Fame is climbing a greasy pole for $in and ruining trousers of worth $15.
Complex-When/As soon as we got out of the cab, we went to the market (Ads Clause. Of time) Simple-Getting out of the cab, we went to the market. (Present participle + 1 vert)
3(a) The teacher entered the class. (b) The students stood up Coinpound-The teacher entered the class, and the
students stood up. (Coordinator and') Complex-As the teacher entered the class, the students stood up (Adv. Clause. Of time) Simple-The teacher having entered the class, the students stood up. (1st sub having+ V3 / Perfect
participle)
(a) The rain stopped. (b) The match started. Compound-The rain stopped, and the match started (Coordinator "and") Comples-As soon as the rain stopped, the match started. (Adv. Clause. Of time) Simple-The rain having stopped, the match started. (1st subject+having+ V3/Perfect participle)
Now the coordinator comes before the second sentence, and the subordinator after the second sentence]
(a) You should do your duty. (b) I want this. Compound - You should do your duty, and I want this (Coordinator "and") Complex - I want that you should do your duty. (Noun Clause, object of the verb "want in the M. Clause) Simple- I want you to do your duty. (To+ VI, or infinitive to do)
(a) Students should be punctual. (b) Teachers want this Compound - Students should be punctual, and teachers want this (Coordinator "and") Complex - Teachers want that students should be punctua! (Noun Clause, object of the verb 'want") Simple - Teachers want us to be punctual, (To+be+
adjective)
7. (a) He has committed a mistake. (b) He confesses this. Compound-He has committed a mistake, and he confesses this (Coordinator "and") Complex -He confesses that he has committed a mistake (Noun Clause, object of the verb 'confesses') Simple-He confesses to have committed a mistake. (To have+v3. or perfect active infinitive)
8(a) They have supported me in trouble. (b) I admit this. Compound-They have supported me in trouble, and I admit this (Coordinator "and") Complex-I admit that they have supported me in trouble. (Noun Clause, object of the verb 'admit" in the
M.C Simple-1 admit to have been supported by him in trouble. (To have been+ V3 or Perfect passive infinitive to have been supported")
9
. (a) We were walking past a building.
......
Foar always springs from ignorance
(b) it was under construction. Compound-We were walking past a building, and was under construction. (Coordinator "and") Complex We were walking past a building that which was under construction. (Adjective Clause) Simple-We were walking past a building under construction. (Adjective phrase-under construction)
10 (a) He would succeed (b) It was certain
.
Compound- he would succeed, and it was certain
(Coordinator-"and") Complex-It was certain that he would succeed. (Noun
Clause) Simple-His success was certain
11. (a) He failed in the test. (b) It is unfortunate Compound-He failed in the test, and it is unfortunate (Coordinator "and")
Complex - It is unfortunate that he failed in the test (Noon Clause) Simple-Unfortunately he failed in the test. (Adverb
unfortunately)
Now the co-ordinator comes before the second
sentence only!
12. (a) Dr. Abaul Kalam is a scientist.
(b) He is the President of India Compound (1)-(+) Dr. Abdul Kalam is both a scientist and the President of India. (Coordinator (+) both
verb... and + verb)
Compound (2)-(-) Dr. Abdul Kalam is not only a scientist but also the President of India.
(Coordinator (-) both not only + verb... but also+ verb) Complex-It can't be transformed into a complex
sentence
Simple-Besides/Apart from being a scientist Dr. Abdul Kalam is the President of India (Besides/Apart
from + 1" Sentence)
13. (a) Irfan Pathan bowls well.
(b) Irfan Pathan bats well.
Compound (1)-(+) Irfan Pathan both bowls well and
bats well. (Coordinator (+) both + verb...and + verb) Compound (2)-(-) Irfan Pathan not only bowls well but also bats well. (Coordinator (-) not only + verb but Complex-It can't be transformed into a complex.
also verb)
sentence. Simple-Besides/ Apart from bowling well Irfan Pathan bats well (Besides/ Apart from +1" verb+ing)
14. (a) Dr. Abdul Kalam is a Scientist.
(b) He is the President of India.
Compound-Dr. Abdul Kalam is a Scientist as well as the President of India. (Noun + as well as + noun) Complex-Not possible
Simple-Besides/Apart from being a Scientist Dr. Kalam is the President of India.
15. (a) Irfan Pathan bowls well. (b) Irfan Pathan bats well. Compound-Irfan Pathan bowls well as well as bats well
(46)
Few physicians live well, few lawyers die well
Complex-Not possible
bats well 2. Adversative Showing contrast
Simple-Besides/Apart from bowling well Irfan Pathan
Now the co-ordinator comes before the second sentence sub-ordinator after the first sentence.l 1. (a) It was raining. (b) Rakesh watered the plant Compound-It was raining, still Rakesh watered the plant (Coordinator still comes before the 2 sentence) Complex-Although it was raining, Rakesh watered the plant. (Sub-coordinator although comes before the 1" sentence) Simple-In spite of raining/rain Rakesh watered the
plant. (In spite of+ 1" verb (ing) / noun form of the 1"
verb)
2. (a) He failed in his first attempt. (b) He did not stop trying
Compound-He failed in his first attempt, however he did not stop trying. (Coordinator 'however comes before the 2 sentence)
Complex-Even though he failed in his first attempt, he did not stop trying (Sub-ordinator-"even though comes before the 1" sentence) Simple-In spite of /despite failing/failure in his first attempt, he did not stop trying. (In spite of /despite 1* verb(ing) or Noun form of the 1" verb)
3.
(a) Some batsmen do not play well. (b) They are selected at the cost of the talented ones Compound-Some batsmen do not play well, all the same they are selected at the cost of the talented ones (Coordinator all the same' comes before the 2"
sentence)
Complex-Notwithstanding that some batsmen do not play well, they are selected at the cost of the talented ones. (Sub-ordinator "Not with standing that comes before the 1" sentence) Simple - In spite of /Despite not playing well, some batsmen are selected at the cost of the talented ones. In
spite of /despite + not 1" verb (ing))
3. Alternative Showing option:
Now the co-ordinator comes before the second sentence, sub-ordinator before the first sentence. L. (a) Solve these sums (b) You will not get punishment Compound - Solve these sums, or you will get punishment. (Coordinator or comes before the 2
sentence)
Complex - Unless you solve these sums, you will get punishment. (Sub-ordinator "unless' comes before the 1" sentence, Adv. Cla. of condition) Or, If you do not solve these sums, you will get
punishment. Simple-On failing to solve these sums you will get
punishment Or. You must solve these sums to avoid punishment Or. You must solve these sums not to get punishment.
2. (a) Speak the truth. (b) God will help you
......
First catch your hare then cook it
Compound-Speak the truth, otherwise God will not help you. (Coordinator 'otherwise' comes before the 2 sentence)
Complex-God will help you provided (that) you
should speak the truth. (Sub-ordinator provided (that)
comes before the first sentence) Simple-On your failure to speak the truth, God will not help you Or, you having failed to speak the truth. God will not
help you
3. (a) Obey my advice. (b) I will guide you Compound-Either you obey my advice, or I will not
guide you. (Coordinator-Either sub
or sub)
Or, Compound-Obey my advice, or I will not guide you
Complex-I will guide you only if you obey my advice (Sub-ordinator only if) Simple-In case of your disobeying my advice, I will not guide you
INow in question number 4 and 5 both co-ordinator and subordinator come before the first sentence] 4. (a) Man has to live. (b) He takes food
Compound-Man takes food, or he cannot live. (Coordinator-'or') Complex-Man takes food so that he can live Simple-Man takes food to live. (2nd sentence+to
1-VI)
+
5. (a) He had to pass (b) He studied days and nights Compound-He studied days and nights, or he would
fail.
Complex-He studied days and nights so that he would not fail/could pass Or, He studied days and nights lest he might/should
fail.
Simple-He studied days and nights to avoid failure/to pass
Or, He studied days and nights not to fail
Here in question no 6 both co-ordinator and sub- ordinator come before the 2 sentence.] 6. (a) Take the umbrella (b) You will not get drenched. Compound-Take the umbrella, else you will get
drenched. Complex-Take the umbrella, lest you may get drenched
Simple-Take the umbrella not to get drenched.
7. (a) He is a doctor. (b) He is a cricketer Compound-He is either a doctor or a cricketer (Either
noun or+ noun)
Complex-No complex Simple - No Simple
8. (a) You are a teacher. (b) Your friend is a teacher.
Compound-Either you or your friend is a teacher (Either sub... or sub) Complex-No complex Simple-Any one of you and your friend is a doctor
9. (a) He is not a teacher (b) He is not a clerk. Compound-He is neither a teacher nor a clerk
....
First impressions are most lasting
(Neither noun nor noun) Complex-No Complex Simple-Besides not being a teacher he is not a clerk
Or Apart form without being a teacher he is not a clerk 10 (a) Ram is not a doctor. (b) His brother is a doctor. Compound-Neither Ram nor his brother is a doctor. (Neither sub...... nor + sub) Complex- No Complex
Simple-Neither of Ram and his brother is a doctor. 11 (a) She does not write well (b) She does not read well Compound-She neither writes well nor reads well. (Neither + verb Nor+ verb) Complex-No Complex Simple-Besides not writing well, she does not read
well
4. Illative-Showing Reason result or Result+reason [When it shows Reason+result the co-ordinator comes before the second sentence, sub-ordinator before the first sentence, but when it shows Result+reason both the co-ordinator/sub-ordinator comes before the first sentence.]
(a) Rakesh came late (b) He was punished Compound-Rakesh came late, so he was punished. (Reason result. Coordinator 'so comes before the 2 sentence)
Or Rakesh was punished, for he came late (Result + reason, Coordinator 'for' comes before the 1" sentence) Complex-Since/As Rakesh came late, he was punished (Reason+result, Sub-ordinator "since / as' comes before the 1" sentence)
Or. Rakesh was punished because he came late (Result reason, sub-ordinator "because' comes after the 2 sentence)
Simple-Rakesh was punished for coming late. (1" verb +ing)
2 (a) Shrikant made a century. (b) He was adjudged the
man of the match.
Compound - Shrikant made a century hence he was adjudged the Man of the Match (Reason-result) (Coordinator hence comes before the 2 sentence) Or Shrikant was adjudged the Man of the Match, for he made a century (Result+reason,coordinator for comes after the 2 sentence)
Complex - Since/As Shrikant made a century, he was adjudged the Man of the Match. (Result+reason, sub- ordinator since/as come before the 1" sentence) Or Shrikant was adjudged the Man of the Match because he made a century (Result reason, sub- ordinator "because' comes after the 2 sentence) Simple-As a result of making a century Shrikant was adjudged the man of the match (Phrase+ 1" sentence + 2 sentence)
Now the co-ordinator comes after the 1 sentence and sub-ordinator before the first sentence] (a) Your duty is over. (b) You may go now
Compound-Your duty is over, so then you may go now. (Coordinator, so then comes after the 1" sentence) Complex-As/Since your duty is over, you may go now Sub-ordinator-As/Since comes before the first sentence)
....... Follow the river and you will get to the sea
Simple-your duty being over, you may go now. (Ist
subject + being) 17. Additional examples on simple, compound and
complex sentences:
1. A Simple sentence can be made by the following
1. By using an adjective phrase:
1. Ram is a boy who is honest. Ram is an honest boy.
2 Honesty is a policy, which is the best. Honesty is the best policy
3. Shane Warne is the only bowler who got 600 Test wickets
Shane Warne is the only bowler to get 600 Test
wickets
4. Birds which have a feather flock together. Birds of a feather flock together.
3. A man who is hungry knows no taste. A hungry man knows no taste. 6 A man who is drowning catches at a straw
A drowning man catches at a straw. 7. A child who has burnt dreads the fire.
A burnt child dreads the fire.
8. A lion that sleeps catches no prey. A sleeping lion catches no prey. 9. God helps those who help others.
A helper of others is helped by God. Or, God helps a helpful person.
Or, God helps a person helping others
10. Water that is still runs deep Still water runs deep.
2. By using a noun phrase:
Ram wanted that he would play. Ram wanted to play.
2. Teacher advised the students that they should be honest
Teacher advised the students to be honest.
3. The doctor told me that I should not take spicy food.
The doctor told me not to take spicy food. 4. To speak what is true is a noble quality.
To speak the truth is a noble quality.
5. How the thief escaped is a mystery. The escape of the thief is a mystery.
6. What is meat for one is poison to another.
One man's meat is another man's poison. 7. Where he is staying is known to none.
His whereabouts is unknown.
8. Please listen to what the teacher teaches.
Please listen to the teacher's teaching 9. Expecting that you would help me, I came to you
Expecting help from you, I came to you.
10. Practising what one preaches is too difficult.
Practising one's preaching is too difficult. 11. I want to know what you wish.
I want to know your wish.
12. The news that India won the match delighted me The news of India's winning the match delighted me 13. It is universal that man is to die
Man's death is universal.
14. It is disastrous that India lost the match to Sri Lanka India's losing match to Sri Lanka is disastrous
.....Fools and obstinate inen make lawyers rich.
15. tis sad that he failed in the exam. His failure in the exam is sad.
3. Byesing an adverb phrase:
Do it as you are instructed. Do it as per the instruction.
2. Don't talk as a mad man talks. Don't talk (like a mad man) madly.
3. You can't remember until you understand.
Until understanding you can't remember. 4. As it was a rainy day, I carried an umbrella with me.
It being a rainy day. I carried an umbrella with me.
5 When he secured 95% in S.S.C.. he stood second in rank. Having secured 95% in S.S.C., he stood second in
rank. 6. I studied (in the school) where Ram studied.
→ Ram and I read in one school.
7. I go wherever I like to go.
I go to the place of my liking. 8. As he was late, he was not allowed to the lecture.
Due to being late, he was not allowed to the lecture. 9. India could not get the Cup because Indian players
performed badly. Because of the bad performance of the Indian players. India could not get the Cup.
10. I am glad that I met you. I am glad to meet you
11. He is so lazy that he can't succeed in life. He is too lazy to succeed in life. 12. She is so intelligent that she can solve any sum.
She is too intelligent to unsolve any sum 13. He studied hard so that he could do well in the exam. He studied hard in order to do well in the exam.
14. Man eats that he may live. Man cats to live.
15. Unless you understand, you can't remember. On failing to understand, you can't remember.
16. If rain comes we shall cancel the match. In case of the coming of rain, we shall cancel the match
17. I don't prefer coffee as much as I prefer milk. I prefer milk more to coffee.
18 Ram speaks better than he writes.
*Ram's speaking is better than his writing 19 Although he is poor, he is honest.
In spite of being poor he is honest
20 He failed even though he tried hard
In spite of trying hard he failed. 4. By using infinitive:
1. It is a virtue that one should speak the truth.
To speak the truth is a virtue
2. It is a dream that one can catch the moon. To catch the moon is a dream. 3. It is unfortunate that India lost the match.
It is unfortunate for India to lose the match. 4% It is good luck that you stood first in the class.
It is good luck for you to stand first in the class. 3. He bought a TV. He must watch it.
He bought a T.V. to watch. 6. Our constitution has guaranteed us fundamental rights so that we can enjoy them.
Forgive others often, yourself never
Our constitution has guaranteed us fundamental rights to enjoy.
7. He started his bike. He must go somewhere.
He started his bike to go somewhere.
8. You opened a book. You must read it
You opened a book to read.
9 Man works hard. He must live well. Man works hard to live well.
10. Man carries umbrella lest he should be drenched.
Man carries umbrella not be drenched 5. By using without, but for, under, in, for etc.
1. If you did not help me. I could not pass I could not pass without your help.
2. Had it not been for Sachin's century, India could not
Win,
India could not win but for the century of Sachin 3. If there had been no Sun, the earth might have been a
cold place. But for the Sun, the earth might have been a cold place.
4. If the birds had no wings, they could not fly The birds could not fly without wings
5. One can't gain if one does not pain. One can't gain without pain.
6. We were crossing a building. It was under construction We were crossing a building under construction.
7. I saw some schoolboys. They were in uniform.
I saw some schoolboys in uniform.
8 The case was pending. It was under consideration The case was pending under consideration.
9. A girl was going. She was wearing a pink dress
A girl in pink dress was going
10. Things have been arranged. They will be sold. Things have been arranged for sale.
6. By using a Participle / Prep + Participle:
1. He went to the market. He bought some vegetables.
Going to the market, he bought some vegetables.
2. 1 laboured hard. I got success
Labouring hard, I got success. 3. They adopted foul means. They earned much money
By adopting foul means, they earned much money 4. I finished my homework, I went to play
After finishing my homework, I went to play I had eaten when I went out to play
I had eaten before going out to play 6. The students saw the teacher. They kept quiet
On seeing the teacher, the students kept quiet. 7. The teacher instructed him. He did well in the test
Instructed by the teacher, he did well in the test 8. He was tired of playing. He took rest
Tired of playing, he took rest.
9. I followed your advice. I came out with flying colours Having followed your advice, I came out with flying colours
10. Ganguly played well through out the Series. He became the Man of the Match
Having played well through out the Series Ganguly became the Man of the Match
11. I am a teacher, I can't let you copy
12. I was going to play. I met my friend Ram.
49
While going to play I met my friend Ram. 13. I saw the players The were dancing after the win saw the players dancing after the win
7. By using Gerund: Its gardening, which is his hobby
Gardening is his hobby 1 as a bad habit That is watching excess movies
I have a bad habit of waching excess movies
oking that is injurious to health Smoking is injurious to health
What I like is teaching students
e traching students This is the shirt that needs washing This shit needs washing
You came late to the office I don't like this I don't like your coming late to the office.
God will forgive me if I mistake unintentionally God will forgive my mistaking intentionally He suffers from colic because he has a smoking addiction
Sock being his addiction he suffers from colic
As farming is their occupation, they keep asen Farming being their occupation, they keep oven 102 have a table, which is used for dining
I have a dining table. K. By using besides, apart from in spite of, in the event of instead of ha means of, along with, on failing, not with sanding because of, on account of, owing to, on the ccasion of, against in the absence of devoid of
I like cricket. I like hockey
Besides cricket, I like bockey 2 He got an increment. He got an incentive
Apart from an increment he got an incentive
His test was approaching, yet he was irregular in studies lap of his test approaching, he was irregular i If you are not punctual in duty, you will be punished
In the event of being unpunctual, you will be punishod He did not prepare well for the exam. He idiod away
Instead of preparing well for the exam, he idled away
time
He worked hard He earned money a lot of money He earned a lot of money by means of hard work The children are invited The parents are invited The children along with the parents are invited If you can't pay the fees, you will not be allowed to he
show On lailing to pay the fees, you will not be allowed in the show
He is an engineer. He is a player
Besides being an engineer, he is a player Sking is injurious to bealth Drinking v
se health Apart from smoking, drinking wine is injurious so
11 He sailed in the sea even though it was raining heavily He sailed in the sea in spite of leavy rains
12. If you don't take medicines in time, you can't be well soon.
......
Full many a flower is born to blush unseen In the event of not taking medicines in time, you can't
be well soon
13. The Bandar-Log did not take rest. They went out to roam in the jungle. Instead of taking rest, the Bandar- Log went out to
roam in the jungle.
14. One can reach the peak if one tries ceaselessly One can reach the peak by means of ceaseless tries.
15. The teachers were trained The clerks were trained
The teachers along with the clerks were trained
16. Unless you clear the 1" paper, you can't sit for the 2 paper. On failing to clear the 1" paper, you can't sit for the 2
paper 17. He studied sincerely, yet he failed in the test Notwithstanding his sincere studies, he failed in the test
18. As he misbehaved with the teacher, he was punished.
He was punished because of his misbehaviour
teacher
with the
19. She could not come to the class as he was ill She could not come to the class owing to illness.
20. He has been excluded from the team since he performed badly He has been excluded from the team on account of his bad performance
21. I shall remain absent from the school as my brother's
marriage is in the next week.. → I shall remain absent from the school on the occasion of
my brother's marriage next week 22 I advised him not to smoke, but he did it He smoked against my advice.
23. A man is not a man if he has no humanity A man devoid of humanity is not a man.
24. He would face trouble if he did not use ready wit
He would face trouble in the absence of ready wit
9. By using an apposition to a noun / pronoun: 1 Mumbai is the economic capital of India. It attracts
millions every day. → Mumbai, the economic capital of India, attracts millions every day. 2. Everyone is running after money. It is the root of all
evils. Everyone is running after money, the root of all evils 3. October 2 is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. He is the
father of our nation. October 2 is the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi, the father of our nation.
4 Puri is one of the Panchtirthas. It is on the bank of the Bay of Bengal Puri, one of the Panchtirthas, is on the bank of Bay of
Bengal 5. I like to play cricket. It is a gentleman's game.
I like to play cricket, a gentleman's game. 6. God is the Redeemer. He will save us
God, the Redeemer, will save us 7. English is a foreign language. I like it very much.
I like English, a foreign language, very much. 8. Sachin was once the cynosure of all eyes. He is now cut
of form Sachin, once a cynosure of all eyes, is now out of form.
.....
Generosity is a divine trait
2. A Compound sentence can be made by the following
By using a cumulative conjunctions 1 He is a teacher. His wife is a teacher
He as well as his wife is a teacher
2 You are honest. Your brother is honest. You are honest, and your brother also
3. Sachin was the Man of the Match. He was the Man of the Series
Sachin was not only the Man of the Match but also the
Man of the Series 4 Man is mortal. It is a fact.
It is a fact that man is mortal
5. Nothing is permanent in life. It is a cynical philosoply It is a cynical philosophy that nothing is permanent in life
6. I tried hard. I got success. I tried hard and got success.
7. Ram reads well. He writes well. Ram both reads well and writess well
8. You are a doctor. Your brother is a doctor.
Not only you but also your brother is a doctor
9. We batted well. We bowled well. We batted well as well as bowled well.
10. A great man is loved. A great man is honoured
A great man is not only loved but also honoured. 11 He is a doctor. He is a social worker.
He is a doctor and a social worker as well.
12 Hari is intelligent. I am intelligent Hari as well as I is intelligent.
2. By using alternative conjunctions: 1. He is a policeman. He is an army man
He is either a policeman or an army man, 2. You are not a doctor. You are not a patient.
You are neither a doctor nor a patient. 1. Work hard. You will succeed.
Work hard, or you can't succeed.
4. Go fast. You will miss the train Go fast, otherwise you will miss the train.
5. Go away from here. I will drive you out. Go away from here, else I will drive you out.
6. You can't play chess. I can't play chess Neither you nor I can play chess.
7. She may be a nurse. Her mother may be a narse
Either she or her mother may be a nurse Speak the truth. The police will not punish you.
Speak the truth, or the police will punish you 9. Listen to me. I will help you.
Listen to me; otherwise I will not help you.
10 Beware of the dog. It will bite you
Beware of the dog else it will bite you. 3. By using adversative conjunctions:
1. He is poor. He is honest He is poor, but he is honest.
2. He is honest. He is poor.
He is honest, yet he is poor.
. He tried sincerely. He failed. 3 He tried sincerely, nevertheless he failed.
4. He could not succeed. He did not leave hope He could not succeed, however he did not leave hope
.......
Give every men thine ear, but few thy voice
5. He was injured. He played He was injured; still he played.
6. Good people think good of others. Bad people think ill of others
Good people think good of others, while bad people
think ill of others. 7. His father is a social worker. He is a thief. His father is a social worker whereas he is a thief
8. You my take my bike. You should not misuse it
You may take my bike, only do not misuse it. Sachin was fit. He had a mild fever.
Sachin was fit, only he had a mild fever. 10. He is intelligent. He is unlucky.
He is intelligent, but he is unlucky 11. It is winter. He uses cold water.
It is winter, still he uses cold water
12. Exam is round the corner. He is not studying sincerely Exam is round the corner, yet he is not studying
sincerely.
13. To err is human. To forgive is divine
To err is human, but to forgive is divine. 14. Money is temporary. Deeds are permanent.
Money is temporary, but deeds are permanent
15. I like English. I don't like Geometry I like English, but not Geometry.
4. By using Illative conjunctions: 1. Indian fielders were sluggish. They couldn't restrict
runs → Indian fielders were sluggish, so they couldn't restrict
runs.
2. Speak the truth. Truth is a divine quality Speak the truth, for truth is a divine quality.
3. I was ill. I could not come to school. I could not come to school, for I was ill
4. Morning is the time to study. You should study at this time.
→ Morning is the time to study, so then you should study
at this time
5. Your work is over. You may go now.
Your work is over, then you may go now. 6. He was guilty. He was punished.
He was guilty, so he was punished.
7. Schwag made a triple century. He was applauded. ◆ Schwag made a triple century, therefore he was applauded
8. I don't agree with you. You are a liar I don't agree with you, for you are a liar.
9. You have finished your duty. You may take rest
You have finished your duty, then you may take rest 10. He got the highest marks. He came in the rank He got the highest marks, hence he came in the
rank
18. The Gerund
A gerund is that form of a verb, which is partly a verb and partly a noun in its nature. DA gerund is also a non-finite verb ending in 'ing
A. A gerund can be used: 1. As the subject of the verb
2. As the object of the verb 3. As the object of the preposition 4. As the complement of the verb
51.
God Almighty hates a quitter
5. As the object of the phrasal verb
6 After the possessives 7. In an absolute construction
8. As compound nouns
9 Taking a modifier
10. As verbal noun
As to show prohibition
12 After the phrases -Of a great use, no use, worth not
worth, good/ no good, can't B. Active and passive gerund:
Active Gerund
Passive Gerund
Present:
Being admired Being encouraged
Being loved
Admiring
Encouraging
Loving
Praying
Being prayed Bing solicited
Soliciting Perfect
Having admired Having encouraged
Having loved
Having been admired Having been encouraged
Having prayed Having solicited
Having been loved Having been prayed Having been solicited
1. The subject of the verb: Swimming is a good exercise
2. Smoking is injurious to health
3. Sleeping in the daytime is bad. 4 Serving the needy is a virtue.
3 Saving time is saving money
stand, can't help, busy etc.
6 Crving over spilt milk is useless 7. Begging is better than stealing 8 Practising is more difficult than preaching.
9. Reading till late night is not good. 10 Mountaineering is a good sport.
The above underlined gerunds are the subjects of their respective verbs coming after them.]
2. The object of the verb
1 I like reading the Gita everyday
2. Stop talking like a mad man
3. Stari ninning as soon as the bell rings.
4. Avoid smoking
3 Practise meditating regularly
6 Keep trying till you achieve your goal.
7. I know swimming in the river. 8. I don't enjoy watching vulgar movies.
9. Don't continue studying aimlessly. 10 They went fishing in the sea.
The above underlined gerunds are the objects of their respective transitive verbs coming just before them.]
3. The object of the preposition:
He can't do anything else except playing 2. Besides smoking, drinking is also huis habit.
3. Apart from gambling, he indulges in smuggling
4. I am fond of reading stories
5 He did nothing wrong except naming the questions improperly
6. There is no meaning in presenting a blind man with a
.......
God could not be everywhere, therefore, He made mothers
7. Peace lies in leading an honest life.
8. The rest on meeting
9. The cuckoo delights the people in singing out its songs
10 He prevented me from doing it.
[The above underlined gerunds are the objects of their respective prepositions coming just before them.]
4.Complement of the verb: 1 This shirt needs pressing
2 Those students deserve patting
3. Seeing is believing
4 Working is worshipping 5 It seems raining today
6 Lying means dying
7. Your grammar requires improving 8. My hobby is composing poems
9. Their demand was getting more salary.
10. My point of view is helping the poor and the needy. [The above underlined gerunds are the complements of their respective verbs coming just before them.]
5.Object of the phrasal verb: 1. Go on practising grammar
2 Give up smoking 3. Don't give up fighting until you win.
4. The police are looking for nabbing the wanted. 5. He deals in selling and buying of property
6. This book deals with explaining of difficult words. 7. He kept up building a good constitution
8. He made up his mind joining a political party
The life history of M.K Gandhi eggs us on leading 10. Denguda insisted on finding the story of Sangai
an honest life.
deer 11. They called off playing the match due to rain.
12. They put off proceeding the meeting [The above underlined gerunds are the objects of
their respective plirasal verbs coming just before them.]
6. Used after the possessives:
1. I don't like your coming late to the office. 2 I hate your going to the dance bars frequently
3. Would you mind my staving with you this week? 4 Mother loves my keeping rank in the exams. 5. Sir, please excuse my shouting in he class
6. He ignored my insisting to be punctual. 7 God will forgive my committing mistakes
unintentionally,
8. I appreciate Schwag's square cutting. 9. You can't prevent his drinking all of a sudden. 10. The teacher always insists on my practising meditation
The above underlined gerunds are used after their respective possessive pronouns coming just before them.
7. Used in an absolute construction: Poem composing being my hobby, I compose poems
and publish them 2. Smoking being his addiction, he suffers from colic.
3. Drinking being your bad habit, no one respects you 4 Teaching being her profession, students come to her for
tuition.
.....
God heals, and the doctor takes the fee.
5. Farming being their occupation, they keep oven. 6 Smuggling being his satisfaction, he was moving with the smugglers.
7. Betting being his profession, the bookies keep
association with him.
5. Preaching being his duty, devotees come to him daily 9. Idling away time being your attitude. I hate you. 10. Selling papers being his job, people call him Paper wals
(The above underlined gerunds are used as the absolute construction]
8. Used as compound nouns/adjectival nouns
1. Dining-table 2. Frying-pan
3. Walking-stick
4. Swimming-pool
5. Meeting-ground 6 Training-period
7. Warning-bell
8. Drinking-water
9 Drawing-room 10. Sleeping-pills
11. Writing-skill 12. Calling-bell
[The above gerunds are the adjectives of their respective nouns coming just after them.]
2. Taking a modifier:
1. Show-balling is a common practice in Indian politics
2. Back-biting is a bad habit
3. Most of the Indian politicians indulge in back
scratching
4. I don't like eve-teasing 5 Ball-tampering is shortly prohibited in cricket
6. A scam came to light through the crom-checking of an important file 7. The old man now depends upon spoon-feeding
8. He is skilled in horse-riding
9. Talking-aloud is prohibited here.
10. Driving-fast in a crowded city is risky (In the above examples the gerunds are in bold forms and the the words in italics before them in example no 1 to 8, after them in example no 9 and 10 are their modifiers]
10. Verbal nouns: Action nors A gerund as a verbal noun is preceded by "the" and followed by "of
1. The passing of an IAS exam is not an easy task 2. The building of a nation is not a day's work 3. The shrilling of the mobile phones in the buses and trains
is irritating
4 The smooth functioning of an organization is always imperative
5. The tinkling of the clock is felt at night 6. The falling of price of the essential commodities is always
awaited
7. The swelling of the wound is the matter of concern 8. The dealing of a shopkeeper must be impressive
(53
God is light, and in Hun there is no darkness
superstition
Nos to drive after the crossing of a cat before a veluche is 10 Only the idle passing of ume cost him a lo
11 show Prohibitions
No cheating please, students
No sucking inside the office
No sung on the walls please 4 No dunking in our party, please
No talking in the class, please
Ne parking host of the gate, please
No trespassing please 8 No adulterating, please
No fighting here, please
10. Sticking no bills on the walls,please.
The above underlined gerunds are used to show prohibitions)
12. After the phrases: of a great use.no use,worth/not worth, good/no good, can't stand (endure), can't
help avoid / prevent), busy It is of a great use taking a date daily
2 It is no use presenting a mirror to a blind man It is worth buying this grammar book
4 It is not worth keeping only passing mark 5. It is good listening to the teacher's advice 6. It is no good making noises in the class
7 I can't stand accepting all of your silly complaints 8. I can't help laughing
It is no use crying over the spilt milk. 10. He is busy working out the sums
[The above underlined words are gerunds used. used after their respective phrases]
12. The Particials
A participle is that form of a verb which is partly a verb
and partly an adjective in its nature GA participle is also a Non-finite verb.
The following are the forms of the participle:
Active Participle
Passive Participle
Admiring
Present
Being admired
Being encouraged
Encouraging
Loving
Praying
Being loved Being prayed
Being solicited
Soliciting
Perfect
Having been admired
Having been encouraged
Having admired
Having encouraged
Having been loved Having been prayed
Having been solicited
Having loved Having prayed
Having solicited
A participle can be classified as
(1) The present participle (VI+ ing) (2) The past participle (V)-)
(3) The perfect participle (Having/havingbeen+VT)
1. The accent participle:
A present participle is a Non-finite verb ending in ing and working as an adjective
...
God made the country, and man made the town.
According to its use a present participle can be used
in the following eight ways:- 1 As an attributive adjective
2
3
4
As an adjective phrase As a complement of the verb
As an complement of the object
50 As to express an earlier action of the two As an absolute phrase
To form continuous tense
As to indicate an Adverb climse of Time. Condition Cause and Concession
1. As an attributive adjective:
A sleeping lion catches no prey A barking dog seldom bites. 2
It is dangerous to lean out of a mining train
It is dangerous to touch a moving fan Anning stone gathers no moss
4
6. I enjoy watching the receding platforms 7 Wordswordth composed a poem on the dancing
daffodils
The paying guests are welcomed here The finishing touch before the exam helped the
students 10 The colour of the rising and the setting Sun is the samic
(The above underlined participles are used as attributive adjectives]
2. As an adjective phrase:
The baby sleeping on the swing is five months old. 1 The tree standing outside the garden had been brought
from a distance 3 The student sitting on the front bench is a scholar
The teacher teaching in the class is my neighbour
5 The man coaching Indian team at present is an
Australian The player batting on the crease is my fan
7 The paper selling most in India is The Times Of India The lady singing on the stage is Lata Mangeshkar
9. The dog standing at the gate bites the trespassers
10. The man driving a car is my colleague
[The above underlined participles words adjective phrases]
3. As a complement of the verbs:
1 The match was extremely exciting
The lecture was aspiring 3 The drink was refreshing
4
These sums are very puzzling
5 The news is really thrilling
6 It seems raining
7. He appears doing this 8 1 feel yomiting
9 The long speech of the leader was boring
10. The lesson is gdifving for all of us [The above underlined participles are used as complements of the their respective verbs coming before them)
4. As an complement of the object 1. He kept the ball swinging.
...
God's mill grinds slow, but sure
2 The incident made the heart throbbing
3. The question forced the mind thinking 4. The win made the players tsioicing
5 His questionable made the police suspecting him.
6. The gravitation power makes the earth revolving round the sun.
[The above underlined participles are used as
complements of the their respective objects coming
before them]
5. To express an carlier action of the two: 1. Buying the vegetables, I returned home
2. Selling the adulterated milk, the shopkeeper escaped.
3. After playing the practice match, the players returned to the dressing room.
4. While going to the office, he met his friend.
5. Entering the room, the teacher scolded the noisy students 6. Phoning from a PCO, he invited his friend to dinner. 7 Passing through a jungle, he reached his destination.
mountains.
The above underlined participles are used to show the
first actions of the two verbs]
8. Lying on the lawn, Rakesh could see the striding 9. Lighting a match, she prepared tea. 10. Opening the PC, he started typing
6. As an absolute phrase:
1. God willing you will come round soon. 2. Weather permitting we shall play the match
3. It being a rainy day, people are coming with umbrellas.
4. He being a doctor, patients come to him all the time. 5. The teacher being very strict, students fear to make noise
in his lecture.
6. Time allowing, I shall come to meet you.
7. The sun having set, the birds returned to their nests. 8. The school being closed, students arranged a picnic.
9. The exam having started, students stopped playing
10. The curry being tasty, I wanted it more [The above underlined participles are used to absolute
phrase
7. To form continuous tense:
1. I am studying the Ramayan
2. They were playing cricket.
3. She will be dancing 4 Mother is cooking meals.
5. Teachers are teaching [The above underlined participles are used to form continuous tenses coming after the helping verbs]
8. A. To show an adverb clause of time:
1. While running blindly on the road he met with an While he was running blindly on the road, he met with an
accident.
accident 2. After walking ten minutes to the right from here, he found
the Post office.
After he walked ten minutes to the right from here, he
found the Post office.
3. Walking through the garden, he saw a dead lion.
....
Good and quickly seldom meet.
While he was walking through the garden, he saw a dead
lion.
[The above underlined participles are used to form adverb clauses of time]
B. To show an adverb clause of condition: 1. Carrying out the teacher's advice, you can succeed
If you carry out the teacher's advice, you can succeed. 2. Doing regular exercise one can be healthy.
One can be healthy provided (that) one must do regular exercise
3. Neglecting duty, you will be dismissed from the job. If you neglect duty you will be dismissed from the job
C. To show an adverb clause of reason:
1. Remaining absent from the school, he was missed the
lectures. He missed the lectures as he remained absent from the
school.
2. Keeping bad company, he was spoilt. As he kept bad company, he was spoilt.
3. Smoking for a long time he was discased. Since he smoke for a long time, he was diseased. [The above underlined participles are used to form
adverb clauses of reason]
2. The Past Participle
A Past Participle is formed by using d, ed, n, ne st, t, at
the end of the verb. It can be used as:
1. An attributive adjective 2. An adjective phrase
3. A complement of the verb
4. A complement of the object 5. An adjective phrase
6. To express an earlier action of the two.
7. To form the perfect tense.
1. As an attributive adjective: 1. A wounded lion becomes more violent.
2. Lost time never comes back.
3. Don't cry over the missed chance.
4. The impoverished people were helped by the govt.
5. Don't put on the tagged clothes. 6. The beleaguered team faced another defeat.
7. The bereaved family is in a great trouble 8. The educated people behave gently
9. The deceived boy is my uncle's son. 10. The frustrated people indulge in bad habits [The above underlined participles are used as attributive adjectives)
2. As an adjective phrase:
1. The file kept on the table is very important. 2. Money earned illegally is spent illegally.
3. The sum solved by you is correct
4. The dress chosen for the party is very costly. 5. The donation collected by the volunteers was sent to the
food affected districts of Gujarat.
6. The time spent on gossiping yields no result. 7 The seeds sown in time yield more produce
8. The tree transplanted without administering chloroform
...
Government is a contrivance of human wisdom to provide
for human wants dies out of shock
9. Medicines taken without doctor's prescription is
dangerous
10. Lesson prepared superficially are hardly remembered
[The above underlined participles words are used as
adjective phrases]
As a complement of the verb 1. I am delighted
2 The players are tired now.
3. He seems fed up with heavy duty
4. The teacher appeared exhausted after three cotinuous
lectures
5. They were worried about the frequent droughts. 6. The passangers have been dissatisfied.
7. You will be energised after the lunch
8. She has been harassed by the miscreants 9. They will be felicitated at the meeting
10. The host will be hospitalised well. [The above underlined participles are used as complements of the their respective verbs coming before them]
4. As a complement of the object: 1 I have my hair curled
2 He gets his doubts cleared She had her house built last year
I saw him engrossed in reading newspaper. 5. The teacher had his papers checked by his friend.
6. We get our hair cut by the barber. 7. Smita had her drawings drawn by her mother. 8. Shah Jahan had the Tajmahal built during his religion
9 I got my book printed last month. 10. You should get it done in a week.
(The above underlined participles are used as complements of the their respective objects coming
before them]
5.To express an earlier action of the two:
1. Shot by the Police, the suspect lost his life.
2 Wounded by the lion, the deer succumbed to death
3. Harassed by the friends, he left the city. 4. Overburdened with the pressure, he left the job. 5. Beaten by the spin of Kumble, Lara lost his wicket
6. Supported by the orphanage, the child grew old 7. Trained by Baloo, Mowgli saved his life.
8. Coached by Greg Chapell, Indian Team did well. 9. Overthrown by the circumstances, he lost the hope of life.
10. Assured by the police, the people heaved a sigh of relief The above underlined participles are used to show the first actions of the two verbs)
6. To form the perfect tense:
1. I have known him.
2 They have gone to the temple.
3. Teacher had taught us grammar.
4. Students will have done their assignments
We shall have made the plan 6 Mother had told me about this
5
The police had searched the thief.
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