchanging state or a permanent or condition. They do not connect the subject to additional information. They are not followed by predicate nominative (a noun or pronoun that renames the subject) or a predicate adjective (an adjective that describes the subject.)

    - Be, have, belong, contain, remain, exist, possess, know, understand, like

4. Helping verbs, also called Auxiliary verbs, used to help form tense, or voice.

    - Do, be and have

5. Modal verbs express possibility, necessity, or obligation or change modes.

    - Can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would

6. Transitive verbs take an object directly.

    - Throw the ball, eat an apple, and write a letter

7. Intransitive verbs don't take an object directly.

    - Sleep, laugh, cry, run, jump

8. Regular verbs follow predictable conjugation patterns.

    - Walk, talk, listen, finish

9. Irregular verbs don't follow predictable conjugation patterns.

    - Go, went, gone/ take, took, taken/ be, was, been

10. Dynamic verbs express actions or changes.

    - Run, jump, learn, grow, and develop

11. Phrasal verbs combine with prepositions or adverbs to change meanings.

    - Put up with, go on, break out, and carry out

12. Tense-specific verbs are used only in specific tenses.

    - ‘Used to’ past habit/ ‘be going to’ future intention

13. Finite verbs have tense and agree with the number and person of the subject.

    - I go./ He goes./They were going.

14. Non-finite verbs have no tense and do not agree with the number and person of the subject.

    - going, gone, having gone, to go

 

 Here are the examples of different types of verbs in sentences:

 

1. Action verbs

    - Children are running.

    - I am thinking to start a business.

    - Students are reading.

    - He writes poems.

    - She dances well.

 

2. Linking verbs

    - They become business partners.

    - We became friends.

    - This Ram.

    - This is I/he.

    - He is happy.

    - I am happy.

    - We are happy.

    - He was happy.

    - I was happy.

    - We were happy.

    - He will be happy.

    - I shall be happy.

    - We shall be happy.

    - They seem happy.

    - The sky appears cloudy.

    - They become friends.

    - I feel/am tired.

 

3. Static verbs

    - He is a doctor.

    - I am a student.

    - We are farmers.

    - He was a politician.

    - I was a student.

    - We were friends.

    - He will be a cricketer.

    - I shall be a doctor.

    - We shall be teachers.

    - We have money.

    - He has public support.

    - We belong to India.

    - This box contains sugar.

    - It remains till today.

    - Truth exists.

    - They possess great talent.

    - I know the answer.

    - He does not understand answer.

    - I like this.

 

4. Helping verbs

    - He is playing.

    - I am studying.

    - We are studying.

    - He was sleeping.

    - I was singing.

    - We were going.

    - He will be eating.

    - I shall be writing.

    - He does not play.

    - I do not study.

    - We do not fight.

    - He did not sleep.

    - Did I was sing?

    - Do we go?

    - We have played.

    - He has passed.

    - They had won.

 

5. Modal verbs

    - Can you do this?

    - He could not do this.

    -  May I come in?

    - He might win.

    - I shall sleep.

    - We should pay tax.

    - Teacher will teach.

     - They would help us.

 

6. Transitive verbs

    - Throw the ball to the keeper.

    - Don’t eat unhealthy food.

    - He ate an apple.

    - Write a letter to your friend.

 

7. Intransitive verbs

    - Bats do not sleep at night.

    - Don’t laugh here.

    - Who is crying?

    - He jumped into the pond.

 

8. Regular verbs

    - Walk in the morning.

    - He talks in the class.

    - Listen to the teacher.

    - They finished their work before night.

 

9. Irregular verbs

    - Go wherever you like.

    - He went to school.

    - They have gone to school.

    - Take this.

    - He took my pen.

    - Who has taken my book?

    - I am playing.

    - He was playing.

- We have been playing.

 

10. Dynamic verbs

    - Run fast.

    - Don’t jump.

    - Learn be patient.

    - The plants grow.

    - Our country is developing.

 

11. Phrasal verbs

    - I put up with his bad conduct.

   - Go on.

   - Cholera breaks out every year.

   - His instructions were carried out.

 

12. Tense-specific verbs

    - ‘I used to walk in the childhood.

    - The P.M is going to arrive here.

 

13. Finite verbs

    - I go to school.

.   - He goes to school.

    - They were going to school.

 

14. Non-finite verbs

    - Going there I met him.

    - I enjoy myself playing.

    - Gone are the days.

    - Having gone there I met him.

    - I want to go.

 

5. ADVERB

 

Here are the main types of adverbs with examples:

 

1. Adverbs of Manner describe how something is done.

    Beautifully, well, carefully, fast and patiently

 

2. Adverbs of Time describe when something happens.

   Yesterday, today, tomorrow, now, then, soon, later, early, late, already, just, yet, still,     always, ever, never, occasionally, seldom, rarely, and usually

 

And adverbial phrases of time:

 

   - At the moment, in an hour, on time, ahead of time, behind schedule, during the day, at night, in the morning, in the evening, at the end of the day

 

3. Adverbs of Place describe where something happens.

 Here, there, everywhere, nowhere, somewhere, anywhere, up, down, in, out, far, near, above, below, inside, outside

Adverbial phrases of place:

In the corner, at the corner, at the top, on the left, to the right, in the center, at the back, in front of, behind, next to, alongside, nearby, far away, close by

 

4. Adverbs of Purpose describe the intention or goal.

   So that, in order that, in order to, to, with the aim of, with the intention of, for the purpose of, in the hope of etc.

 

5. Adverbs of Comparison compare between two things or among more than two things.

As, so, more, faster, sweeter, most, fastest, least etc.

 

6. Adverbs of Contrast/ Concession acknowledge a contrasting idea.

    But, still, yet, however, nevertheless, nonetheless, notwithstanding, while, whereas, despite, in spite of, though, although, even though, even if, etc.

 

7. Adverbs of Condition describe a condition or requirement.

   Provided that, if, unless, in case, in the event that etc.

 

8 Adverbs of Result/Consequence indicate a degree or extent that leads to a specific result.

So….that, such….that

 

9. Adverbs of Degree describe the extent or degree of something.

Very, extremely, highly, quite, rather, fairly, moderately, somewhat, slightly, barely, totally, utterly, almost, nearly, entirely, fully etc.

 

10. Adverbs of Frequency describe how often an action happens.

Always, usually, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never, almost always, almost never, frequently, occasionally, regularly, periodically, habitually, normally etc.

 

11. Adverbs of Viewpoint describe the speaker's perspective or attitude.

Frankly; frankly speaking; frankly, I think; frankly, I believe; frankly, it seems; honestly; from   my point of view; in my opinion; in my view; personally; to be honest; to my mind etc.

 

12. Adverbs of Focusing draw attention to a particular aspect. / Emphasize a specific point. / Highlight a particular detail./ or Contrast with other information.

- Only, just, merely, simply, solely, exclusively, particularly, especially, specifically, mainly

 

13. Adverbs of Linking also known as transition adverbs, connect ideas, clauses, or sentences to show relationships like addition, contrast, time, or cause-and-effect.

 

Addition: Moreover; furthermore; additionally; also

Contrast: However; on the other hand; nevertheless; nonetheless

Time: Meanwhile; next; then; soon;

Cause-and-effect: Therefore; consequently; thus; hence, as since

 

Other linking adverbs:

Meanwhile:- shows simultaneous actions)

Incidentally:- shows a side note or additional info)

Similarly:- shows comparison)

Likewise:- shows agreement or similarity)

 

14. Relative Adverbs introduce relative clauses.

    - When, where and why

 

15. Adverbs of Affirmation/Negation express agreement, confirmation and denial or contradiction.

   - Yes, indeed, really, certainly, surely, definitely, undoubtedly, absolutely, of course, positively, obviously, naturally, clearly

  - No, not, never, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, barely, seldom, rarely

 

16. Adverbs of Interrogation ask questions about time, manner, place, frequency, degree etc.

 How, when, where, why, how many, how far, how often, how much, how long etc.

 

 Here are the examples of different types of adverbs in sentences:

 

1. Adverbs of Manner

 She sang beautifully.

 The played well.

Walk carefully.

Ram ran fast.

Listen to the teacher patiently.

 

 

2. Adverbs of Time

We arrived yesterday.

We'll arrive today.

We'll arrive tomorrow.

We have arrived now.

We'll arrive in an hour.

We'll arrive on time.

   

3. Adverbs of Place

I live here.

They live there.

Crows are found everywhere.

He was found nowhere.

I had seen somewhere.

You can move anywhere.

Move up.

Run down.

Don’t come in.

Go out.

Go far.

Come near.

Move above.

Stand below.

Go inside.

Sit outside.

 

Adverbial phrases of place:

 

The book is in the corner of the room.

The flag is at the top of the pole.

The door is on the left side of the building.

The bathroom is to the right of the hallway.

The statue is in the center of the park.

The kitchen is at the back of the house.

The car is parked in front of the house.

The tree is behind the fence.

The hotel is next to the beach.

The restaurant is across from the theater.

The bike path runs alongside the river.

The hotel is nearby the airport.

The island is far away from the mainland.

I saw a mountain in the distance.

The store is close by, so let's walk.

 

 

4. Adverbs of Purpose

We're working hard so that we can succeed.

She studied hard in order that she could pass the exam.

He saved money in order to buy a new car.

She practiced every day to improve her piano skills.

They worked together with the aim of finishing the project on time.

He went to the gym with the intention of getting in shape.

She traveled to Paris for the purpose of learning French.

He read books in the hope of expanding his knowledge.

 

5. Adverbs of Comparison compare two things.

 

Positive Degrees

1. She sings as beautifully as I .

2. He runs as fast he.

3. He is not so happy as I am.

 

Comparative Degrees

1. She sings more beautifully than her sister.

2. He runs faster than I do.

3. This cake is sweeter than the one we had yesterday.

 

Superlative Degrees

1. She sings most beautifully.

2. He runs fastest.

3. She drives least carefully.

 

6. Adverbs of Contrast/ Concession acknowledge a contrasting idea.

    - Although I'm tired, I'll attend. (The adverb "although" acknowledges a contrasting idea)

7. Adverbs of Condition describe a condition or requirement.

    - You can succeed provided that you work hard, (The adverb "provided that" describes the condition.)

8 Adverbs of Result/Consequence indicates a degree or extent that leads to a specific result.

   -I am so tired that I can’t work any longer. (The adverb phrase "so..that" indicates a degree or extent that leads to a specific result.)

   -This is such a hot day that no one can sleep without a cooler. (The adverb phrase "such…that" indicates a degree or extent that leads to a specific result)

9. Adverbs of Degree describe the extent or degree of something.

    He is extremely happy. (The adverb "extremely" describes the degree of happiness.)

10. Adverbs of Frequency describe how often something happens.

1. Always: I always brush my teeth before bed.

2. Usually: She usually arrives on time.

3. Often: We often go to the beach in summer.

4. Sometimes: I sometimes forget my phone at home.

5. Rarely: He rarely eats breakfast.

6. Seldom: We seldom go to the movies.

7. Never: I never drink coffee.

8. Almost always: She almost always passes her exams.

9. Almost never: He almost never gets sick.

10. Frequently: They frequently travel abroad.

11. Occasionally: We occasionally have guests over.

12. Regularly: I regularly exercise at the gym.

13. Periodically: The company periodically reviews its policies.

14. Habitually: He habitually checks his phone before bed.

15. Normally: She normally wakes up at 7 am.

 

11. Adverbs of Viewpoint describe the speaker's perspective or attitude.

   1. Frankly: Frankly, I don't like the idea. (expressing honesty or candor)

2. Frankly speaking: Frankly speaking, it's a bad decision. (expressing honesty or candor)

3. Frankly, I think: Frankly, I think we should reconsider. (expressing personal opinion)

4. Frankly, it seems: Frankly, it seems like a waste of time. (expressing personal opinion)

5. Honestly: Honestly, I'm not sure what to do. (expressing sincerity or truthfulness)

6. Frankly, I believe: Frankly, I believe we can do better. (expressing personal belief)

7. From my point of view: From my point of view, it's a good idea. (expressing personal perspective)

8. In my opinion: In my opinion, it's the best option. (expressing personal opinion)

9. In my view: In my view, it's a mistake. (expressing personal perspective)

10. Personally: Personally, I think it's a great idea. (expressing personal opinion)

11. To be honest: To be honest, I'm not impressed. (expressing sincerity or truthfulness)

12. To my mind: To my mind, it's a bad idea. (expressing personal perspective)

 

Adverbs of viewpoint help to:

 

- Express personal opinions or beliefs

- Show honesty or sincerity

- Indicate perspective or point of view

- Emphasize or clarify a viewpoint

- Create a tone of candor or authenticity

12. Adverbs of Focusing draw attention to a particular aspect.

- Only, Just ,Merely, Simply, Solely, Exclusively, Particularly, Especially, Specifically, Mainly

- Emphasize a specific point

- Highlight a particular detail

- Contrast with other information

 

    - Only she knows the answer. (The adverb "only" emphasizes that she is the sole person who knows.)

- Limit the scope of a statement (e.g., "I only drink coffee in the morning")

- Emphasize a specific detail (e.g., "She's particularly good at math")

- Contrast with other information (e.g., "He's just a friend, not a romantic partner")

 

By using adverbs of focusing, you can clarify your intended meaning, add emphasis, and create more precise and nuanced expressions.

 

Examples:

- "I'm only interested in the top job." (emphasizes the specific job)

- "She's especially talented in music." (highlights her talent)

- "He's mainly responsible for the project." (clarifies his role)

 

13. Adverbs of Linking connect ideas or clauses.

Adverbs of linking, also known as transition adverbs, connect ideas, clauses, or sentences to show relationships like addition, contrast, time, or cause-and-effect. Here are some common adverbs of linking and their uses in sentences:

 

Addition:

 

- Moreover: I like reading; moreover, I enjoy writing.

- Furthermore: She's smart; furthermore, she's kind.

- Additionally: He's a great singer; additionally, he's a talented musician.

- Also: I love coffee; also, I enjoy tea.

 

Contrast:

 

- However: I wanted to go; however, I couldn't.

- On the other hand: He's rich; on the other hand, his brother is poor.

- Nevertheless: I'm tired; nevertheless, I'll finish the project.

- Nonetheless: She's sad; nonetheless, she's smiling.

 

Time:

 

- Meanwhile: I'm studying; meanwhile, my brother is watching TV.

- Next: I'll finish my homework; next, I'll go to bed.

- Then: I'll eat breakfast; then, I'll go to school.

- Soon: I'll graduate soon; then, I'll get a job.

 

Cause-and-effect:

 

- Therefore: I'm tired; therefore, I need sleep.

- Consequently: He didn't study; consequently, he failed.

- Thus: I have a lot of work; thus, I'm busy.

- Hence: She's not feeling well; hence, she won't attend.

 

Other linking adverbs:

 

- Meanwhile (shows simultaneous actions)

- Incidentally (shows a side note or additional info)

- Similarly (shows comparison)

- Likewise (shows agreement or similarity)

 

Adverbs of linking help to:

 

- Connect ideas and clauses

- Show relationships between ideas

- Clarify the flow of thoughts

- Emphasize or contrast ideas

- Create cohesive and logical writing or speech

 

 14. Relative Adverbs introduces relative clauses.

    - When, where and why

Relative Adverbs of Place

 

 

15. Adverbs of Affirmation/Negation connect express agreement, confirmation and denial or contradiction.

   - Yes, indeed, really, certainly, surely, definitely, undoubtedly, absolutely, of course, positively, obviously, naturally, clearly

  - No, not, never, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, barely, seldom, rarely

 

- She sings beautifully. (The adverb "beautifully" describes the manner of singing)

1. Yes:

    - "Yes, I'm coming to the party." (emphatic agreement)

    - "Do you want to go? Yes, let's go!" (enthusiastic agreement)

2. Indeed:

    - "I'm indeed grateful for your help." (emphasizes gratitude)

    - "This is indeed a beautiful view." (emphasizes agreement)

3. Certainly:

    - "I'll certainly be there to help you." (emphasizes commitment)

    - "This is certainly a challenging task." (emphasizes agreement)

4. Surely:

    - "I'll surely finish the project on time." (emphasizes confidence)

    - "You're surely joking, right?" (emphasizes skepticism)

5. Definitely:

    - "I'll definitely attend the meeting." (emphasizes commitment)

    - "This is definitely the best restaurant in town." (emphasizes strong agreement)

6. Absolutely:

    - "I absolutely love this book." (emphasizes strong enthusiasm)

    - "You're absolutely right, I apologize." (emphasizes strong agreement)

7. Positively:

    - "I'm positively thrilled to be here." (emphasizes strong enthusiasm)

    - "This is positively the best news I've heard all week." (emphasizes strong agreement)

8. Naturally:

    - "I'll naturally be there to support you." (emphasizes expected behavior)

    - "This is naturally a difficult situation." (emphasizes expected challenges)

9. Obviously:

    - "I'll obviously be late if I don't hurry." (emphasizes clear consequence)

    - "This is obviously a complex issue." (emphasizes clear understanding)

10. Clearly:

    - "I'll clearly explain the instructions." (emphasizes clarity)

    - "This is clearly a well-planned event." (emphasizes strong agreement)

 

1. Not:

    - "I am not going to the party." (modifies the verb "going")

    - "She is not happy with the decision." (modifies the adjective "happy")

2. Never:

    - "I never eat breakfast." (modifies the verb "eat")

    - "He never wants to go to bed early." (modifies the verb "wants")

3. Nowhere:

    - "I looked everywhere, but it's nowhere to be found." (modifies the verb "be")

    - "There's nowhere to hide in this open field." (modifies the verb "hide")

4. Hardly:

    - "I hardly ever see him anymore." (modifies the verb "see")

    - "She can hardly walk in those high heels." (modifies the verb "walk")

5. Barely:

    - "I barely passed the exam." (modifies the verb "passed")

    - "He can barely speak above a whisper." (modifies the verb "speak")

6. Scarcely:

    - "I scarcely had time to finish my work." (modifies the verb "had")

    - "She scarcely remembers her childhood." (modifies the verb "remembers")

7. Rarely:

    - "I rarely eat out during the week." (modifies the verb "eat")

    - "He rarely gets angry, but when he does, it's serious." (modifies the verb "gets")

8. Seldom:

    - "I seldom go to the movies alone." (modifies the verb "go")

    - "She seldom talks about her personal life." (modifies the verb "talks")

 

Examples:

 

- How did you solve the problem? (manner)

- When will you arrive? (time)

- Where is the nearest restroom? (place)

- Why did you decide to quit? (reason)

- How often do you exercise? (frequency)

- To what extent is the damage done? (degree)

- How much does it cost? (amount)

 

6. PREPOSITION

 

Here are the main types of prepositions:

 

1. *Words of location*: in, on, at, by, with, under, above, beside, between, among, within

Example: "The book is on the table."

 

2. *Words of direction*: to, from, up, down, in, out, through, across, along, around

Example: "She's heading to the store."

 

3. *Words of time*: at, on, during, before, after, until, till, by

Example: "We'll meet at 5 o'clock."

 

4. *Words of movement*: to, from, up, down, in, out, through, across, along, around

Example: "The car drove across the bridge."

 

5. *Words of manner*: by, with, in, like

Example: "She sings beautifully."

 

6. *Words of cause and effect*: because of, due to, owing to, on account of

Example: "He's absent because of illness."

 

7. *Words of purpose*: for, to, in order to

Example: "I'm studying to pass the exam."

 

8. *Words of comparison*: like, unlike, as, than

Example: "He runs like a cheetah."

 

These categories can sometimes overlap, and some prepositions can function in more than one way depending on the context.

 

Here is a comprehensive list of verbs and adjectives that take different prepositions, along with examples:

 

Verbs:

 

1. _Apply_:

    - Apply for (a job or position): "I'm applying for a scholarship."

    - Apply to (a surface or situation): "Apply the glue to the paper."

2. _Believe_:

    - Believe in (an idea or principle): "I believe in equality."

    - Believe (someone or something): "I believe him."

3. _Concentrate_:

    - Concentrate on (a task or activity): "I'm concentrating on my studies."

    - Concentrate in (a field or area): "The company concentrates in software development."

4. _Depend_:

    - Depend on (someone or something): "I depend on my friends for support."

    - Depend upon (a condition or circumstance): "The outcome depends upon the weather."

5. _Focus_:

    - Focus on (a task or goal): "I'm focusing on my career."

    - Focus (a camera or attention): "Focus the camera on the subject."

6. _Invest_:

    - Invest in (something valuable): "I'm investing in stocks."

    - Invest with (someone or a company): "I'm investing with a financial advisor."

7. _Listen_:

    - Listen to (music, conversation): "I'm listening to my favorite song."

    - Listen for (a sound or signal): "I'm listening for the doorbell."

8. _Look_:

    - Look at (something visible): "Look at the beautiful view."

    - Look for (something you can't see): "I'm looking for my lost keys."

9. _Participate_:

    - Participate in (an activity or event): "I'm participating in a marathon."

    - Participate with (someone or a group): "I'm participating with a team."

10. _Talk_:

    - Talk to (someone): "I'm talking to my friend."

    - Talk about (a topic): "We're talking about the weather."

11. _Work_:

    - Work on (a project or task): "I'm working on my report."

    - Work with (someone or something): "I'm working with a team."

 

Adjectives:

 

1. _Aware_:

    - Aware of (a fact or situation): "I'm aware of the problem."

    - Aware of (someone's presence): "I'm aware of him standing there."

2. _Capable_:

    - Capable of (doing something): "She's capable of speaking multiple languages."

    - Capable with (a tool or skill): "He's capable with a computer."

3. _Familiar_:

    - Familiar with (a place or situation): "I'm familiar with the city."

    - Familiar to (someone's senses): "The smell is familiar to me."

4. _Good_:

    - Good at (a skill or activity): "She's good at tennis."

    - Good with (people or animals): "He's good with children."

5. _Interested_:

    - Interested in (a subject or activity): "I'm interested in reading."

    - Interested in (a person): "I'm interested in her."

6. _Involved_:

    - Involved in (an activity or project): "I'm involved in a charity."

    - Involved with (someone): "She's involved with him romantically."

7. _Responsible_:

    - Responsible for (an action or outcome): "I'm responsible for the mistake."

    - Responsible to (someone or an organization): "I'm responsible to my boss."

8. _Specialize_:

    - Specialize in (a field or skill): "He specializes in surgery."

    - Specialize (a store or service): "The store specializes in organic products."

 

Verbs:

 

1. _Agree_:

    - Agree with (someone's opinion): "I agree with your assessment."

    - Agree on (a decision or plan): "We agreed on a time and place."

2. _Angry_ (note: angry is an adjective, but it can be used as a verb "to angry" in some contexts):

    - Angry with (someone): "I'm angry with my brother."

    - Angry at (a situation or circumstance): "I'm angry at the injustice."

3. _Die_:

    - Die from (a cause or illness): "He died from cancer."

    - Die in (a place or situation): "She died in her sleep."

4. _Make_:

    - Make of (something, meaning "to understand or interpret"): "What do you make of this situation?"

    - Make with (something, meaning "to create or manufacture"): "We make our products with high-quality materials."

 

Adjectives:

 

1. _Useful_:

    - Useful for (a purpose): "This tool is useful for fixing cars."

    - Useful to (someone): "This information is useful to me."

 

And here are a few more:

 

1. _Ashamed_:

    - Ashamed of (something you've done): "I'm ashamed of my mistake."

    - Ashamed for (someone else's actions): "I'm ashamed for my brother's behavior."

2. _Proud_:

    - Proud of (something you've achieved): "I'm proud of my accomplishment."

    - Proud to (do something): "I'm proud to be part of this team."

3. _Sorry_:

    - Sorry for (something you've done): "I'm sorry for my mistake."

    - Sorry about (a situation or circumstance): "I'm sorry about the weather."

Here are the additional verbs and adjectives with different prepositions:

 

Verbs:

 

1. _Deal_:

    - Deal with (a situation or problem): "I'm dealing with a difficult client."

    - Deal in (a type of goods or business): "The company deals in electronics."

    - Deal with (someone, meaning "to interact or negotiate"): "I deal with suppliers every day."

 

Adjectives:

 

1. _Useful_ (already mentioned):

    - Useful for (a purpose): "This tool is useful for fixing cars."

    - Useful to (someone): "This information is useful to me."

2. _Suitable_:

    - Suitable for (a purpose or occasion): "This dress is suitable for a formal event."

    - Suitable to (someone's needs or tastes): "This book is suitable to readers of all ages."

3. _Famous_:

    - Famous for (something you're known for): "He's famous for his artwork."

    - Famous to (a group or community): "She's famous to locals, but not nationally."

 

And here are a few more:

 

1. _Tired_:

    - Tired of (something that's exhausting or frustrating): "I'm tired of this traffic."

    - Tired from (a physical or mental effort): "I'm tired from working all day."

2. _Excited_:

    - Excited about (something you're looking forward to): "I'm excited about the concert."

    - Excited for (someone else's experience): "I'm excited for my friend's new job."

3. _Curious_:

    - Curious about (something you want to learn or know): "I'm curious about science."

    - Curious to (try or experience something): "I'm curious to try skydiving."

Verbs:

 

1. _Rest_:

    - Rest on (a surface or support): "The book rests on the table."

    - Rest from (an activity or effort): "I'm resting from my workout."

2. _Trust_:

    - Trust in (someone or something, meaning "to have faith"): "I trust in my team."

    - Trust with (something valuable or important): "I trust you with my secrets."

3. _Rely_:

    - Rely on (someone or something, meaning "to depend"): "I rely on my colleagues."

    - Rely upon (a quality or characteristic): "I rely upon my intuition."

 

Adjectives:

 

1. _Similar_:

    - Similar to (something it resembles): "This is similar to what we saw yesterday."

    - Similar in (a quality or characteristic): "They're similar in their interests."

2. _Different_:

    - Different from (something it's distinct from): "This is different from what we expected."

    - Different to (something it's contrasted with): "This is different to what we're used to."

3. _Identical_:

    - Identical to (something it exactly matches): "This is identical to the original."

    - Identical with (something it's synonymous with): "This is identical with perfection."

 

And here are a few more:

 

1. _Satisfied_:

    - Satisfied with (something that meets expectations): "I'm satisfied with the service."

    - Satisfied by (something that fulfills a desire): "I'm satisfied by the outcome."

2. _Impressed_:

    - Impressed by (someone or something that inspires admiration): "I'm impressed by your skills."

    - Impressed with (someone or something that meets expectations): "I'm impressed with the results."

3. _Disappointed_:

    - Disappointed in (someone or something that fails expectations): "I'm disappointed in the team."

    - Disappointed with (someone or something that doesn't meet standards): "I'm disappointed with the quality."

 

Remember, mastering these nuances can help you communicate more accurately and effectively in English!

 

Verbs:

 

1. _Retire_:

    - Retire from (a job or profession): "She retired from teaching."

    - Retire to (a place or position): "He retired to a quiet village."

2. _Apply_:

    - Apply for (a job, position, or benefit): "I'm applying for a scholarship."

    - Apply to (a surface or situation): "Apply the glue to the paper."

3. _Graduate_:

    - Graduate from (an institution or program): "I graduated from Harvard."

    - Graduate to (a higher level or position): "She graduated to a management role."

4. _Promote_:

    - Promote to (a higher position or rank): "He was promoted to CEO."

    - Promote from (a lower position or rank): "She was promoted from intern to manager."

5. _Demote_:

    - Demote from (a higher position or rank): "He was demoted from CEO."

    - Demote to (a lower position or rank): "She was demoted to intern."

 

Adjectives:

 

1. _Sensitive_:

    - Sensitive to (a stimulus or issue): "I'm sensitive to light."

    - Sensitive about (a personal matter): "She's sensitive about her past."

2. _Respectful_:

    - Respectful to (someone or something): "I'm respectful to my elders."

    - Respectful of (someone's rights or boundaries): "I'm respectful of your opinions."

3. _Aware_:

    - Aware of (a fact or situation): "I'm aware of the problem."

    - Aware to (a subtle or hidden aspect): "I'm aware to the nuances of language."

 

And here are a few more:

 

1. _Qualified_:

    - Qualified for (a position or task): "I'm qualified for the job."

    - Qualified in (a field or skill): "She's qualified in medicine."

2. _Experienced_:

    - Experienced in (a field or skill): "He's experienced in marketing."

    - Experienced with (a situation or technology): "I'm experienced with software development."

3. _Involved_:

    - Involved in (an activity or project): "I'm involved in a charity."

    - Involved with (someone or a group): "She's involved with a community organization."

 

[8/14, 8:54 AM] Meta AI: Here are the additional prepositions with their meanings and examples:

 

1. _Made of_:

    - Indicating the material something is composed of:

        - "This chair is made of wood."

        - "Her dress is made of silk."

2. _Made from_:

    - Indicating the source or origin of something:

        - "This wine is made from grapes."

        - "The cake is made from scratch."

3. _Live by_:

    - Indicating a guiding principle or rule:

        - "I live by the motto 'honesty is the best policy'."

        - "She lives by her intuition."

4. _Live on_:

    - Indicating a source of income or sustenance:

        - "He lives on a tight budget."

        - "They live on their savings."

5. _Live with_:

    - Indicating cohabitation or a close relationship:

        - "I live with my family."

        - "She lives with her partner."

6. _Made for_:

    - Indicating purpose or intention:

        - "This tool is made for precision work."

        - "The software is made for beginners."

7. _Made to_:

    - Indicating a specific measurement or fit:

        - "This suit is made to measure."

        - "The dress is made to fit her perfectly."

8. _Live off_:

    - Indicating reliance on something for survival:

        - "They live off the land."

        - "He lives off his investments."

9. _Live through_:

    - Indicating endurance or survival:

        - "She lived through the war."

        - "He lived through a difficult time."

 

And here are a few more:

 

1. _Benefit from_:

    - Indicating advantage or gain:

        - "I benefit from regular exercise."

        - "She benefits from her experience."

2. _Suffer from_:

    - Indicating a problem or affliction:

        - "He suffers from chronic pain."

        - "She suffers from anxiety."

3. _Profit from_:

    - Indicating financial gain:

        - "The company profits from its investments."

        - "He profits from his business ventures."

1. _Result in_:

    - Indicating a consequence or outcome:

        - "The accident resulted in serious injuries."

        - "The decision resulted in financial losses."

2. _Result from_:

    - Indicating a cause or origin:

        - "The problem resulted from a misunderstanding."

        - "The success resulted from hard work."

3. _Consist of_:

    - Indicating composition or content:

        - "The team consists of experts."

        - "The meal consists of several courses."

4. _Consist in_:

    - Indicating a defining characteristic or feature:

        - "The beauty of the painting consists in its simplicity."

        - "The value of the experience consists in its uniqueness."

5. _Depend on_:

    - Indicating reliance or contingency:

        - "I depend on my colleagues for support."

        - "The outcome depends on the weather."

6. _Depend upon_:

    - Indicating a condition or circumstance:

        - "The success depends upon careful planning."

        - "The outcome depends upon the team's performance."

7. _Accompany with_:

    - Indicating something that goes together with something else:

        - "The meal accompanied with a glass of wine."

        - "The concert accompanied with a light show."

8. _Associate with_:

    - Indicating a connection or relationship:

        - "I associate with colleagues from the industry."

        - "The brand associates with quality and reliability."

 

And here are a few more:

 

1. _Collaborate with_:

    - Indicating working together with someone:

        - "We collaborate with other teams on this project."

        - "She collaborates with artists on her designs."

2. _Cooperate with_:

    - Indicating working together and sharing resources:

        - "The companies cooperate with each other on research."

        - "He cooperates with the authorities on the investigation."

3. _Correspond with_:

    - Indicating communication or exchange:

        - "I correspond with friends through email."

        - "The data corresponds with our expectations."

4. _Disagree with_:

    - Indicating a difference of opinion:

        - "I disagree with your assessment."

        - "She disagrees with the decision."

Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses together. Here are the different types of conjunctions, their definitions, classifications, and examples:

Coordinating conjunctions list:

for

and

nor

but

or

yet

so

Correlative conjunctions list:

as well as

either/or

neither/nor

not only/but also

as/as

both/and

whether/or

Subordinating conjunctions list:

 

after

although

as soon as

because

before

by the time

in case

now that

since

unless

when

whether or not

while

Conjunctive adverbs list:

 

after all

besides

consequently

finally

however

nevertheless

then

therefore

*1. Coordinating Conjunctions*

 

- Definition: Connect words, phrases, or clauses of equal importance.

- Classification: And, But, Or, So, Yet

- Examples:

I completed my work, and went to watch a movie.

    - I wanted to go to the beach, but it was rai

    - I'm tired, so I'm going to bed.

    - I'm tired, yet I still need to finish this work.

 

*2. Subordinating Conjunctions*

 

- Definition: Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.

- Classification: Because, Since, After, Although, If, Unless, Until, While

- Examples:

    - I went to the store because I needed milk.

    - I've been busy since it's morning.

    - I'll go to the party after I finish my homework.

    -  Although I was tired, I went to play.

    - I'll go to the beach if the weather is good.

    - I won't go unless you come with me.

    - I'll wait until you're ready.

    - I'll keep working while you're away.

 

*3. Correlative Conjunctions*

 

- Definition: Used in pairs to connect words or phrases of equal importance.

- Classification: Both...and, Either...or, Not only...but also, Whether...or

- Examples:

    - I like both coffee and tea.

    - Do you want either pizza or sushi?

    - She's not only smart but also beautiful.

    - Whether you like it or not, you have to do it.

 

*4. Conjunctive Adverbs*

A conjunctive adverb is a word that connects two independent clauses (complete sentences) together, showing a relationship between them. It also shows the transition from one idea to another.

Functions:

- Connects independent clauses

- Shows relationships like time, contrast, addition, cause-and-effect, etc.

- Can start a sentence, but must be followed by a comma

 

Examples:

 

- However, I still need to finish my work. (Contrast)

- Therefore, I will attend the meeting. (Cause-and-effect)

- Additionally, she is also a great artist. (Addition)

- Meanwhile, the others were waiting patiently. (Time)

- Nevertheless, I still believe in him. (Contrast)

- Consequently, the project was delayed. (Cause-and-effect)

- Similarly, we also faced the same issue. (Comparison)

- Thus, the problem was solved. (Cause-and-effect)

 

Note that conjunctive adverbs can be moved within a sentence, but their function remains the same.

 

For example:

"I still need to finish my work; however, I will attend the meeting."

 

Or:

"I will attend the meeting; therefore, I need to finish my work."

 

In both cases, the conjunctive adverb connects the two independent clauses and shows a relationship between them.

- Moreover, I think we should consider other options.

- Furthermore, the data supports our hypothesis.

- In addition, we need to analyze the results more closely.

- Likewise, the other team faced similar challenges.

- Nevertheless, we still have a lot to learn.

- Notwithstanding, the benefits outweigh the costs.

- Otherwise, we risk losing our advantage.

- Subsequently, the company saw significant growth.

- Then, we can discuss the implications.

- Thus, the solution is clear.

 

Conjunctive adverbs can also be used to show:

 

- Time: Meanwhile, Next, Then, Soon, Finally

- Contrast: However, Nevertheless, Nonetheless, Still, Yet

- Addition: Additionally, Also, Furthermore, Moreover, Similarly

- Cause-and-effect: Consequently, Hence, Therefore, Thus, As a result

- Comparison: Likewise, Similarly, In the same way

An interjection is a word that expresses emotion, feeling, or sentiment. It's a sudden expression of emotion, and it's often used to convey strong feelings like surprise, excitement, anger, or joy.

 

Examples in sentences:

 

- Oh no! I forgot my phone at home. (surprise)

- Wow! That's an amazing view! (excitement)

- Ouch! That hurts! (pain)

- Ahh! I'm so relieved! (relief)

- Ugh! I hate this traffic! (frustration)

- Yay! I got the job! (joy)

- Oh dear! I'm running late! (concern)

- Hey! What's going on? (attention)

- Whoa! Slow down! (surprise)

- Ah! I see what you mean! (understanding)

Here are some types of interjections and examples of each:

Primary interjections

Single words that express strong emotions or feelings, and are usually used with an exclamation point. Examples include "wow", "yikes", "ouch", "ah", "brr", "eww", "hmm", "ooh", and "yowza".

Volitive interjections

Imperatives that command or request someone to do something. Examples include "shh" to tell someone to be quiet, "shoo" to tell someone to go away, and "boo" to scare someone.

Emotive interjections

Used to convey how we feel about something, and can add emphasis or emotion to statements. Examples include "wow", "yum", "ugh", and "ouch".

Mild interjections

Used to express mild feelings and emotions, and are usually separated from the rest of the sentence by commas. Examples include "oh" and "well".

Greeting interjections

Used when greeting someone, and can express warmth. Examples include "halloo", "hi", "what's up", "hello", and "hey".

Farewell interjections

Used to express emotions when bidding farewell to someone. Examples include "goodbye" and "bon voyage".

Interjections of joy

Used to express joy or instantaneous pleasure and happiness on a particular occasion. For example, "hurrah".

Interjections of sorrow

Used to express sorrow or sadness.

Interjections of surprise

Used to express surprise or the feeling of surprise for any incident that has happened. Examples include "ah", "oh", "wow", and "what".

Interjections of approval

Used to express approval or agreement in a sentence.

Interjections of attention

Used to express attention or to get someone's attention. For example, "oh, waiter!" . 

Courtesy: Meta AI and Google AI