Better to reign in hell than to serve in heaven
In "WH type question "WH words of reported speech part
become the conjunctions
ined as the joining words,
in exclamatory sentence bots WH word and that can be le optative sentence sometimes that is used, and sometimes no conjunction is used making it a simple sentence.
About the reporting verb part: The ways of writing the R. V.P
The rules to change the narrations First type:In direct speech, there will be Sub+R.V+comma(.)
an inverted comma start (")+RSP+a respective punctuation
mark+inverted comma end() Second type:In direct speech. an inverted comma start
CRSP a respective punctuation mark+inverted comma()
end RV Sub/ Sub+R V+full stop(). About the Reporting Verb part:
A direct speech has two parts: RVP & RSP
RVP-Sub+Reporting verb+object RSP-Subverb+object etc.
R.VP in the narration changes:
Change of reporting verbs:
(a) In assertive sentence the R. V sa, says, will say and said become-say, says, will say and said. (b) Say to, says to, will say to and said to become-tell tells
sill tell and told
imperative sentence the R. V generally becomes ask/
aiks/asked But in specific cases it may be ordered,advised. suggested.commanded, directed, cautioned, requested.
proposed, warned, prohibited. forbidden, prevented etc In interrogative sentence the RV becomes-asked.
enquired of ob, wanted to know, questioned etc In exclamatory sentence the RV becomes-exclaimed,
regretted, bade, wished, scolded applauded etc.
5 In optative sentence the R.V becomes-prayed, wished etc. About the Indirect Speech: The indirect speech of an assertive sentence is a noun
clause object of the RV in the M.C
2. The Indirect speech of an imperative sentence is a simple
sentence except for "Let's + a proposal/suggestion The indirect speech of an interrogative sentence is a noun clause object of the R.V in the M.C.
The indirect speech of an exclamatory sentence is a noun clause object of the R.V in the M.C/Also a simple sentence
.
5 The indirect speech of an optative sentence is a noun
clause object of the RV in the M.C. R.S.P in the Narration Change:
Three things change in the R.S.P in the Narration Change
1 Change of subject pronoun
2. Change of tense
Change of words showing nearness to farness. 1. When the subject of the R.VP is a third person:
1-becomes- he, she, it
We-becomes-> they, we
You- becomes > we, he, she, they, it
He-becomes-> he She becomes => she
It-becomes->it
That-becomes-> that This-becomes-> this
When the subject of the R.V.P is a second person:
.....
Birds are entangled by their feet and men by their
tongues
1-becomes-> you
We-becouses you
You-becomes->1. he, she, they He-becomes->he
She-becomes->she
They-becomes-> they
It, this-become-> it, this These, those-become-> these, those
When the subject of the R.VP is a first person:
1- becomes => We-becomes->we
You-becomes-> you
He becomes he
She becomes > she
They becomes they
It, this-become-> it, this
These, those become these, those 2. When the tense of the R.V is present/ future, the tense
of the R.S.P remains the same
When the tense of the R.V is past, the tense of the R.S.P changes as the following:
VI-becomes->v2
Is am/ are become was, were Is/am/ are+ vi- become was, were + v(ing)
Has/ have+v3-become- had +v3
V2-becomes-> had v3. Was, were-become-> was, were/hau heen
Was, were + v(ing)- become had bee. + v(ing)
Had v3-become-> had +v3
Will-becomes-> would
Shall-becomes-> would/ should
Can-becomes->could
May-becomes-> might
Must-becomes-> must, had to
When the R.S.P is a historical fact o universal truth, the
tense in the Indirect Speech does not change 3. Change of words showing nearress to farness
Today => that day To night that night
Here there
Yesterday the day before.ie previous day
Tomorrow the next day
Next day the following day
This that
These those
Come go/come
Now then
Ago before
Thus so
Direct and Indirect Speech
Sentencewise transformation of Direct speeches to Indir
ect speeches
The following types of sentences can be transformed
from direct speeches to indirect speeches 1. Assertive or declarative sentences
2. Imperative sentences 3 Interrogative sentences
4. Exclamatory sentences
5. Optatives sentences
1. Change of Assertive sentences or Declarative sentences
into indirect speech:
........
Blessings are not valued till they are gone.
When the tense of the R.V is present/ future, the tense of
the R.S.P remains the same. Direct speech: Ram says. "I am a student."
Indirect speech: Ram says that he is a student. Direct: Sita will say, "Ram is the cleverest student." Indirect: Sita will say that Ram is the cleverest student. Direct: You will say, "Whether you know the answer or not." Indirect: You will say whether you know the answer or not. Direct: I shall say, "I agree to the proposal of Hari." Indirect: I shall say that I agree to the proposal of Hari. Direct: Teacher says, "You are sincere students."
Indirect: Teacher says that we/they are sincere students. When R.V is in past tense, the tense of the R.S.P changes
accordingly:
Direct: Ram said, "I am a student."
Indirect: Ram said that he was a student.
Direct: Ram said, "You know English well." Indirect: Ram said that I/we, he/they knew English well. Direct: Ram said to me, "You are not sincere in studies." Indirect: Ram told me that I was not sincere in studies. Direct Mother said to her son, "You are not paying attention
to studies properly." Indirect: Mother told her son that he was not paying attention
to studies properly.
Direct: Sita said to Gita, "You have stood first in thetest." Indirect: Sita told Gita that she had stood first in the test. Direct: Mama said to Papa. "You have not been taking care of the family matters for a month."
Indirect speech: Mama told Papa that he had not been taking care of the family matters for a month. When R.V is in past tense, R.S.P is in the respective Past
tense:
Direct Hari said to Gopal. Teacher taught us grammar today"
Indirect: Hari told Gopal that teacher had taught them grammar that day.
Direct: Ravi said to me. "Teacher was absent from the school
today Indirect: Ravi told me that teacher was/had been absent from
the school that day. Direct: Nita said to Geeta, "Lata was beaten in the class today"
Indirect: Nita told Geeta that Lata had been beaten in the
class that day. Direct: Hari said to us. "You were not watching the match."
Indirect: Hari told us that we had not been watching the match. Direct: My mother said to my friends, "You were not study-
ing with a purpose." Indirect: My mother told my friends that they had not been studying with a purpose.
When R.V is in past tense & R.S.P is in modal auxiliaries, Direct: Krishna said to me, "I shall do it now."
Indirect: Krishna told me that he would do that then. Direct: Gita said to Lata. "You will not be waiting forme/us." Indirect: Gita told Lata that she would not be waiting for her/ them.
Direct: The doctor said to the patient, "You will havet aken the pills before my arrival." Indirect: The doctor told the patient that he would have
.......
Blind zeal can only do harm
taken the pills before his arrival.
Direct: Rakesh said, "Our team can beat your team. Indirect: Rakesh said that their team could beat our/their
team.
Direct: Meeta said to Lata, "You may do this." Indirect: Meeta told Lata that she might do that.
Direct Mohan said to Shohan, "We have to reach home before night."
Indirect: Mohan told Shohan that they had to reach home
before night.
Direct: Mother said to her daughter, "You will have to come in the rank."
Indirect: Mother told her daughter that she would have to
come in the rank
Direct: Teacher said to the students, "You must not waste
time."
Indirect: Teacher told students that they must not waste time Change of Imperative sentences into Indirect speech: Direct: Ram said to me, "Do your duty."
Indirect: Ram asked me to do my duty. Direct: Teacher said to the students, "Utilize every bit of
time."
Indirect: Teacher advised the students to utilize every bit of Direct: Father said to his son, "Be prepared to come first in
time
the exam."
Indirect: Father reminded his son of being prepared to come first in the exam.
Direct: Doctor said to the patient, "Take medicines in time." Indirect: Doctor prescribed the patient to take medicines in
time
Direct: Mother said to her children, "Don't play with fire"
Indirect: Mother advised her children not to play with time Direct: Govt asked the public, "Don't use polythene bags." Indirect: Govt asked the public not to use polythene bags.
Direct: The beggar said to the rich man, "Please donate me
some money."
Indirect: The beggar requested the rich man to kindly donate him some money. Direct: The U.N.O asked the world, "Don't proliferate nucl-
car weapons."
Indirect: The U.N.O earnestly asked the world not to prolifer
ate nuclear weapons. stop until I order"
The General said to the soldiers. "March ahead and don't
The General commanded the soldiers to march ahead and not to stop until he ordered. The clerk said to the peon, "Bring me this file now"
The clerk ordered the peon to bring him that file then The use of 'Let' in indirect speech Direct: Ram said to himself. "Let me think about my future
myself."
Ram told himself that he should think about his future
himself
Direct: Ram said to his friends. "Let me think about my Ram asked his friends to let him think about his future
future myself."
himself
Direct: Ram said to his teacher, "Let me go home now as the
....
Birds of a feather flock together.
Indirect Ram requested his teacher to kindly let him go home then as the lecture had been over. Direct. Ram said to his friends, "Let's go for a morning
walk Indirect: Ram proposed to/suggested his friends that they should go for a morning walk
Direct I said to my friends. "Let's help the quake affected victims."
Indirect I suggested my friends that we should help the
quake affected
victims.
Direct The Head Master said to his subordinate, "Let Rakesh do what he likes" Indirect The Head Master asked his subordinate that Rakesh
might do what he liked. Or. The Head Master asked his subordinate to let Rakesh do
What he liked Conversion of interrogative sentences into indirect speech: Interrogative sentences are of two types:
Yes/No (verbal) interrogative sentences
2) Wh-type interrogative sentences
1. Conversion of Yes/No verball interrogative sentences into indirect speech:
Direct Ram said to me, "Do you do duty'? Indirect Ram asked me if/whether I did my duty
Direct Teacher asked the students. "Do you utilize every bit
of lume Indirect: Teacher asked the students if/whether they utilized
every bit of tine
Direct: Father said to his son. "Are you prepared to come
first in the exam?"
Indirect Father asked his son if/whether he was prepared to
come first in the exam. Direct: Doctor said to the patient. "Did you take medicines in
Time""" Indirect: Doctor asked the patient if/whether he tookmedic-
ines in time.
Direct Mother said to her children. "Did you play with fire?" Indirect Mother asked her children if/whether they had play- ed with fire.
Direct: The police asked the public. "Din't you use polythene bag7
Indirect The police asked the public if/whether they had not used polythene bag
Direct. Rain said to me, "Are you sincere in studies?" Indirect: Ram asked me if/whether I was sincere instudies. Direct Mother said to her son. "Are you paying attention to studies properly?"
Indirect: Mother asked her son if/ whether he was paying attention to studies properly.
Direct: Sita said to Gita. "Have you stood first in the test?" Indirect: Sita asked Gita if/ whether she had stood first in the
Direct: Hari said to Gopal. "Did teacher teach us grammar today?
Indirect Hari asked Gopal if/ whether teacher had taught them grammar that day. Direct: Ravi said to me, "Was teacher absent from the
.......
Bright is the ring of words when the right man rings the
been absent from the school that day
Direct: Nita said to Geeta, "Was Lata beaten in the class
today?"
Indirect: Nita asked Geeta if whether Lata had been beaten in the class that day.
the match
Direct: Hari said to us. "Were you watching the match? Indirect: Hari asked us if whether we had not been watching
with a purpose?"
Direct My mother said to my friends. "Were you studying Indirect. My mother asked my friends if whether they had
been studying with a purpose. Direct: Krishna said to me," Will you do it now?"
Indirect: Krishna asked me if/ whether I would do that then Direct: Gita said to Lata. "Will you be awaiting me/us?" Indirect: Gita asked Lata if whether she would be awaiting
her/them
Direct Rakesh said, "Can your team beat our team? Indirect: Rakesh asked if whether our team could beat
their team
Direct: Meeta said to Lata, "May you do this?" Indirect: Meeta asked Lata if/ whether she might do that. Direct: Mohan said to Shohan, "Do we have to reach home
before night?"
Indirect: Molan asked Shohan if whether they had to reach home before night.
indirect speech:
Indirect: Ram asked me why I did not do my duty.
2. Conversion of Wh-type interrogative sentences into Direct Ram said to me, "Why don't you do duty?"
Direct: Teacher asked the students, "Why don't you utilize every bit of time?"
Indirect Teacher asked the students why they did not utilize every bit of time.
Direct: Father said to his son, "Why aren't you prepared to
come first in the exam?"
Indirect Father asked his son why he was not prepared to
come first in the exam.
Direct Doctor said to the patient. "Why don't you take medi-
cines in time?" Indirect Doctor asked the patient why he didn't take medici-
nes in time
Direct Mother said to her children. "Why do you play with fire?
with fire
Indirect speech: Mother asked her children why they played Direct. The police asked the public, "Why do you use polyth-
ene bag?"
Indirect: The police asked the public why they used polythene
bag
Direct: Ram said, "Why weren't you sincere in studies?" Indirect: Ram asked me why I was not/had not been sincere
in studies.
Direct: Mother said to her son, "Why weren't you paying attention to studies properly?"
Indirect Mother asked tion to studies properly.
her son why he was not paying atten Direct: Sita said to Gita, "Why couldn't you stand first in the
(20)
test?" Indirect: Sita asked Gita why she couldn't stand first in the
.....
Business is other people's money
Direct Han said to Gopal, "What did teacher teach us in
Indirect Hari asked Gopal what teacher had taught them in gaminar that day
Direct Rai said to me, "Why was teacher absent from the school today Indirect Ravi asked me why teacher was had been absent
on the school that day
Dont: Nita said to Geeta, "Why was Lata beaten in the class
Indirect Nita asked Geeta why Lata had been beaten in the
class that day Direct: Hari to us, "Where were you watching thematch? Indirect Hari asked us where we had been watching the
Direct My mother said to my friends, "Why weren't you studying with a purpose
Indirect My mother asked my friends why they hadn't been studying with a purpose Direct: Krishna said to me. "When will you do it?
Indirect Krishna asked me when I would do that Direct: Gits said to Lat. "What can I do for you?
Indirect Gita asked Lata what she could do for her Direct Rakesh said, "How can a thief escape from the jail? Indirect Rakesh asked how a thief could escape from the jail.
Direct Meeta said to Lata "Why will you do this? Indirect Meeta asked Lata why she would do that Direct: Mohan said to Shohan, "When will we have to reach
home? Indirect Molan asked Shohan when they would have to mach home
Conversion of Exclamatory sentences into indirect speech: Direct Ram said to his friends, "What a nice idea Indirect: Ram exclaimed to his friends what a nice idea it was Or
Indirect: Ram exclaimed to his friends that it was a nice idea
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "How foolish you
Indirect The teacher exclaimed to the students how foolish they were
Or Indirect The teacher exclaimed to the students that they were extremely foolish Direct "Hip! Hip! Hurray! My friend has won the prize",
said Umesh Indirect Umesh exclaimed with joy that his friend had won
the prize Direct: Alas! India lost the match", Komal said to Kaushik Indirect Komal exclaimed to Kaushik with sorrow that India had lost the match
Direct "How strange a mouse is narrating the story, said a reader
Indirect A reader exclaimed with wonder that a mouse was narrating the story Direct Tot-out! He has scored only ten out of hundred, the
fed up teacher said Indirect The fed up teacher exclaimed with disgust that he had scored
Direct Br country wbght glory to the
.....
Chance makes our parents, but choice makes our friends
Indirect: The happy public exclaimed with applause that
Sania Mirza had brought glory to the country.
ered a student to the class
Direct: "Hush! The teacher is coming to our room", whisp Indirect: A student whispered to the class that the teacher
was coming to their room.
Direct: "Oh! I lost the game for one point only" said he Indirect He exclaimed with surprise that he had lost the
game for one point only.
Direct: "Phew! He lost the game on taking bribe", said the disappointed fans.
Indirect: The disappointed fans exclaimed with contempt that he had lost the game on taking bribe
Conversion of Optative sentences into indirect speech: Direct Bagheera said, "Would that Baloo were here."
Indirect Bagheera wished that Baloo had been there. Direct: He said, "O that I were a king."
Indirect. He wished that he had been a king Direct He said, "Would that I were a film star."
Indirect: He wished that he were a film star
Direct: He said, "If only he were my guide.". Indirect: He wished that he were/had been his guide
Direct: He said, "O that I had wings."
Indirect. He wished that he had wings. Direct: She said, "If only I were a beauty queen.
Indirect: She wished that she were/had been a beauty queen. Direct: He said, "Would that I were a billionaire" Indirect: He wished that he were had been a billionaire Direct: "Congratulations my dear friend on your great
success", Rakesh said to Ramesh. Indirect: Rakesh congratulated his dear friend Ramesh
on his great success
Direct: "Good morning teacher", said Pratibha Indirect speech. Pratibha wished/bade good morning to
teacher.
Or, Pratibha wished/bade her teacher good morning Direct: "Bye teacher", said the students.
Indirect: The students bade the teacher bye
Direct "May you live long", the pleased people said to
the king
Indirect: The pleased people prayed that their king
might live long. Direct: "May God help you", the satisfied beggar said
to the donor.
Indirect: The satisfied beggar prayed to God that He might help the donor. Direct: "May you live in peace and prosperity", the
old man said the couple
Indirect: The old man blessed the couple that they might live in peace and prosperity Direct: "Have a good day", the newsreader said to the
viewers
Indirect: The newsreader wished the viewers a good
day
Conversion of the sentences of universal truth historical fact into indirect speech:
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "The earth is round"
(21)
her
Indirect. The teacher told the students that the cart is round
......
Clean acts are as explicit as light
Direct The teacher said to the students, "Man is mortal Indirect: The teacher told the students that man is mortal
Direct: The preacher said to the disciples. "Man reaps what he sows
Indirect The preacher told the disciples that man reaps what
he sows
Direct: The doctor said to the patients. "Untidiness invites
diseases
Indirect. The doctor told the patients that untidiness invites diseases
Direct The preacher said to the disciples. "God is one and Indirect The preacher told the disciples that God is one and
the inseparable.
the inseparable
Direct: The grandmother said to the grandchildren, "Ram
killed Ravan.
Indirect The grandmother told the grandchildren that Ram killed Ravan
5. Degree of comparison 1.Whenever the adjectives of two nouns are compared the following rules are to be followed.
First rule *(-)-Negative, (+)- Positive
4
PD Positive Degree
*CD Comparative Degree
SD Superlative Degree
(+) PD becomest) C.D.
PD becomes (+) CD
(+) CD becomes (-) PD (-) CD becomes (+) PD
"Sentence order in (+) P.D
First subject +verb+ as p.d as+ second subject When transformed into (-) C.D
Second subject + verb + not + c.d+than+ first subject +
(Verb).
(+) PD-Ram is as clever as Hari.
(-) CD-Hari is not cleverer than Ram (is). (+) PD-Night is as important as day.
(-) CD Day is not more important than night (is).
(+) PD-Sita is as pretty as Gita.
(-) CD-Gita is not prettier than Sita (is). (+) PD-Rakesh plays as well as Ramesh.
(-) CD-Ramesh does not play better than Rakesh (plays).
(+) PD- Namita ran as fast as Kavita
(-) CD- Kavita did not run faster than Namita (ran). *Sentence order in (-) P.D First subject + verb + not +
as p.d as+ second subject. When transformed into (+) C.D Second subject + verb
+c.d+than+ first subject (Verb).
(-) PD- Krishna is not as dull as Dev.
(+) CD- Dev is duller than Krishna (is).
(-) PD-Gopal is not as dull as Naresh (+) CD-Naresh is duller than Gopal (is).
(-) PD-Namita was not as smart as Susmita. (+) CD-Susmita was smatter than Namita (was).
(-) PD-Nilesh does not bowl as fast Priyesh.
1) CD-Priyeshi bowls faster than Nilesh (does).
1-) PD-England did not score as many runs as India (+) CD-India scored more runs than England (did).
.....
Condemn the fault and not the actor of it
"Sentence order in (+) CD- First subject +verb+c.d+than+ second subject.
When transformed into (-) P.D-
Second subject + verb+not+ as p.d as + first subject.
(4) CD-Gopi is taller than Bapi (-) PD-Bapi is not as tall as Gopi (is).
(+) CD-Sita is prettier than Gita (-) PD-Gita is not as pretty as Sita (is).
(+) CD-Iron is heavier than paper.
(-) PD-Paper is not as heavy as iron (is). (+)CD-Mila is more intelligent than Lata.
(-) PD-Lata is not as intelligent as Mita (is).
(+) CD-Mother is kinder than father. (-) PD-Father is not as kind as mother (is).
*Scatence order in (-) C.D-
First subject + verb+not+cd+than+ second subject.
When transformed into (+) P.D- Second subject + verb+ as p.d as+ first subject.
(-) CD-Ram is not cleverer than Hari.
(+) PD-Hari is as clever as Ram (is). (-) CD-England is not richer than America.
(+) PD-America is as rich as England (is).
(-) CD-Rohan does not bat more defensively than Molan
(+) PD-Mohan bats as defensively as Rohan (bats) (-) CD-The Indians are not more industrious than the
Japanese
(+) PD-The Japanese are as industrious as the Indians (are (-) CD-Aurangjeb was not more popular than Akbar
(+) PD-Akbar was as popular as Aurangjeb (was) Second rule:
*(-)-Negative, (+)= Positive
PD-Positive Degree CD Comparative Degree
SD- Superlative Degree
(+) PD becomes (-) & less P.D) (-) P.D becomes (+) & less PD
(+) CD becomes (+) & less PD
(-) CD becomes (-) & less PD
*Sentence order in (+) P.D "First subject + verb + as p.d
as second subject.
When transformed into (-) & less P.D"! First subject+
verb+not+ less+p.d+than+ first subject + (Verb). (+) PD-Ram is as clever as Hari.
(-) & less PD- Ram is not less clever than Hari (is).
(+) PD- Night is as important as day.
(-) & less P.D- Night is not less important than day (is). (+) PD-Sita is as pretty as Gita
(-) & less PD- Sita is not less pretty than Gita (15)
(+) PD-Rakesh plays as well as Ramesh. (-) & less P.D- Rakesh does not play less well than Ramesh
(plays)
(+) PD-Namita ran as fast as Kavita.
(-) & less P.D-Namita did not run less fast than Kavita
(ran).
*Sentence order in (-) P.D- First subject + verb+not+ as p.d as+ second subject.
(Verb).
When transformed into (+) & less P.D First subject + verb + less p.d+than+second subject
(-) PD-Krishna is not as dull as Dev. (+) & less PD- Krishna is less dull than Dev (is).
.....
In "WH type question "WH words of reported speech part
become the conjunctions
ined as the joining words,
in exclamatory sentence bots WH word and that can be le optative sentence sometimes that is used, and sometimes no conjunction is used making it a simple sentence.
About the reporting verb part: The ways of writing the R. V.P
The rules to change the narrations First type:In direct speech, there will be Sub+R.V+comma(.)
an inverted comma start (")+RSP+a respective punctuation
mark+inverted comma end() Second type:In direct speech. an inverted comma start
CRSP a respective punctuation mark+inverted comma()
end RV Sub/ Sub+R V+full stop(). About the Reporting Verb part:
A direct speech has two parts: RVP & RSP
RVP-Sub+Reporting verb+object RSP-Subverb+object etc.
R.VP in the narration changes:
Change of reporting verbs:
(a) In assertive sentence the R. V sa, says, will say and said become-say, says, will say and said. (b) Say to, says to, will say to and said to become-tell tells
sill tell and told
imperative sentence the R. V generally becomes ask/
aiks/asked But in specific cases it may be ordered,advised. suggested.commanded, directed, cautioned, requested.
proposed, warned, prohibited. forbidden, prevented etc In interrogative sentence the RV becomes-asked.
enquired of ob, wanted to know, questioned etc In exclamatory sentence the RV becomes-exclaimed,
regretted, bade, wished, scolded applauded etc.
5 In optative sentence the R.V becomes-prayed, wished etc. About the Indirect Speech: The indirect speech of an assertive sentence is a noun
clause object of the RV in the M.C
2. The Indirect speech of an imperative sentence is a simple
sentence except for "Let's + a proposal/suggestion The indirect speech of an interrogative sentence is a noun clause object of the R.V in the M.C.
The indirect speech of an exclamatory sentence is a noun clause object of the R.V in the M.C/Also a simple sentence
.
5 The indirect speech of an optative sentence is a noun
clause object of the RV in the M.C. R.S.P in the Narration Change:
Three things change in the R.S.P in the Narration Change
1 Change of subject pronoun
2. Change of tense
Change of words showing nearness to farness. 1. When the subject of the R.VP is a third person:
1-becomes- he, she, it
We-becomes-> they, we
You- becomes > we, he, she, they, it
He-becomes-> he She becomes => she
It-becomes->it
That-becomes-> that This-becomes-> this
When the subject of the R.V.P is a second person:
.....
Birds are entangled by their feet and men by their
tongues
1-becomes-> you
We-becouses you
You-becomes->1. he, she, they He-becomes->he
She-becomes->she
They-becomes-> they
It, this-become-> it, this These, those-become-> these, those
When the subject of the R.VP is a first person:
1- becomes => We-becomes->we
You-becomes-> you
He becomes he
She becomes > she
They becomes they
It, this-become-> it, this
These, those become these, those 2. When the tense of the R.V is present/ future, the tense
of the R.S.P remains the same
When the tense of the R.V is past, the tense of the R.S.P changes as the following:
VI-becomes->v2
Is am/ are become was, were Is/am/ are+ vi- become was, were + v(ing)
Has/ have+v3-become- had +v3
V2-becomes-> had v3. Was, were-become-> was, were/hau heen
Was, were + v(ing)- become had bee. + v(ing)
Had v3-become-> had +v3
Will-becomes-> would
Shall-becomes-> would/ should
Can-becomes->could
May-becomes-> might
Must-becomes-> must, had to
When the R.S.P is a historical fact o universal truth, the
tense in the Indirect Speech does not change 3. Change of words showing nearress to farness
Today => that day To night that night
Here there
Yesterday the day before.ie previous day
Tomorrow the next day
Next day the following day
This that
These those
Come go/come
Now then
Ago before
Thus so
Direct and Indirect Speech
Sentencewise transformation of Direct speeches to Indir
ect speeches
The following types of sentences can be transformed
from direct speeches to indirect speeches 1. Assertive or declarative sentences
2. Imperative sentences 3 Interrogative sentences
4. Exclamatory sentences
5. Optatives sentences
1. Change of Assertive sentences or Declarative sentences
into indirect speech:
........
Blessings are not valued till they are gone.
When the tense of the R.V is present/ future, the tense of
the R.S.P remains the same. Direct speech: Ram says. "I am a student."
Indirect speech: Ram says that he is a student. Direct: Sita will say, "Ram is the cleverest student." Indirect: Sita will say that Ram is the cleverest student. Direct: You will say, "Whether you know the answer or not." Indirect: You will say whether you know the answer or not. Direct: I shall say, "I agree to the proposal of Hari." Indirect: I shall say that I agree to the proposal of Hari. Direct: Teacher says, "You are sincere students."
Indirect: Teacher says that we/they are sincere students. When R.V is in past tense, the tense of the R.S.P changes
accordingly:
Direct: Ram said, "I am a student."
Indirect: Ram said that he was a student.
Direct: Ram said, "You know English well." Indirect: Ram said that I/we, he/they knew English well. Direct: Ram said to me, "You are not sincere in studies." Indirect: Ram told me that I was not sincere in studies. Direct Mother said to her son, "You are not paying attention
to studies properly." Indirect: Mother told her son that he was not paying attention
to studies properly.
Direct: Sita said to Gita, "You have stood first in thetest." Indirect: Sita told Gita that she had stood first in the test. Direct: Mama said to Papa. "You have not been taking care of the family matters for a month."
Indirect speech: Mama told Papa that he had not been taking care of the family matters for a month. When R.V is in past tense, R.S.P is in the respective Past
tense:
Direct Hari said to Gopal. Teacher taught us grammar today"
Indirect: Hari told Gopal that teacher had taught them grammar that day.
Direct: Ravi said to me. "Teacher was absent from the school
today Indirect: Ravi told me that teacher was/had been absent from
the school that day. Direct: Nita said to Geeta, "Lata was beaten in the class today"
Indirect: Nita told Geeta that Lata had been beaten in the
class that day. Direct: Hari said to us. "You were not watching the match."
Indirect: Hari told us that we had not been watching the match. Direct: My mother said to my friends, "You were not study-
ing with a purpose." Indirect: My mother told my friends that they had not been studying with a purpose.
When R.V is in past tense & R.S.P is in modal auxiliaries, Direct: Krishna said to me, "I shall do it now."
Indirect: Krishna told me that he would do that then. Direct: Gita said to Lata. "You will not be waiting forme/us." Indirect: Gita told Lata that she would not be waiting for her/ them.
Direct: The doctor said to the patient, "You will havet aken the pills before my arrival." Indirect: The doctor told the patient that he would have
.......
Blind zeal can only do harm
taken the pills before his arrival.
Direct: Rakesh said, "Our team can beat your team. Indirect: Rakesh said that their team could beat our/their
team.
Direct: Meeta said to Lata, "You may do this." Indirect: Meeta told Lata that she might do that.
Direct Mohan said to Shohan, "We have to reach home before night."
Indirect: Mohan told Shohan that they had to reach home
before night.
Direct: Mother said to her daughter, "You will have to come in the rank."
Indirect: Mother told her daughter that she would have to
come in the rank
Direct: Teacher said to the students, "You must not waste
time."
Indirect: Teacher told students that they must not waste time Change of Imperative sentences into Indirect speech: Direct: Ram said to me, "Do your duty."
Indirect: Ram asked me to do my duty. Direct: Teacher said to the students, "Utilize every bit of
time."
Indirect: Teacher advised the students to utilize every bit of Direct: Father said to his son, "Be prepared to come first in
time
the exam."
Indirect: Father reminded his son of being prepared to come first in the exam.
Direct: Doctor said to the patient, "Take medicines in time." Indirect: Doctor prescribed the patient to take medicines in
time
Direct: Mother said to her children, "Don't play with fire"
Indirect: Mother advised her children not to play with time Direct: Govt asked the public, "Don't use polythene bags." Indirect: Govt asked the public not to use polythene bags.
Direct: The beggar said to the rich man, "Please donate me
some money."
Indirect: The beggar requested the rich man to kindly donate him some money. Direct: The U.N.O asked the world, "Don't proliferate nucl-
car weapons."
Indirect: The U.N.O earnestly asked the world not to prolifer
ate nuclear weapons. stop until I order"
The General said to the soldiers. "March ahead and don't
The General commanded the soldiers to march ahead and not to stop until he ordered. The clerk said to the peon, "Bring me this file now"
The clerk ordered the peon to bring him that file then The use of 'Let' in indirect speech Direct: Ram said to himself. "Let me think about my future
myself."
Ram told himself that he should think about his future
himself
Direct: Ram said to his friends. "Let me think about my Ram asked his friends to let him think about his future
future myself."
himself
Direct: Ram said to his teacher, "Let me go home now as the
....
Birds of a feather flock together.
Indirect Ram requested his teacher to kindly let him go home then as the lecture had been over. Direct. Ram said to his friends, "Let's go for a morning
walk Indirect: Ram proposed to/suggested his friends that they should go for a morning walk
Direct I said to my friends. "Let's help the quake affected victims."
Indirect I suggested my friends that we should help the
quake affected
victims.
Direct The Head Master said to his subordinate, "Let Rakesh do what he likes" Indirect The Head Master asked his subordinate that Rakesh
might do what he liked. Or. The Head Master asked his subordinate to let Rakesh do
What he liked Conversion of interrogative sentences into indirect speech: Interrogative sentences are of two types:
Yes/No (verbal) interrogative sentences
2) Wh-type interrogative sentences
1. Conversion of Yes/No verball interrogative sentences into indirect speech:
Direct Ram said to me, "Do you do duty'? Indirect Ram asked me if/whether I did my duty
Direct Teacher asked the students. "Do you utilize every bit
of lume Indirect: Teacher asked the students if/whether they utilized
every bit of tine
Direct: Father said to his son. "Are you prepared to come
first in the exam?"
Indirect Father asked his son if/whether he was prepared to
come first in the exam. Direct: Doctor said to the patient. "Did you take medicines in
Time""" Indirect: Doctor asked the patient if/whether he tookmedic-
ines in time.
Direct Mother said to her children. "Did you play with fire?" Indirect Mother asked her children if/whether they had play- ed with fire.
Direct: The police asked the public. "Din't you use polythene bag7
Indirect The police asked the public if/whether they had not used polythene bag
Direct. Rain said to me, "Are you sincere in studies?" Indirect: Ram asked me if/whether I was sincere instudies. Direct Mother said to her son. "Are you paying attention to studies properly?"
Indirect: Mother asked her son if/ whether he was paying attention to studies properly.
Direct: Sita said to Gita. "Have you stood first in the test?" Indirect: Sita asked Gita if/ whether she had stood first in the
Direct: Hari said to Gopal. "Did teacher teach us grammar today?
Indirect Hari asked Gopal if/ whether teacher had taught them grammar that day. Direct: Ravi said to me, "Was teacher absent from the
.......
Bright is the ring of words when the right man rings the
been absent from the school that day
Direct: Nita said to Geeta, "Was Lata beaten in the class
today?"
Indirect: Nita asked Geeta if whether Lata had been beaten in the class that day.
the match
Direct: Hari said to us. "Were you watching the match? Indirect: Hari asked us if whether we had not been watching
with a purpose?"
Direct My mother said to my friends. "Were you studying Indirect. My mother asked my friends if whether they had
been studying with a purpose. Direct: Krishna said to me," Will you do it now?"
Indirect: Krishna asked me if/ whether I would do that then Direct: Gita said to Lata. "Will you be awaiting me/us?" Indirect: Gita asked Lata if whether she would be awaiting
her/them
Direct Rakesh said, "Can your team beat our team? Indirect: Rakesh asked if whether our team could beat
their team
Direct: Meeta said to Lata, "May you do this?" Indirect: Meeta asked Lata if/ whether she might do that. Direct: Mohan said to Shohan, "Do we have to reach home
before night?"
Indirect: Molan asked Shohan if whether they had to reach home before night.
indirect speech:
Indirect: Ram asked me why I did not do my duty.
2. Conversion of Wh-type interrogative sentences into Direct Ram said to me, "Why don't you do duty?"
Direct: Teacher asked the students, "Why don't you utilize every bit of time?"
Indirect Teacher asked the students why they did not utilize every bit of time.
Direct: Father said to his son, "Why aren't you prepared to
come first in the exam?"
Indirect Father asked his son why he was not prepared to
come first in the exam.
Direct Doctor said to the patient. "Why don't you take medi-
cines in time?" Indirect Doctor asked the patient why he didn't take medici-
nes in time
Direct Mother said to her children. "Why do you play with fire?
with fire
Indirect speech: Mother asked her children why they played Direct. The police asked the public, "Why do you use polyth-
ene bag?"
Indirect: The police asked the public why they used polythene
bag
Direct: Ram said, "Why weren't you sincere in studies?" Indirect: Ram asked me why I was not/had not been sincere
in studies.
Direct: Mother said to her son, "Why weren't you paying attention to studies properly?"
Indirect Mother asked tion to studies properly.
her son why he was not paying atten Direct: Sita said to Gita, "Why couldn't you stand first in the
(20)
test?" Indirect: Sita asked Gita why she couldn't stand first in the
.....
Business is other people's money
Direct Han said to Gopal, "What did teacher teach us in
Indirect Hari asked Gopal what teacher had taught them in gaminar that day
Direct Rai said to me, "Why was teacher absent from the school today Indirect Ravi asked me why teacher was had been absent
on the school that day
Dont: Nita said to Geeta, "Why was Lata beaten in the class
Indirect Nita asked Geeta why Lata had been beaten in the
class that day Direct: Hari to us, "Where were you watching thematch? Indirect Hari asked us where we had been watching the
Direct My mother said to my friends, "Why weren't you studying with a purpose
Indirect My mother asked my friends why they hadn't been studying with a purpose Direct: Krishna said to me. "When will you do it?
Indirect Krishna asked me when I would do that Direct: Gits said to Lat. "What can I do for you?
Indirect Gita asked Lata what she could do for her Direct Rakesh said, "How can a thief escape from the jail? Indirect Rakesh asked how a thief could escape from the jail.
Direct Meeta said to Lata "Why will you do this? Indirect Meeta asked Lata why she would do that Direct: Mohan said to Shohan, "When will we have to reach
home? Indirect Molan asked Shohan when they would have to mach home
Conversion of Exclamatory sentences into indirect speech: Direct Ram said to his friends, "What a nice idea Indirect: Ram exclaimed to his friends what a nice idea it was Or
Indirect: Ram exclaimed to his friends that it was a nice idea
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "How foolish you
Indirect The teacher exclaimed to the students how foolish they were
Or Indirect The teacher exclaimed to the students that they were extremely foolish Direct "Hip! Hip! Hurray! My friend has won the prize",
said Umesh Indirect Umesh exclaimed with joy that his friend had won
the prize Direct: Alas! India lost the match", Komal said to Kaushik Indirect Komal exclaimed to Kaushik with sorrow that India had lost the match
Direct "How strange a mouse is narrating the story, said a reader
Indirect A reader exclaimed with wonder that a mouse was narrating the story Direct Tot-out! He has scored only ten out of hundred, the
fed up teacher said Indirect The fed up teacher exclaimed with disgust that he had scored
Direct Br country wbght glory to the
.....
Chance makes our parents, but choice makes our friends
Indirect: The happy public exclaimed with applause that
Sania Mirza had brought glory to the country.
ered a student to the class
Direct: "Hush! The teacher is coming to our room", whisp Indirect: A student whispered to the class that the teacher
was coming to their room.
Direct: "Oh! I lost the game for one point only" said he Indirect He exclaimed with surprise that he had lost the
game for one point only.
Direct: "Phew! He lost the game on taking bribe", said the disappointed fans.
Indirect: The disappointed fans exclaimed with contempt that he had lost the game on taking bribe
Conversion of Optative sentences into indirect speech: Direct Bagheera said, "Would that Baloo were here."
Indirect Bagheera wished that Baloo had been there. Direct: He said, "O that I were a king."
Indirect. He wished that he had been a king Direct He said, "Would that I were a film star."
Indirect: He wished that he were a film star
Direct: He said, "If only he were my guide.". Indirect: He wished that he were/had been his guide
Direct: He said, "O that I had wings."
Indirect. He wished that he had wings. Direct: She said, "If only I were a beauty queen.
Indirect: She wished that she were/had been a beauty queen. Direct: He said, "Would that I were a billionaire" Indirect: He wished that he were had been a billionaire Direct: "Congratulations my dear friend on your great
success", Rakesh said to Ramesh. Indirect: Rakesh congratulated his dear friend Ramesh
on his great success
Direct: "Good morning teacher", said Pratibha Indirect speech. Pratibha wished/bade good morning to
teacher.
Or, Pratibha wished/bade her teacher good morning Direct: "Bye teacher", said the students.
Indirect: The students bade the teacher bye
Direct "May you live long", the pleased people said to
the king
Indirect: The pleased people prayed that their king
might live long. Direct: "May God help you", the satisfied beggar said
to the donor.
Indirect: The satisfied beggar prayed to God that He might help the donor. Direct: "May you live in peace and prosperity", the
old man said the couple
Indirect: The old man blessed the couple that they might live in peace and prosperity Direct: "Have a good day", the newsreader said to the
viewers
Indirect: The newsreader wished the viewers a good
day
Conversion of the sentences of universal truth historical fact into indirect speech:
Direct: The teacher said to the students, "The earth is round"
(21)
her
Indirect. The teacher told the students that the cart is round
......
Clean acts are as explicit as light
Direct The teacher said to the students, "Man is mortal Indirect: The teacher told the students that man is mortal
Direct: The preacher said to the disciples. "Man reaps what he sows
Indirect The preacher told the disciples that man reaps what
he sows
Direct: The doctor said to the patients. "Untidiness invites
diseases
Indirect. The doctor told the patients that untidiness invites diseases
Direct The preacher said to the disciples. "God is one and Indirect The preacher told the disciples that God is one and
the inseparable.
the inseparable
Direct: The grandmother said to the grandchildren, "Ram
killed Ravan.
Indirect The grandmother told the grandchildren that Ram killed Ravan
5. Degree of comparison 1.Whenever the adjectives of two nouns are compared the following rules are to be followed.
First rule *(-)-Negative, (+)- Positive
4
PD Positive Degree
*CD Comparative Degree
SD Superlative Degree
(+) PD becomest) C.D.
PD becomes (+) CD
(+) CD becomes (-) PD (-) CD becomes (+) PD
"Sentence order in (+) P.D
First subject +verb+ as p.d as+ second subject When transformed into (-) C.D
Second subject + verb + not + c.d+than+ first subject +
(Verb).
(+) PD-Ram is as clever as Hari.
(-) CD-Hari is not cleverer than Ram (is). (+) PD-Night is as important as day.
(-) CD Day is not more important than night (is).
(+) PD-Sita is as pretty as Gita.
(-) CD-Gita is not prettier than Sita (is). (+) PD-Rakesh plays as well as Ramesh.
(-) CD-Ramesh does not play better than Rakesh (plays).
(+) PD- Namita ran as fast as Kavita
(-) CD- Kavita did not run faster than Namita (ran). *Sentence order in (-) P.D First subject + verb + not +
as p.d as+ second subject. When transformed into (+) C.D Second subject + verb
+c.d+than+ first subject (Verb).
(-) PD- Krishna is not as dull as Dev.
(+) CD- Dev is duller than Krishna (is).
(-) PD-Gopal is not as dull as Naresh (+) CD-Naresh is duller than Gopal (is).
(-) PD-Namita was not as smart as Susmita. (+) CD-Susmita was smatter than Namita (was).
(-) PD-Nilesh does not bowl as fast Priyesh.
1) CD-Priyeshi bowls faster than Nilesh (does).
1-) PD-England did not score as many runs as India (+) CD-India scored more runs than England (did).
.....
Condemn the fault and not the actor of it
"Sentence order in (+) CD- First subject +verb+c.d+than+ second subject.
When transformed into (-) P.D-
Second subject + verb+not+ as p.d as + first subject.
(4) CD-Gopi is taller than Bapi (-) PD-Bapi is not as tall as Gopi (is).
(+) CD-Sita is prettier than Gita (-) PD-Gita is not as pretty as Sita (is).
(+) CD-Iron is heavier than paper.
(-) PD-Paper is not as heavy as iron (is). (+)CD-Mila is more intelligent than Lata.
(-) PD-Lata is not as intelligent as Mita (is).
(+) CD-Mother is kinder than father. (-) PD-Father is not as kind as mother (is).
*Scatence order in (-) C.D-
First subject + verb+not+cd+than+ second subject.
When transformed into (+) P.D- Second subject + verb+ as p.d as+ first subject.
(-) CD-Ram is not cleverer than Hari.
(+) PD-Hari is as clever as Ram (is). (-) CD-England is not richer than America.
(+) PD-America is as rich as England (is).
(-) CD-Rohan does not bat more defensively than Molan
(+) PD-Mohan bats as defensively as Rohan (bats) (-) CD-The Indians are not more industrious than the
Japanese
(+) PD-The Japanese are as industrious as the Indians (are (-) CD-Aurangjeb was not more popular than Akbar
(+) PD-Akbar was as popular as Aurangjeb (was) Second rule:
*(-)-Negative, (+)= Positive
PD-Positive Degree CD Comparative Degree
SD- Superlative Degree
(+) PD becomes (-) & less P.D) (-) P.D becomes (+) & less PD
(+) CD becomes (+) & less PD
(-) CD becomes (-) & less PD
*Sentence order in (+) P.D "First subject + verb + as p.d
as second subject.
When transformed into (-) & less P.D"! First subject+
verb+not+ less+p.d+than+ first subject + (Verb). (+) PD-Ram is as clever as Hari.
(-) & less PD- Ram is not less clever than Hari (is).
(+) PD- Night is as important as day.
(-) & less P.D- Night is not less important than day (is). (+) PD-Sita is as pretty as Gita
(-) & less PD- Sita is not less pretty than Gita (15)
(+) PD-Rakesh plays as well as Ramesh. (-) & less P.D- Rakesh does not play less well than Ramesh
(plays)
(+) PD-Namita ran as fast as Kavita.
(-) & less P.D-Namita did not run less fast than Kavita
(ran).
*Sentence order in (-) P.D- First subject + verb+not+ as p.d as+ second subject.
(Verb).
When transformed into (+) & less P.D First subject + verb + less p.d+than+second subject
(-) PD-Krishna is not as dull as Dev. (+) & less PD- Krishna is less dull than Dev (is).
.....
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