Great men tell you how to get your destination, greater men
Ram would have solved the sums. 10 You must have paid the bills. The above underlined participles are used to form
perfect tenses coming after the helping verbs]
3. The Perfect Participle:
1 A Perfect Participle is formal by using having +
vor having been+v3. 2 It shows the second action begins after he first
action is completed. a. Having + v3:
1 Having won the battle. he became the king. 2 Having killed the king, he fled away
3
Having taken poisonous wine they lost their lives.
4 Having defeated Sri Lanka India won the Trophy.
5 Having failed in his fist attempt, he tried for the second time
6 Having insulted you, I have made a mistake. Having translated Gitanjali into English, Tagore got the
Nobel Prize Having flown to Mumbai, he started a business
Having stolen the ornainents, they ran away.
le Having secured a rank in the S.S.C.. he brought glory to his parents.
The above underlined parts are Active perfect
participles)
b. Having been+ V3: 1. Having been washed away by the rainwater, many cattle
lost their lives.
2 Having been beaten by the opponent, the Indian team returned home without the trophy.
3. Having been cheated by his false friends, he lost his
money. + Having been selected to the national team, he became
extremely delighted. Having been stung, he lost his life.
6 Having been tired, he took rest under a tree.
7 Having been elected to the Parliament, he became a Minister
8 Having been nominated to the ABI. I got a Diploma of
the Experts and Expertise. 9. Having been drowned in the sea, they died.
10. Having been operated in time, he survived. [The above underlined parts are Passive perfect participles]
As we came to see that both the Gerund and the Participle have the same forms, they often create confusion in the minds of the readers. Hence, let's take the following examples to remove the confusion. Hise of admiring is bad 1. Do gain by admiring one unduly
Active Gerund [Present] Active Participle
2 Eouraging is a good quality 2. By encouraging students you can improve their purformance
1 Loving children is loving God. 3. By loving truly she won his heart 4 By praying to the boss he got a leave.
4 Praying brings peace of mind. 3.Soliciting him is useless 5. He lives by soliciting
Passive Gerund [Present]
1. Some are desirous of being Being admired unduly he went admired
2dware delighted at
Passive Participle
2. Being encouraged by teachers he scored.
.....
Greedlessness is godliness:
being encouagined Everyone land of being
3.Being loved by all she flourished
magined
4. The officer was anxious for Being prayed him God blend him being prayed
The judge was pleased at 5. Teng solicited by the lower the judge g his decisions
being solicited properly
Active Gerund
(Perfect)
Active Participle
He was delighted at having 1. Having admired hit she won his hour ту
2. He was delighted at beving
2.Having raged his friend he did good
couraged his friend
3. He was ashamed of having 3. Having loved him sincerely she won his
loved with an ill native 4.He was ashamed of not
heart. 4 Having prayed to God one can be
having prayed to God
5. The lawyer was happy at ha 3. Having solicited the case properly he ving licited the case property 6.He was proud of having won the
Having won the match he won the
malch
Passive Gerund [Perfect)
Le was proud of having been
admed
2. He was interested in having be
3. The boss was dairous of having
been prayed 4 The police don't believe in having
should been solicited
They were ashamed of having so the match illegally
Passive Participle
1. Having been admired he is
proud of
2. Having been encouraged he improved his performance
3. Having beas prayed the boss
changed his decision 4. Having been solicited the police
should not discriminate
3. Having bean won by the pleadings of the children the Principal granted a half day
20. The Infinitive
An infinitive is a non-finite verb mostly beginning with "to", acts like a noun or an adjective or an adverb
It is of two types
(1) Simple Infinitive, (2) Qualifying Infinitive
1. Simple Infinitive acting like a noun: As a noun it can be a subject, an object or a complement.
1. Subject of the verb:
1. To see is to believe.
2 To err is human, forgive divine.
3. To follow Jainism is too difficult in present time.
4. To listen to your music is so sweet. 5. To cram up the sums is his habit.
6. To preach is easy, to practice is difficult.
7. To read the Geeta is a pleasure.
8. To admonish the students carelessly is bad. 19. To forget umbrella is a common thing. 10. To bat first in one day game was initiated by Sri Lanka.
[The above underlined infinitives are the subjects of their respective verbs coming after them.]
2.Object of the verb
1. I told him to meet your ill grandmother.
2. Children begged to play 3. I want to know your problems.
4. You are not allowed to go inside the office. 5. The people were instigated to spread the riot
6. I am determined to do my duty 7. You are asked to help the necay
8 Children are forbidden to move alone. 9. Passengers are disallowed to travel without tickets.
.....
Habits convert luxurious enjoyments into dull and daily
10. The thief was forced to speak the truth. [The above underlined infinitives are the objects of their respective verbs coming before them.]
3. Object of the preposition:
I was about to leave the office to go when he came
meet me.
1.
2. You have no other option but to take B.Sc.
to
(The above underlined infinitives are the objects of
their respective prepositions coming before them.]
4. Complement of the verb: 1. To sce is to believe
2. My hobby is to compose poems.
3. Life means to struggle from birth to death.
4. He seems to be innocent. 5. Your duty is to follow my advice.
6. Indian tradition is to practise honesty.
7. The virtue of a man is te stick to one's principles. 8. His principle is to raise voice against injustice.
9 The worker's demand was to get more wages
10. My point of view was to support the just. [The above underlined infinitives are the
complements of their respective verbs coming before
them.]
2. The qualifying infinitive can be used as an adjective
or an adverb.
1. Used as an adjective to qualify nouns:
1 I bought a book to read.
2. He cut a tree to make furniture.
3. He collected money to donate.
4. We booked a bus to travel.
5. We got a holiday to enjoy
6. They invited a guest to inaugurate the occasion. 7. We produce crops to eat.
8. Dancers perform dance to entertain .
9. I write poems to educate the society
10. Give me some water to drink
[The above underlined infinitives are used as the adjectives which qualify their respective nouns in bold letters coming before them.] NOW
2. Used as an adverb to qualify an adjective:
(a)
1 This picture is lovely to look at.
2. Your Sir is accessible to approach.
3. This sum is easy to solve. 4. Your problem is tough to explain
This movie is good to view
The match was exciting to watch.
6
7.
The point was useless to argue 8. The case was too tricky to investigate.
9. The wound was difficult to operate. . The curry is tasty to cat
10 [The above underlined infinitives are used as the adverbs which qualify their respective adjectives in
bold letters coming before them.]
(b) Used as an adverb to qualify verb:
.......
Happiness is the fruit of honest prosperity
We gathered to discuss an important matter
.
3. I don't like to gossip.
4. A team plays to win a match.
5. Man eats to live.
6 We study to gain knowledge
7 The police patrol to maintain law and order 8. Dogs bark to ward off the strangers
9. The thieves escaped to avoid arrest.
10. We should exercise to be healthy
[The above underlined infinitives are used as the adverbs
which qualify their respective verbs in bold letters coming before them.]
3. Used as an adverb to qualify a sentence:
1. To conclude, man is the maker of his own fate. 2. To speak the truth, you are free from guilt. 3. To wind up the lecture, let me discuss the main points.
4. To be very frank, he is a cynic. 5. To be honest, I know nothing about this dispute.
6. He was the culprit, so to say. [The above underlined infinitives are used as the adverbs which qualify their respective sentences in bold coming before/ after them.]
21. Use of do, have and modal auxiliaries
1. Do is used in the following ways:- 1. As a main/finite verb-do, does, did
2. As a helping/auxiliary verb- do, does, did 3. As a non-finite verb-doing, done
1. As a main/finite verb 'do' can express:
1) Function 2) Action
3) Condition/progress
4) Sufficiency
5) Substitution
1. Function:
1) You did a superb job of driving 2) Sachin has done a great deal for the Indian Cricket
3) I will do my best to help you
2. Action:-
1) Don't do this now
2) Do whatever you want 3) Do what is good for you.
3. Condition/Progress:-
1) How do you do? 2) How did they do?
4 Sufficiency:-
1) It will do.
2) That would do. 5. Substitution: -
1) Ram plays better than Hari (does) (plays) 2) Gold costs more than silver (does) (costs) 3) Hari runs faster than I (do) (run)
2. As a helping/ auxiliary verb 'do' can expres
(1) Interrogation (2) Negation
(3) Emphasis
(4) Supplication
Ram would have solved the sums. 10 You must have paid the bills. The above underlined participles are used to form
perfect tenses coming after the helping verbs]
3. The Perfect Participle:
1 A Perfect Participle is formal by using having +
vor having been+v3. 2 It shows the second action begins after he first
action is completed. a. Having + v3:
1 Having won the battle. he became the king. 2 Having killed the king, he fled away
3
Having taken poisonous wine they lost their lives.
4 Having defeated Sri Lanka India won the Trophy.
5 Having failed in his fist attempt, he tried for the second time
6 Having insulted you, I have made a mistake. Having translated Gitanjali into English, Tagore got the
Nobel Prize Having flown to Mumbai, he started a business
Having stolen the ornainents, they ran away.
le Having secured a rank in the S.S.C.. he brought glory to his parents.
The above underlined parts are Active perfect
participles)
b. Having been+ V3: 1. Having been washed away by the rainwater, many cattle
lost their lives.
2 Having been beaten by the opponent, the Indian team returned home without the trophy.
3. Having been cheated by his false friends, he lost his
money. + Having been selected to the national team, he became
extremely delighted. Having been stung, he lost his life.
6 Having been tired, he took rest under a tree.
7 Having been elected to the Parliament, he became a Minister
8 Having been nominated to the ABI. I got a Diploma of
the Experts and Expertise. 9. Having been drowned in the sea, they died.
10. Having been operated in time, he survived. [The above underlined parts are Passive perfect participles]
As we came to see that both the Gerund and the Participle have the same forms, they often create confusion in the minds of the readers. Hence, let's take the following examples to remove the confusion. Hise of admiring is bad 1. Do gain by admiring one unduly
Active Gerund [Present] Active Participle
2 Eouraging is a good quality 2. By encouraging students you can improve their purformance
1 Loving children is loving God. 3. By loving truly she won his heart 4 By praying to the boss he got a leave.
4 Praying brings peace of mind. 3.Soliciting him is useless 5. He lives by soliciting
Passive Gerund [Present]
1. Some are desirous of being Being admired unduly he went admired
2dware delighted at
Passive Participle
2. Being encouraged by teachers he scored.
.....
Greedlessness is godliness:
being encouagined Everyone land of being
3.Being loved by all she flourished
magined
4. The officer was anxious for Being prayed him God blend him being prayed
The judge was pleased at 5. Teng solicited by the lower the judge g his decisions
being solicited properly
Active Gerund
(Perfect)
Active Participle
He was delighted at having 1. Having admired hit she won his hour ту
2. He was delighted at beving
2.Having raged his friend he did good
couraged his friend
3. He was ashamed of having 3. Having loved him sincerely she won his
loved with an ill native 4.He was ashamed of not
heart. 4 Having prayed to God one can be
having prayed to God
5. The lawyer was happy at ha 3. Having solicited the case properly he ving licited the case property 6.He was proud of having won the
Having won the match he won the
malch
Passive Gerund [Perfect)
Le was proud of having been
admed
2. He was interested in having be
3. The boss was dairous of having
been prayed 4 The police don't believe in having
should been solicited
They were ashamed of having so the match illegally
Passive Participle
1. Having been admired he is
proud of
2. Having been encouraged he improved his performance
3. Having beas prayed the boss
changed his decision 4. Having been solicited the police
should not discriminate
3. Having bean won by the pleadings of the children the Principal granted a half day
20. The Infinitive
An infinitive is a non-finite verb mostly beginning with "to", acts like a noun or an adjective or an adverb
It is of two types
(1) Simple Infinitive, (2) Qualifying Infinitive
1. Simple Infinitive acting like a noun: As a noun it can be a subject, an object or a complement.
1. Subject of the verb:
1. To see is to believe.
2 To err is human, forgive divine.
3. To follow Jainism is too difficult in present time.
4. To listen to your music is so sweet. 5. To cram up the sums is his habit.
6. To preach is easy, to practice is difficult.
7. To read the Geeta is a pleasure.
8. To admonish the students carelessly is bad. 19. To forget umbrella is a common thing. 10. To bat first in one day game was initiated by Sri Lanka.
[The above underlined infinitives are the subjects of their respective verbs coming after them.]
2.Object of the verb
1. I told him to meet your ill grandmother.
2. Children begged to play 3. I want to know your problems.
4. You are not allowed to go inside the office. 5. The people were instigated to spread the riot
6. I am determined to do my duty 7. You are asked to help the necay
8 Children are forbidden to move alone. 9. Passengers are disallowed to travel without tickets.
.....
Habits convert luxurious enjoyments into dull and daily
10. The thief was forced to speak the truth. [The above underlined infinitives are the objects of their respective verbs coming before them.]
3. Object of the preposition:
I was about to leave the office to go when he came
meet me.
1.
2. You have no other option but to take B.Sc.
to
(The above underlined infinitives are the objects of
their respective prepositions coming before them.]
4. Complement of the verb: 1. To sce is to believe
2. My hobby is to compose poems.
3. Life means to struggle from birth to death.
4. He seems to be innocent. 5. Your duty is to follow my advice.
6. Indian tradition is to practise honesty.
7. The virtue of a man is te stick to one's principles. 8. His principle is to raise voice against injustice.
9 The worker's demand was to get more wages
10. My point of view was to support the just. [The above underlined infinitives are the
complements of their respective verbs coming before
them.]
2. The qualifying infinitive can be used as an adjective
or an adverb.
1. Used as an adjective to qualify nouns:
1 I bought a book to read.
2. He cut a tree to make furniture.
3. He collected money to donate.
4. We booked a bus to travel.
5. We got a holiday to enjoy
6. They invited a guest to inaugurate the occasion. 7. We produce crops to eat.
8. Dancers perform dance to entertain .
9. I write poems to educate the society
10. Give me some water to drink
[The above underlined infinitives are used as the adjectives which qualify their respective nouns in bold letters coming before them.] NOW
2. Used as an adverb to qualify an adjective:
(a)
1 This picture is lovely to look at.
2. Your Sir is accessible to approach.
3. This sum is easy to solve. 4. Your problem is tough to explain
This movie is good to view
The match was exciting to watch.
6
7.
The point was useless to argue 8. The case was too tricky to investigate.
9. The wound was difficult to operate. . The curry is tasty to cat
10 [The above underlined infinitives are used as the adverbs which qualify their respective adjectives in
bold letters coming before them.]
(b) Used as an adverb to qualify verb:
.......
Happiness is the fruit of honest prosperity
We gathered to discuss an important matter
.
3. I don't like to gossip.
4. A team plays to win a match.
5. Man eats to live.
6 We study to gain knowledge
7 The police patrol to maintain law and order 8. Dogs bark to ward off the strangers
9. The thieves escaped to avoid arrest.
10. We should exercise to be healthy
[The above underlined infinitives are used as the adverbs
which qualify their respective verbs in bold letters coming before them.]
3. Used as an adverb to qualify a sentence:
1. To conclude, man is the maker of his own fate. 2. To speak the truth, you are free from guilt. 3. To wind up the lecture, let me discuss the main points.
4. To be very frank, he is a cynic. 5. To be honest, I know nothing about this dispute.
6. He was the culprit, so to say. [The above underlined infinitives are used as the adverbs which qualify their respective sentences in bold coming before/ after them.]
21. Use of do, have and modal auxiliaries
1. Do is used in the following ways:- 1. As a main/finite verb-do, does, did
2. As a helping/auxiliary verb- do, does, did 3. As a non-finite verb-doing, done
1. As a main/finite verb 'do' can express:
1) Function 2) Action
3) Condition/progress
4) Sufficiency
5) Substitution
1. Function:
1) You did a superb job of driving 2) Sachin has done a great deal for the Indian Cricket
3) I will do my best to help you
2. Action:-
1) Don't do this now
2) Do whatever you want 3) Do what is good for you.
3. Condition/Progress:-
1) How do you do? 2) How did they do?
4 Sufficiency:-
1) It will do.
2) That would do. 5. Substitution: -
1) Ram plays better than Hari (does) (plays) 2) Gold costs more than silver (does) (costs) 3) Hari runs faster than I (do) (run)
2. As a helping/ auxiliary verb 'do' can expres
(1) Interrogation (2) Negation
(3) Emphasis
(4) Supplication
.....
Happiness is the fruit of honest prosperity
1 leserrogation:- Do you know him?
Does he know you?
2
3. Did you do this?
2. Negation:-
I do not know him 2. He does not waste time
3 She did not do this.
& Emphasis:-
He did do this
2 I do study seriously.
3. He does write to me.
4. Supplication:-
1. Do help me in this crisis: please, 2 Do write to me regularly, please.
3. Do phone me after you reach Mumbai, please 2 Have is used both as a main/a helping verb:: 1. As a main verb it expresses
> Possession
Obligation with the infinitive "to" 2 As a helping verbit forms perfect tense / perfect
continuous tense: 3. Passive structure:
1. Possession: I have a pen.
She has a lovely picture. You had a motorcar
123456 Man does not have wings.
4. He had a sweet dream last night.
6. Do you have your transfer letter? 7 They will have a match next week.
2) Obligation with the infinitive 'to:-
1 I have to do my duty. his duty
2 He had to complete 3. She has to reach the station in time.
4. You will have to finish the syllabus.
5. We shall have to pay taxes. 4. Non-finite verb: -
1. The sun having set, the birds returned their homes.
2. Having passed the Entrance exam, he studied Medical.
3. Having been insulted by the teacher, he cried. 3. Perfect/perfect continuous tense (As a helping
verb):
1. Teacher has taught us
20 We have played cricket 3. They had learnt the lesson well.
Farmers have been cultivating
5. Students had been celebrating puja. 6. You will have been reading the Gita
4. Passive structure:-
I have my hair cut
2. We have our hair cut
He had his clothes cleaned. 4. You will have your work done.
5. He has his doubts cleared. Modal Auxiliary:-
Modal auxiliaries are used to convey ability, permission, necessity, obligation, possibility. probability, prohibition, expectation, certainty, desire, politeness etc.
.......Haste in every business causes failures.
Different forms of the different modal auxiliaries
(+) Positive (-) Negative
Contracted (-) Negative
Won't
Will not, 'll not
Will, 'Il
Shan't
Shall not
Shall
Would
Would not Wouldn't
Should
Should not
Shouldn't
Can
Cannot
Can't
Could
Could not
Couldn't
May
May not
Mayn't Might not Mightn't
Might
Must Need
Must not
Mustn't
Need not
Needn't
Dare not
Daren't
Ought to Used to
Ought not to
Oughtn't to
Used not to Did not use to
Didn't use to
[Thus, we can conclude that every modal auxiliary can have[+] positive form, 1-1-negative form and contracted - negative forms.]
Dare
In [+] sentence:- Sub + Modal Auxiliary + Main verb etc. In [-] sentence: - Sub + Modal Auxiliary + not /n't + verb
etc.
.
In [v?]/[verbal interrogative] sentence: - Modal Auxiliary +
sub+ Main verb ctc.?
In [WH? /interrogative] Sentence: WH word + Modal Auxiliary + sub + Main verb etc.?
Note:
[+] Sentence: Positive sentence
1-1 Sentence: Negative sentence [v?] Sentence:-Verbal question
WH? Sentence: WH-type question
For example:
(1)
I. I shall do it. I shall not do it.
3. Shall I do it?
4. Shan't I do it 1?
5. How shall I do it?
(2) 1. You will do it.
2. You will not do it.
3. Will you do it? 4. Won't you do it?
5. How will you do it?
(3) 1. He can do it.
2. He cannot do it.
3. Can he do it?
4. Can't he do it?
5. How can he do it?
(4)
1. We may do it. 2. May we do it?
3. Mayn't we do it?
(5) 1. You should do it.
2. You should not do it
3. Should you do it? 4. Shouldn't you do it?
The use of can:
1. Can is used to express:- 1. Ability to do something
1. He can speak five languages.
.....
Hate is a prolonged form of suicide.
2. India can't beat Australia easily 3. Can you beat me in running? 4. A computer can solve the problems faster than a man.
5. Nothing can travel as fast as light. 2. Possibility of something
1. Anything can happen on the border of a country.
2. You can see a man coming on a cycle. 3. Result can either be positive or be negative.
4 Can wind be seen? 5. Who can defy God?
3. Giving or seeking permission:
1. You can come with me. 2. Anyone can take advantage of the opportunity.
3. Can I take your pen? 4. Yes, you can
5. You can't go home until you have finished your homework 4. A substitute for be able to in present tense. 1. I can/ am able to do this.
2. He can / is able to/ speak Latin etc. 2. Could: is used to express:
1. Ability in past tense
1. Sania Mirza could reach the 32m rank in Tennis. 2. He could not pass in his second attempt.
3. My mother could read books without specs. 4. The English could rule us for almost two hundred years.
5. Man could make fire for his use. 2. A polite request
1. Could you help me in this crisis, please? 2. Could I have your pen, please?
3. Could you give me some time now? 4. Could you wait here till I come back?
5. Could we go to play in the PT period, teacher? 3. A conditional clause 1. I could if I would
2. I would if I could.
3. Could I be you, I would not tolerate this. 4. The patient could survive if he stopped smoking.
5. If locomotives could run by water, pollution would not 4. Noun clause Object of a transitive verb in the
spread.
M.C and Subject of the verb in the M.C. 1. He said that I could do that.
2 Teacher asked the students if they could answer the questions. 3. The herald announced that India could reach the final.
4. That he could pass the test is a mystery, 5. That the thieves could escape from the jail is strange. 5. A sentence in indirect speech
1. The teacher said to the students, "Who can do this sum?
The teacher asked the students who could do that 2. Ram said to me, "Can you help me now, please?"
Ram asked me if I could kindly help him then. 3. I said to the teacher, "I can answer your questions."
I told the teacher that I could answer his questions. 4. He says, "I can not help you now."
He says that he cannot help me now. 5. Mother said to me, "Can you keep 90% marks in the test.
.....
Hating people is like burning down your own house to get
rid of a ral. Mother asked me if I could keep 90% marks in the test ?
3. May is used to express
1. Permission: giving/seeking
1. May I come in,Sir?-(secking)
2 Yes, you may.- -(giving) 3 May we go home sir? - (seeking)
4 Students may use ball pens in the exam. -(giving)
5 May I have your pen? (seeking) [2] A future possibility/ guess
1. It may rain today.
2. He may pass in the test. 3. India may win the match today.
4
He may get well soon.
I may reach in time. 3. An adverb clause of purpose
Man eats that he may live.
2. Speed up your hand so that you may complete the paper in time.
3. Don't waste time lest you may fail.
Reserve your ticket in time so that you may travel comfortably.
5. Exercise regularly so that you may be healthy. 4. A wish/praver: an optative sentence
1. May you live long
2. May success be with you. 3. May God bless you.
4. May you have a good day.
5. May your path be rosy. 5. Offering a help or service
1. May I help you?
2. May I give you a lift?
3. May I leave my bike for you?
4. May I post your letter? 5. May I carry your luggage?
4. MIGHTY is used to express: Might is the past tense of may: complex sentence:
1. Giving or asking permission in a simple or
1. Might I use your pen?
2. You might use my pen.
3. The student asked if he might enter the room.
4. The teacher replied that he might enter. 5. Might I take your advice?
2. A remote possibility/uncertain guess
1. It might rain today:
2. He might win the election.
3. She might have passed the test. 4. It might happen any day.
5. Man might reach the Mars.
3. A wish or prayer in indirect speech 1. We hoped that India might win the match. 2. She wished that she might get car soon
3. I prayed to God that He might bless my friend 4. I wished that you might live long
5. He wished that I might succeed.
4. A purpose
guilt
1. The police beat the suspect so that he might confess
2 The patient was applied oxygen that he might 3. He saved money in the bank so that he might use in time.
.....
He that marries for love has good nights and bad days
I need your help. 5 They need my inspiration.
In negative and interrogative sentence it is used in the 1. a. Subject + do/docs/did+need+to+vl.
following way
b. Subject do/does/ did+need+ object.
2. a. Do/does/did+ sub+need+to+v1?
b. Do does/did + sub +need+ object?
Examples: Negative
You do not need to do this now 2 He does not need to go home now.
3 I do not need your help.
4 We did not need to ask this question. 5. They did not need my help.
Interroggation
1 Do you need to do this now? 2 Does he need to go home now?
3 Do you need my help? 4 Did they need to borrow?
5 Does Ram need anyone's help?
Need+v (ing)
1. This dress needs washing
Those students need caring
1. Your shirt needs pressing
4
These players need patting
3 This milk needs boiling. Need to be + v3
1. This sum needs to be solved
2 You need to be reminded of your duty
This land needed to be ploughed. 4 That student needs to be encouraged.
We need to be punished for our repeated mistakes. "Dare like 'Need' is used both as a modal auxiliary and a main verb.
As a modal auxiliary it means to be bold enough
(to), to venture As a modal auxiliary it does not take to before the
infinitive.
1. How dare you say so? 2 How dared you do this? CARTA AA A
As a modal auxiliary its forms are dare, dares, dared.
As a modal auxiliars it is used in negative and
interrogative sentence
Ravi dares not approach the principal.
I dare not jump into the river.
5. Dared they deny your suggestion? Dare as a main verb means to challenge or defy or
face As a main verb its forms are dare, dares, dared. As a main verb it takes an object+to+ VI.
Le, dare+ object+to+ V1.
As a main verb in negative and interrogative sentence it takes do, does, did to express it.
1 England dared Australia for the Ashes Series.
2 1 dare him to run for a race
3. Sania dared Serena Williams to defeat her. 4 We dared the miscreants to protect openly
5. The workers in India dare the govt to go on strikes. 1. He does not dare me to ask.
...
He that promises too much means nothing
She did not dare her father to show her marks Did they dare us to meet in the race? Hari does not dare his mother to appeal for a favour
5. We do not dare our principal to argue 22. Figures Of Speech:
(1) In the crown of language figures of speech are like the (2) Just as an idol is decorated by colours, a person is
glowing stones.
adorned by costumes and ornaments, a curry is
seasoned by spices so is the language enriched by the proper use of figures of speech. There are many types of figures of speech used in various forms of literature i.c. prose, poetry, novel, shon
story etc. But here prominent twenty-five figures have been discussed which are commonly used. They can be classified under the following heading for the convenience of remembrance of the readers:
[C3 and S2]
Figures of (C3)-(1) Comparison
(2) Construction
(3) Contrast
Figures of [S2]- (1) Sound
(2) Substitution
1Figures based on of comparison:
Apostrophe Metaphor
Personification
Simile
2. Figures based on construction:
1. Anticlimax
2. Climax 3. Exclamation
4. Hyperbole 5. Interrogation
6. Inversion
7. Litotes
8 Repetition
9. Tautology
10. Transferred epithet
3. Figures based on contrast:
1. Anti-thesis
2. Epigram
3. Euphemism
+ Oxymoron 5. Paradox
6 Irony Figures of Sound:
Alliteration
. Onomatopocia
2 3. Pun
5. Figures based on substitution:
1. Metonymy
2. Synecdoche
1. Figures based on comparison:
1. Apostrophe:- An apostrophe is a figure of speech in which a lifeless person/ thing, an absent person/thing." of an abstract quality is personified and addressed as if they
were present/ human beings.
1. O Death! Where is thy sting?
.....
He that respects not is not respected
2 O Frailty! Thy name is woman 3. O Grave! Where is the victory?
4. O Liberty! What crimes have been committed in
name?
thy
5 O Solitude! Where are the charms that sages have seen
in thy face?
2. Metaphor: A metaphor is a figure of speech in which a resemblance between two different things is justified by
an indirect comparison between them.
In metaphor 'as, so, like, as / so.... as' are not used 1. A rolling stone gathers no moss
2. Face is the index of one's mind.
3. Figures of speech are the precious gems in the crown of
language.
4. He is the pillar of our team. (Metaphor) He is like a pillar of our team (Simile)
5. His orchard is his bread. (Metaphor)
His orchard is like his bread. (Simile)
6. Hope is the poor man's brerad. 7. Life is a battle
8 Necessity is the mother of invention
9 The camel is the ship of the desert. (Metaphor) The camel is like the ship of the desert. (Simile)
10. He is a lamb by nature 3. Personification:- A personification is a figure of
speech in which a lifeless object or an abstract quality is given human qualities of doing something
as a man does.
Anxiety was sitting on his eyes. 2 Pride goes before a fall.
3. Opportunity never comes twice 4. Time and tide waits for none.
5. Fortune smiled on Ram but stared at Gopal 4. Simile: A simile is a figure of speech in which a
resemblance (likeness) between things is justified by a direct comparison between them by using the
joining words 'as, as as, as so, like etc. 1 As diet is to the stomach, so is learning to the mind.
2 Bhima was as firm as a rock.
3. Figures of speech are like the precious gems in the
crown of language.
4. He was roaring like a lion. 5. Power like a desolating pestilence, pollates whatever it
touches.
6. Life is as tedious as a twice-told story. 7. He is as innocent as a lamb.
As cold water is to the thirsty throat, so is good news from a distant place.
2. Figures based on construction:
1. Anticlimax An anticlimax is a figure of speech in which words are arranged in a descending order as
per the ideas are concerned.
1. Aeroplanes, trains, buses, bikes and cycles are the means of fast communication. The flood took away the poor man's life, his house and
2.
the cattle. 3. The king lost his life, his throne and his fame. 4. The old and the new students were invited to the
meeting. 5. The old, the young and the little children attended the
....
He wastes his tears who weeps before the judge
show
6. The principal, the teachers and the students were going
on a trip 7. We are the members of our country, our state and our districts
2. Climax -A climax is a figure of speech in which
words are arranged in an ascending order so far as their ideas are concerned.
He owns a cycle, a bike and a car
2 I bought a rubber, a pencil and a drawing note. 3. The little children, the young lads and the old people
had come to the fair.
4. Infancy, childhood, youth, middle age and old age are
the stages of man. 5. A day is made up of morning, noon, afternoon,
evening and night. 3. Exclamation: -An exclamation is a figure of speech in
which a strong feeling is expressed 1. What a piece of work man is!
2 O. What a ghastly sight!
3. Alas! I am undone.
4. Bravo! Well done India.
Phew! What a dastardly act it was.
4. Hyperbole - A hyperbole is a figure of speech in
which an obvious overstatement is made or a
statement is exaggerated. 1. It is less than nothing
2. He has amassed tons and tons of money. 3. She wept oceans of tears.
4. The sea rose mountain high.
5. I met him after ages.
5. Interrogation:- An interrogation [also known as a rhetoric question] is a figure of speech in which a question is asked not for answer but for an opposite
L
assertion. Who will dare to challenge him?
2. How can we forget that deadly evening?
3. Where was the need to waste money?
4.
Who can bear that?
5. Why will government ignore the public interest?
6. Inversion:- An inversion is a figure of speech in which the correct prose order is not maintained or words are written in a jumbled way for better effect. 1. Away he went all of a sudden.
2. Smiling he spoke to me.
3. Fed the child the kind mother.
4. Skipped home the students after the school. .
5. Wins the race steady and slow
7. Litotes-Litotes is a figure of speech in which a strong affirmation is conveyed by using opposite negation
1. He is not an ordinary person. 2. This is not a silly question.
3. I am not a fool to follow him. 4. LAS exam is not a child's play.
3. That was not a futile talk
8. Repetition: A repetition is a figure of speech in which a word or a phrase is repeated for better poetic effic 1 Tell me, tell me what you want from me
2. No more, no more can I bear all this injustice 3. Repeat, please repeat your answer
4. You should not commit one mistake again
and again.
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