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..

Dally not with money or women

Children stopped playing only when/after night fell ty

Until T/As long as sublectam/are/wwere adiective past participle 2 sentence Until you are sincere you can't pass

Tillas long as you are not sincere. you can't pe() You can pass only when/after you are sincere (4) One should not rest until one is tired One should not rest till/as long as one is vet thed (-)

One should rest only when/after one is tired I don't lose my temper until I am teased

I don't lose my temper till/as long as I am not teased (-)) I lose my temper only when/after I am teased (+))

Until he was injured, he could play

Titas long as he was not injured, he could play (-)

He stopped playing only when/after war injored (+) Until he was active, he could not pass

Tillas long as he was not active, he could not pass

He could pass only when/after he was active Students cannot secure high percentage until moderate

questions are set

Students cannot secure high percentage till/as long as moderate questions are not set. (-) Students can secure high percentage only when/after

moderate questions are set (+) Results become unimpressive until students are taught

properly

Results become unimpressive till/as long as students are not taught properly

Results become impressive only when/after students are taught properly

Happiness does not spring until the belly is full, Happiness does not spring till/as long as the belly is not foll

Happiness springs only when/after the belly is full (+) 2. Remove As soon as/When To remove As soon as/When "No sooner than or

Hardly when is used

As soon as When' can come in the beginning or in the But No sooner

middle of a sentence

than or Hardly when always starts in

the beginning of a sentence Use of No sooner.... than

When No sooner than is used the sentence order is No sooner belping verb first sentence+ (comma cut

than second sentence.

Rale to use helping verb

Helping verb is used according to the tense of the first

sentence (As soon av/when sentence) If there is no helping verb in the sentence,

Do comes for the first form of the verb, (v) do+v Does comes for the first form of the verbs/es, (vs/es)

does+v-ves

"Did comes for the second form of the verb, (v) did+v That it-No sooner+do/does/did-subject+1+than+second

REMERCE

If there is helping verb in the fuis part of the sentence, the same helping verb will come after 'No sooner. That Is-No sooner-is/am/are/was/acre etc. +subject+v1/

thane second sentence 1. No soonerdot subjectes chansecond sentenss As soon as When the examinations approach, the heart...
Doep meditation leads to intuition.
beats of the students increase
No sooner do the examinations approach than the heart beats of the students increase
As soon as/When the players return to the dressing room the coach gives them tips. to the dressing room than the
No sooner do the players return coach gives them lips
As soon as/When all the members gather, the meeting No sooner do all the members gather than the meeting starts
Marts
As soon as/When the books costie to the stores, students
ruth to buy No sooner do the books come to the stores than students rush As soon as/When the flowers blossom, bees come to suck
to buy
honey
No sooner do the flowers blossom than bees come to suck
honey
The students are allowed to go out as soon as/when they complete their papers No sooner do the students complete their papers than they
are allowed to go out As soon as/When the thieves notice the police, they flee No sooner do the thieves notice the police than they flee
As soon as/When I get the paper, I start writing No sooner do I get the paper than I start writing 2. No sooner does+subject+1+than+second sentence
As soon as/When the baby cries, mother feeds
No sooner does the baby cry than mother feeds. As soon as/When a player returns to the dressing room.
the coach gives him tips. No sooner does a player return to the dressing room than the coach gives him tips.
As soon as/When the President arrives, the meeting starts
No sooner does the President arrive than the meeting starts As soon as/When a new book comes to the stores, students
rush to buy
No sooner does a new book come to the stores than students
rush to buy
As soon as/When a flower blossoms, bees come to suck honey
No sooner does a flower blossom than bees come to suck honey
A student is allowed to go out as soon as/when he completes his paper No sooner does a student complete his paper than he is
allowed to go out As soon as/When a thief notices the police, he flees
No sooner does a thief notice the police than he flees. As soon as/When he gets the paper, he starts writing No sooner does he get the paper than he starts writing
3. No sooner+did+subject+1+than+second sentence.
As soon as/When the examinations approached, the heart beats of the students increased
No sooner did the examinations approach than the heart beats of the students increased As soon as/When the players returned to the dressing room the coach gave them tips
No sooner did the players return to the dressing room than the coach gave them tips As soon as When all the members gathered, the meetwere

Desire is the devil that tortures man day and night

started

No sooner did all the members gather than the meeting

started

As soon as/When the books came to the stores, students rushed to buy No sooner did the books come to the stores than students

nusbed to buy As soon as When the flowers blossomed bees came to suck

honey

No sooner did the flowers blossom than bees came to suck honey

The students were allowed to go out as soon as/when they completed their papers. were allowed to go out

No sooner did the students complete their papers than they

As soon as/When the thieves noticed the police, they fled. No sooner did the thieves notice the police than they fled.

As soon as/When I got the paper, I started writing

No sooner did I get the paper than I started writing As soon as/When I received the news of my friend's

1 felt restless.

illness,

No sooner did I receive the news of my friend's illness than I

felt restless. As soon as the recess bell rang, students went out eagerly

No sooner did the recess bell ring than students went out eagerly

4. No soonertis/am/are/was/were+subject+v1/ 3+than+second sentence

As soon as/When the cat is away, mice start playing. No sooner is the cat away than mice start playing

As soon as/When the catch is caught, the batsman is out. No sooner are they in danger than we rush to help. As soon as When the papers are corrected, results are

No sooner is the catch caught than the batsman is out As soon as/When they are in danger, we rush to help.

declared No sooner are the papers corrected than results are declared I ask any brother for help as soon as/When I am in need. No sooner am I in need than I ask my brother for help. Mother serves us food as soon as/ When we are back home

from school.

No sooner are we back home from school than mother serves us food As soon as/When fifty overs are bowled, one innings comes

to an end

No sooner are fifty overs bowled than one innings comes to an end

As soon as/When the sun is about to set, birds return to their nests No sooner is the sun about to set than birds return their to

nesis As soon as/When the cat was away, mice started playing No sooner was the cat away than mice started playing As soon as When the catch was caught, the batsman was

Oul

No sooner was the catch caught than the batsman was out As soon as/When they were in danger, we rushed to help No sooner were they in danger than we rushed to help. As soon as/When the papers were corrected, results were

Destination and destiny are two different things.

declared

No sooner was I in need than I asked my brother for help

10. Use of Hardly...when

No sooner were the papers corrected than results were I asked my brother for help as soon as/When I was in need

When Hardly when is used replacing 'As soon as When', the following rule is used.

The question basically remains in past tense. So, the normal sentence structure is

(1) Hardly+had+sub +v3+when+2 second (2) If there are helping verbs/was/were]in the first part of

sentence, the helping verb 'had+sub+been'

the

will come after 'Hardly' 1. Hardly+had+sub +13+when+2second. As soon as/When the flood subsided, people heaved a sigh

of relief Hardly had the flood subsided when people heaved a sigh of

relief.

As soon as/When the match started, the fans switched on their TV sets Hardly had the match started when the fans switched on their

TV sets.

As soon as/When the train reached the platform, the pass-

engers got down.

Hardly had the train reached the platform when the passen gers got down

As soon as/When Dhoni made a century, he kissed his bat Hardly had Dhoni made a century when he kissed his bat The prizes were distributed as soon as/when the match

ended

Hardly had the match ended when the prizes were distributed. As soon as/When the books came to the stores, students

rushed to buy.

Hardly had the books come to the stores when students rushed to buy. As soon as/When the flowers blossomed, bees came to suck

honey.

Hardly had the flowers blossomed when bees came to suck

honey

The students were allowed to go out as soon as/when they completed their papers

Hardly had the students completed their papers when they were allowed to go out.

As soon as/When the thieves noticed the police, they fled. Hardly had the thieves noticed the police when they fled. As soon as/When I received the news of my friend's illness,

I felt restless

Hardly had I received the news of my friend's illness when I felt restless

2. Hardly + had + subject + been + V3+adjective/adverb/a phrase+when+2 sentence. As soon as/When the dinner was over, the invitees went

away Hardly had the dinner was over when the invitees went away *The patient came back home as soon as/when the treatment

was compicte

Hardly had the treatment been completed when the patient came back home.

As soon as/When he was shot, he was taken to the hospital Hardly had he been shot when he was taken to the hospital. As soon as/When the thief was caught, he was put icruel

Disappointment is to the soul what a thunderstorm is to the air

jail.

Hardly had the thief been caught when he was put in the jail.

The child was sent to school as soon as he was of school

going age

Hardly had the child been of school going age when he was

sent to school

As soon as/When the cat was away, mice started playing Hardly had the cat been away when mice started playing As soon as/When the catch was caught, the batsman was

Hardly had the catch been caught when the batsman was out. • As soon as When they were in danger, we rushed to help. Hardly had they been in danger when we rushed to help.

As soon as/When the papers were corrected, results were declared Hardly had the papers been corrected when results were

declared 1 asked my brother for help as soon as/when I was in need. Hardly had I been in need when I asked my brother for help

11.Use of Correlatives but also, Both...and, Either...or,

Not only. Neither.... nor, As well as, as well. 1. The rules of using Not only... but also.

1. Subject verb + not only + noun+but also noun. 2. Subject not only + verb+ but also + verb.

3. Subject verb + not only + adjective+ but also + adjective. 4 Subject+ verb + not only adverb + but also + adverb.

1. Not only+noun+ but also+noun

Ram is a doctor. Ram is a cricketer. Ans-Ram is not only a doctor but also a cricketer.

She is a composer. She is a singer. Ans-She is not only a composer but also a singer.

Mother is a woman. Mother is a goddess. Ans-Mother is not only a woman but also a goddess. Teacher is a torch bearer. Teacher is a fortune maker. Ans- Teacher is not only a torch bearer but also a fortune

maker. He is a batsman. He is a bowler. Ans-He is not only a batsman but also a bowler.

2. Not only + verb + but also + verb. Ram studies well. Ram plays well.

Ans-Ram not only studies well but also plays well. The police scolded the thieves. The police beat them. Ans- The police not only scolded the thieves but also beat them.

The bees collect nectar. They store it inside the hives Ans-The bees not only collect nectar but also store it inside

the hives

The sun gives us light and heat. The sun causes rain. Ans-The sun not only gives us light and heat but also

causes rain

Nature creates everything. Nature destroys it. Ans-Nature not only creates but also destroys everything 3. Not only adjective but also adjective.

Ram is kind. Ram is gentle. Ans-Ram is not only kind but also gentle.

Shivaji Maharaj was bold. Shivaji Maharaj was clever. Ans-Shivaji Maharaj was not only bold but also clever. Vibbishan was devout. Vibhishan was impartial. Ans-Vibhishan was not only devout but also impartial. He is short tempered. He is cruel

Discipline is learnt in the school of adversity

Ans-He is not only short-tempered but also cruel. Man is social. Man is gregarious

Ans-Man is not only social but also gregarious. 4. Not only + adverb + but also + adverb,

Hari ran swiftly. Hari ran successfully Ans-Hari ran not only swiftly but also successfully She wrote neatly. She wrote correctly Ans-She wrote not only neatly but also correctly. Mother cooked quickly. Mother cooked deliciously. Ans-Mother cooked not only quickly but also deliciously The speaker spoke fluently. The speaker spoke convincingly Ans- The speaker spoke not only fluently but also convin-

cingly. The painter drew a picture carefully. The painter drew a

picture beautifully. Ans- The painter drew a picture not only carefully but also

beautifully.

2. The rules of using both.....and

1. Subject+ verb + both + noun+and+ noun. 2. Subject+ both + verb+and+ verb.

3. Subject + verb + both + adjective+and+ adjective. adverb+and+ adverb.

4. Subject + verb + both + 1. Both + noun+ and + noun.

Ram is a doctor. Ram is a cricketer.

Ans- Ram is both a doctor and a cricketer She is a composer. She is a singer. Ans- Mother is both a woman and a goddess Teacher is a torchbearer. Teacher is a fortune maker. He is a batsman. He is a bowler

Ans-She is both a composer and a singer. Mother is a woman. Mother is a goddess.

Ans- Teacher is both a torch bearer and a fortune maker.

Ans-He is both a batsman and a bowler

2. Both verband + verb

Ans- Ram both studies well and plays well.

Ram studies well. Ram plays well. The police scolded the thieves. The police beat them. Ans- The police both scolded the thieves and scolded them The bees collect nectar. They store it inside the hives Ans- The bees both collect nectar and store it inside the

hives.

The sun gives us light and heat. The sun causes rain

Ans- The sun both gives us light and heat and causes rain Nature creates everything. Nature destroys it. Ans-Nature both creates and destroys everything 3. Both adjective+and+ adjective.

Ram is kind. Ram is gentle.

Ans- Ram is both kind and gentle,

Shivaji Maharaj was bold. Shivaji Maharaj was clever. Ans-Shivaji Maharaj was both bold and clever

Vibhishan was devout. Vibhishan was impartial. Ans- Vibhishan was both devout and impartial.

He is short tempered. He is cruel.

Ans- He is both short-tempered and cruel

Man is social. Man is gregarious. Ans-Man is both social and gregarious.

4. Both adverb + and adverb.

Hari ran swiftly. Hari ran successfully. Ans-Hari ran both swiftly and successfully

She wrote neatly. She wrote correctly. Ans-She wrote both neatly and correctly

(29)

Discretion is the better part of valour

Mottier cooked quickly Mother cooked deliciously Ans-Mother cooked both quickly and deliciously The speaker spoke fluently. The speaker spoke convincingly Ans- The speaker spoke both fluently and convincingly

The painter drew a picture carefully. The painter drew a

picture beautifully

Ans- The painter drew a picture both carefully and beautifully 3. The rules of using either....or

1 Subject verb either noun or noun

2 Subject either verb or verb

3 Subject+verb+ either adjective+or+adjective.

4 Subject verb + either+ adverb +or+ adverb. 1. Either noun+or+ noun.

Ram is a doctor. Ram is a cricketer Ans- Ram is either a doctor or a cricketer

She is a composer She is a singer

Aus-Slie is either a composer or a singer Mother is a woman. Mother is a goddess.

Ans-Mother is either a woman or a goddess.

Teacher is a torchbearer. Teacher is a fortune maker.

Ans-Teacher is either a torchbearer or a fortune maker He is a batsman. He is a bowler.

Ans- He is either a batsman or a bowler. 2. Either + verb +or+ verb.

Ram studies well. Ram plays well.

Ans-Ram either studies well or plays well. The police scolded the thieves. The police beat them.

Ans- The police either scolded the thieves or beat them.

The bees collect nectar. They store it inside the hives. Ans-The bees either collect nectar or store it inside the hives.

The sun gives us light and heat. The sun causes rain.

Ans- The sun either gives us light and heat or causes rain. Nature creates everything Nature destroys it.

Ans-Nature either creates or destroys everything

3. Either adjective+or+ adjective, Ram is kind. Ram is gentle

Ans-Ram is either kind or gentle.

Shivaji Maharaj was bold. Shivaji Maharaj was clever Ans- Shivaji Maharaj was either bold or clever.

Vibhishan was devout. Vibhishan was impartial.

Ans-Vibhishan was either devout or impartial. He is short tempered. He is cruel.

Ans- He is either short-tempered or cruel. Man is social. Man is gregarious

Ans-Man is either social or gregarious.

4. Both adverb+and+ adverb,

Hari ran swiftly Hari ran successfully

Ans-Hari ran either swiftly or successfully She wrote neatly. She wrote correctly. Ans-She wrote either neatly or correctly.

Mother cooked quickly Mother cooked deliciously. Ans-Mother cooked either quickly or deliciously.

The speaker spoke fluently. The speaker spoke convincingly Ans-The speaker spoke either fluently or convincingly.

The painter drew a picture carefully. The painter drew a

picture beautifully

Ans- The painter drew a picture either carefully or beautifully 4. The rules of using neither....nor 1. Subject+verb+ neither noun+ nor+ noun.

2. Subject neither+ verb nor+ verb.

(

...

Do not put all your eggs in one basket.

3 Subject+ verb neither + adjective+ nor + adjective 4. Subject+ verb + neither+ adverb + nor+ adverb,

1. Neither noun+nor+ noun. Ram is not a doctor. Ram is not a cricketer.

Ans- Ram is neither a doctor nor a cricketer.

She is not a composer. She is not a singer.

Ans-She is neither a composer nor a singer. Mother is not a common woman. Mother is not a selfish anticipator

Ans-Mother is neither a common woman nor a selfish

anticipator A chatter is not a torch bearer. A chatter is not a fortune

maker

Ans- A chatter is neither a torch bearer nor a fortune make

He is not a batsinan. He is not a bowler. Ans-He is neither a batsman nor a bowler

2. Neither verb + nor + verb.

Rain does not study well. Ram does not play well. Ans- Ram neither studies well nor plays well.

The police did not scold the thieves. The police did not beat

them Ans-The police neither scolded the thieves nor scolded them The drones do not collect nectar. The drones do not store it

inside the hives. Ans-The drones neither collect nectar nor store it inside the

hives

The sun does not fail to give us light and heat. The sun does

not fail to cause rain.

Ans-The sun fails neither to give us light and heat nor to Man could not create Nature. Man could not protect Her

cause rain.

Ans-Man could neither create Nature nor protect Her 3. Neither adjective+nor + adjective. Ram is not unkind. Ram is not ungentle.

Ans- Ram is neither unkind nor ungentle.

Shivaji Maharaj was not cowardly. Shivaji Maharaj was not

dull Ans-Shivaji Maharaj was neither cowardly nor dull. Vibhushan was not atheistic Vibhishan was not partial. Ans- Vibhishan was neither atheistic nor partial.

He is not short tempered. He is not cruel. Ans-He is neither short-tempered not cruel. Man is not anti-social. Man is not irrational. Ans-Man is neither anti-social nor irrational 4. Neither adverb + nor+ adverb.

Hari did not run swiftly. Hari did not run successfully.

Ans-Hari ran neither swiftly nor successfully.

She did not write neatly. She did not write correctly. Ans-She wrote neither neatly nor correctly. Mother did not cook quickly. Mother did not cook deliciously Ans-Mother cooked neither quickly nor deliciously. The speaker did not speak fluently. The speaker did not speak convincingly

Ans- The speaker spoke neither fluently nor convincingly

The painter did not draw a picture carefully. The painter did not draw a picture beautifully Ans- The painter drew a picture neither carefully nor beautifully

lly

12. Interchange of sentences

1. Assertive sentence is of two types:

Do not rake up old grievances.

(b) Negative

2. Interrogative sentence 3. Exclamatory sentence

12. From Affirmative to Negative:

1. Positive verb positive adjective/participle-Negative

verbreegative adjective/participle

Ram is very sincere

Ans-Ram is not at all insincere Sita is very attentive in studies

Ans-Sita is not at all inattentive in studies

Hari is regular in his duty Ans-Hari is not irregular in his duty:

Gopal is very active

Ans-Gopal is not at all inactive Mother is very kind.

Ans-Mother is not at all unkind.

2. Positive verb negative adjective/participle Negative verb positive adiective/participle.

Ram is very insincere

Ans-Ram is not at all sincere.

Sita is very inattentive in studies.

Ans-Sita is not at all attentive in studies.

Hari is irregular in his duty. Ans-Hari is not regular in his duty

Gopal is very inactive.

Ans-Gopal is not at all active.

Man is very unkind.

Ans-Man is not at all kind

3. Only sub/sub + alone (person) 1 None but sub +verb+ rest of the sentence

2. None other than + sub+ verb+ rest of the sentence.

3. No one else except + sub+ verb + rest of the sentence. 4. No other person except sub + verb + rest of the sentence.

Only Ram/Ram alone can do such a difficult job Ans- None but Ram can do such a difficult job.

None other than Ram can do such a difficult job No one else except Ram can do such a difficult job.

No other person except Ram can do such a difficult job. Only the brave/The brave alone deserve applause. Ans- None but the brave deserves applause.

None other than the brave deserves applause No one else except the brave deserves applause.

No other person except the brave deserves applause Only the honest/The honest alone are blest by God.

Ans- None but the honest is blest by God. None other than the honest is blest by God.

No one else except the honest is blest by God No other person except the honest is blest by God. 4. Only + sub/sub+ alone (thing)-

1. Nothing but sub+verb+rest of the sentence

2. Nothing other than subverb+rest of the sentence. 3. Nothing else except+sub+verb rest of the sentence 4. No other thing except sub+verb+rest of the sentence.

Only nonviolence/Nonviolence alone can restore peace.

Ans- Nothing but nonviolence can restore peace Nothing other than nonviolence can restore peace

Nothing else except nonviolence can restore peace. No other thing except nonviolence can restore peace

Only love/Love alone can win heart Ans- Nothing but love can win heart.

Nothing other than love can win heart.

.......

Do not turn back when you are just at the goal

Nothing else except love can win heart.

No other thing except love can win heart.

Only a thing of beauty/A thing of beauty alone is a jov

forever.

Ans- Nothing but a thing of beauty is a joy for ever Nothing other than a thing of beauty is a joy forever

Nothing else except a thing of beauty is a joy forever

No other thing except a thing of beauty is a joy forever 5.The only person/thing whom/that/which someone likes

verb noun. There is no other person/thing except

him/her/this whom someone likes. Or.

The only student I like is Ram. Ans- There is no other student than Ram whom I like

The only subject I like is Maths

Ans- There is no other subject than Maths, which I like

The only game I like is cricket.

Ans- There is no other game than cricket which I like

6. Someone likes only someone/something.

Someone likes none/nothing other than/except + object

I like only Krishna.

Ans- I like none other than Krishna. She likes only Geometry

Ans- She likes nothing other than Geometry.

Joseph likes only Hindi movies.

Ans- Joseph likes no other movies except Hindi ones

7.Only having double meaning:

He lost his only cycle.

Ans- He did not have a cycle after he lost it.

He lost his cycle only Ans- He did not lose anything else except his cycle

8. Only having more than two meanings:

Only he can speak English well.

Ans- None other than he can speak English well.

He can only speak English well.

Ans- He can neither read nor write English except speaking

it well.

He can speak well English only.

Ans- He cannot speak any other language well than English: 2. Unable not+able/cannot or could not:

I am unable to shoulder such a huge responsibility

Ans- I am not able to shoulder such a huge responsibility He was unable to solve the tough sums.

Ans- He was not able to solve the tough sums

Students are unable to complete so much daily homework Ans-Students are not able to complete so much daily

homework

The average men are unable to pay surplus electricity bill Ans- The average men are not able to pay surplus electricity

bill.

Farmers are unable to clear their loans.

Ans- Farmers cannot clear their loans The anti-social elements are unable to escape the media

glares

Ans- The anti-social elements cannot escape the media

glares.

The thief was unable to escape the police vigil

Ans- The thief could not escape the police vigil

The ministers were unable to fulfil their election promises Ans- The ministers could not fulfil their election premises 10.Removal of "too + infinitive" by so...that not.

The cold is too much to bear.

........

Doing easily what others find difficult is talent; doing what is impossible for talent, genius

Ans- The cold is so much that no one can bear it. The minister was too busy to receive your cell call. Ans- The minister was so busy that he could not receive your

cell call

The luggage is too heavy for the coolie to lift alone. Ans- The luggage is so heavy for the coolie that he cannot lift

it alone

11. Removal of unless" by "if + sub+hy+not+verh Unless you realize the value of time, you will have to suffer

suffer

Teachers punish the students unless they maintain discipline.

Ans- If you do not realize the value of time, you will have to We shall go on a picnic unless it rains today Ans- We shall go on a picnic if it does not rain today

discipline

Ans- Teachers punish the students if they do not maintain 12. Removal of until' by 'till sub+hy+not+ verb'. Until you do hard work, you will keep less marks

Ans-Till you do not do hard work, you cannot keep good

marks

Solve these sums until you are fully convinced Ans- Solve these sums till you are not fully convinced The pain will aggravate until he takes medicines. Ans- The pain will aggravate till he does not take medicines.

13. Removal of as soon as/hardly when" by

no sooner than

As soon as the door bell rang. I opened the door Ans- No sooner did the door bell ring than I opened the door. Hardly had the train reach the station when the commuters

got into it.

Ans- No sooner did the train reached the station than the

commuters got into it

As soon as the exam approaches, students prepare faster than before.

Ans- No sooner does the exam approach than students

prepare faster than before.

14. Either negative adjective+or+ negative adjectiv Sub+can/could neither + positive verb nor+ positive

serb

He is cither dumb or deaf

Ans- He can neither speak nor hear. She was either lame or blind.

Ans- She could neither walk nor see.

He is either bald or toothless. Ans- He can neither comb nor chew

15. Be verb+without+noun

Don't/doesn't/didn't+ have + noun Don'v/doesn't/didn't+ verb'+ object

He is without love for me, Ans- He does not have love for me. Or,

He does not love me.

I was without likeness for movies.

Ans- I did not have likeness for movies. Or, I did not like movies

She was without hatred for her neighbour.

Ans- She did not have hatred for her neighbour. Or,

She did not hate her neighbour.

16. Sub + verb+ object- Sub + be verb+not+without+

noun form of the verb + preposition + object. Or, No (sub)+ be verb+without+n.f.y+ prep. + n.f.v

....

Don't fizzle out your energy on paltry things.

Every mother loves her child. Ans- Every mother is not without love for her child. Or, No mother is without love for her child.

Every person needs other's help. Ans- Every person is not without in need of other's help. Or, No person is without in need of other's help.

Every patient requires consolation.

Ans- Every patient is not without in requirement of

consolation. Or.

No patient is without in requirement of consolation

17. Fail-1. Not to pass/succeed (when fail shows failure) 2. Do/does/did+not+verbi (when fail shows a simple

negation)

3. Can't/couldn't + verb (when fail shows inability) Jitesh failed in the first unit test.

Ans- Jitesh did not pass in the first unit test. Gopal failed to get the first prize.

Ans- Gopal did not succeed in getting the first prize. Rajesh failed to get a job of his choice. Ans- Rajesh did not succeed in getting a job of his choice.

Rashmi fails to get up early.

Ans- Rashmi does not get up early. Soumitra failed to reach the office in time.

Ans-Soumitra did not reach the office in time.

Father failed to post me money before the picnic. Ans- Father did not post me money before the picnic. Sania Mirza failed to beat Serena Williams in the Wimble-

don tournament

Ans-Sania Mirza could not beat Serena Williams in the

Wimbledon tournament

India failed to beat Australia in the 2003 World Cup match. Ans- India could not beat Australia in the 2003 World Cup

final match.

The doctor failed to save the life of the patient.

Ans- The doctor could not save the life of the patient. 18. Little almost no/nothing Little is used in case of uncountable nouns/quantity.

There is little milk in the pot. Ans- There is almost no milk in the pot.

There is little meaning in what he says. Ans- There is almost no meaning in what he says.

He knows little about Maths.

Ans-He knows almost nothing about Maths.

There was little hope of his recovery. Ans- There was almost no hope of his recovery.

The speaker spoke little about unemployment in India. Ans- The speaker spoke almost nothing about unemployment

in India

19. A little not/nothing much

A little is used in case of uncountable noun/quantity A little learning is a dangerous thing. thing.

.

Ans- Not much learning is a dangerous There is a little sugar in the pot.

Ans- There is not much sugar in the pot.

I know a little about Geometry.

Ans- I do not know much about Geometry. The teacher taught a little about of the fundamental grammar

tal grammar

Ans- The teacher did not teach much about of the fundamen-

He cried a little over his defeat

(32)

....

Drown not thyself to save a drowning man.

Ans-He did not cry much over his defeat 20. Few almost no/not

Few is used in case of countable nouns/numbers. Few answers were correct

Ans- Almost no answer was correct. Few people turned up to the meeting

ure)

Ans- Almost no one turned up to the meeting 1 was given few fruits to eat.

Ans- I was given almost no fruit to cat.

Few doctors live well, few lawyers die well.

Ans-Almost no doctor lives well and no lawyer dies well. Few criminals escape without divine punishment.

Ans- Almost no criminal escapes without divine punishment.

21. A few not many A few is used in case of countable nouns/numbers.

A few students answered the question

Ans-Not many students answered the question. A few mangoes are ripe.

Ans- Not many mangoes are ripe. A few of them succeeded in the test. Ans- Not many of them succeeded in the test.

A few ticketless travellers were caught.

Ans- Not many ticketless travellers were caught I got a few chances to play in the national team

Ans- I did not get many chances to play in the national team.

slc-

tch. Sup

ment

mmar men-

22. Unless if not Unless we eat food, we will die.

Ans- If we do not cat food, we will die.

You will fail unless you study sincerely Ans- You will fail if you do not study sincerely.

Unless the teacher comes to the class. students will make a

noises

Aus-If the teacher does not come to the class, students will

make a noises.

We shall bat first unless we lose the toss. Ans- We shall bat first if we do not lose the toss.

Unless it rains, we shall go out without umbrellas.

Ans- If it does not rain, we shall go out without umbrellas. 23, Until till/as long as not

Until the train arrived at the station, we waited for you. Ans-Till the train did not arrive at the station, we waited for

you

He was in trouble until he got my support.

Ans- He was in trouble as long as he did not get my support. Until one passes SSC exam, the door of the college is shut for

him

Ans-Till one does pass SSC exam, the door of the college is

shut for him.

Until one is proved guilty, one can evade punishment Ans- As long as one is not proved guilty, one can evade

punishment

Wealth is a dream until health is well.

Ans- Wealth is a dream till health is not well. 24. Without/devoid of/lack-no/not

He is without uniform today.

Ans-He is not in uniform today.

Many of us today are devoid of rationality Ans- Many of us today have no rationality

They lacked common sense.

Ans- They had no common sense I am without money today.

....

Drunkenness is nothing but voluntary madness

Ans-She does not have the latest international information 25. Hardly ever never/not ever

Ans- I have no money today

She lacks the latest international information

Ram hardly ever tells lies Ans- Ram never sells lies

I hardly ever smoke Ans- I don't ever smoke

A laborious person hardly ever fails in life.

Ans- A laborious person never fails in life.

26. Hardly-simple negative

Ram hardly cats rice at night.

Ans-Ram does not eat rice at might I hardly watch movies

Ans-I do not watch movies

A mother hardly dislikes her child Ans- A mother does not dislike her child

A righteous person hardly faces divine punishment

Ans- A righteous person does not face divine punishment

The laborious hardly defeat in life Ans- The laborious do not defeat in life

27. Can/could hardly help verb+ing can't/couldn't

stop verb ing

I can hardly help suppressing my emotions

Ans-1 can't stop suppressing my emotions. He could hardly help restraining his anger

Ans-He couldn't stop restraining his anger Sita could hardly help laughing at the joker's role Ans-Sita couldn't stop laughing at the joker's role The teacher could hardly help praising the meritorious

student

Ans- The teacher couldn't stop praising the meritorious

student

Amits's father can hardly help speaking the bitter truth Ans- Amit's father can't stop speaking the bitter truth

28. Scarce not often found/hard to get

Water is scarce in mountainous regions Ans-Water is not often found/hard to get in mountainous

περίσης.

Rain is scarce in rain shadow regions Ans-Rain is not often found/hard to get in rain shadow

regions

Light is scarce in the dense forests Ans-Light is not often found/hard to get in dense forests

13. From Assertive to Exclamatory

Type one: Rule-1

Put a stash () after the verb/verb-object

Cut very, indeed, extremely

sentence

, really, so, too etc. if any in the

How What+ 2nd part+ 1st part+

Then count the words of the second part and if one word w left then use 'How+ last one word, or What 2 part

part

Rule-7

. Separate the sentence after the verb/verb+object

Omit very/indeed/extremely/really/so/ too etc If noun (singular/plural) remains at the end of the semence

is used

Write the second part aller whathew and then the

(33)

Each creature wants to thrive at the cost of the others

first part

Put the exclamatory (f) mark at the end of the

Examples

This is a very sweet mango (Ns

This is / 123 sweet mango This is a weet mango (word

What a sweet mange this is

These are very sweet mangoes (Npl) Thime art / sweet mangoes

These are sweet mangoes (2

What weet mangoes these are 1 These mangoes are very vicet (Adjecive

These mangoes are sweet

"These mangoes are/sweet (I wond) How sent these mangoes are!

4. This is indeed a very memorable experience (Ns)

This is indeed a very memorable experience This is a memorable experience. (3 words)

What a memorable experience this is!

Those were really very sweet experiences (pl) Those were all so we experiences

Those ware /sweet experiences (2 words)

What sweet experiences those were Dhoni's batting was really superb (Adjective)

Dhoni's batting was really supert

Obon's batting was superb (1 word) Hew superb Dhoni's batting was!

The paper was indeed very tough (Adjective)

The piper was indeed a tough The paper was tough (word)

He sough the paper wast

She sang a song very sweetly (Adverb) She sang a song very sweetly

She sang a song /sweetly (1 word)

How sweetly she sang a song 9. The teacher taught the poem very convincingly.

The teacher taught the poem very convincingly

The teacher taught the poem /convincingly. (I word)

How convincingly the teacher taught the poem! Aksar bowls so fast. (Adverb)

Altar bowls/g fast

Akhtar bowls fast (1 word)

How fast Aklar bowls

11. I wait for your arrival so eagerly (Adverb) I wait for your arrival / eagerly

1 wait for your arrival /eagerly (1 word)

How eagerly I wait for your arrival! 12. The finish of the match was so exciting

The finish of the match was g exciting

The finish of the match was/exciting (1 word

How exciting the finish of the match was! He explained mng very sincerely (Verb-object]

He explained me/ sety sincerely He explained me sincerely (I word)

How sincerely he explained me!

14. The five men gyed my friend suspiciously [verb+object]

The five men eyed my friend/ suspiciously. (1 word) How suspiciously the five men eyed my friend!

.......

Early to bed and early to rise, mukes a man healthy

wealthy and wise Remove 'I wish

Use O that Would that fonts in place of I wish's

part +

I wish I were a king

Lwish I were a king Oh I were a king!

Would that I were a king

If only 1 were a king! 21 wish Baloo were here

I wish Baloo were here

O that Baloo were here! Would that Baloo were here!

If only Baloo were here! 31 wish I had wings Lwish I had wings

Othat I had wings! Would that I bad wings!

If only I had wings! 14. From Assertive to Interrogative

Interrogative (7) is of two types. 1. Yes/no(verbal) type interrogative (7)

2 WH-type interrogative (7) . Generally a yes/no (verbal) interrogative expects a yes/no reply while a wh-type expects a complete answer

But in transformation of sentence neither of them expects a yes/no reply or a complete answer. Here only the form of the sentence changes, not the meaning. So the meaning remains

the same in both the forms

In a yes/no (verbal) type interrogative, the sentence starts In a WH-type interrogative, the sentence starts with whi

with a helping verb

words

The form of a positive (+) yes/no interrogative is Helping verb subjec+ main verb + object/complement etc.

The form of a negative (-) interrogative is 1. Helping vert + subject+ main verb object

complement etc.

2. Helping verb+bject+ not main verb+ object/ complement etc.?

The form of a positive (+) wh type interrogative is Wh word helping subject+ main verb+ object/ complement etc.?

The form of a 1sgative (-) wh type interrogative is 1. Wh word heining verb+n't subject+ main verb+ object/complemen, etc.?

2. Wh word + helping verb + subject+not+ main verb + object/complement etc.? As we know in transforming a sentence the meaning does

not change.

1. A positive (+) sentence becomes-

1. Negaive interrogative (7) or 2. Positive an antonym interrogative/++x+?

2. A negative (-) sentence becomes-Only a positive interrogative?

When there is "should" in the assertive sentence, it can be transformed in both the ways

But in verbal type interrogative the sentence starts with Shouldn't sub? And in wh type interrogative the sentence starts with

(34)

Birth has no sorrow that beaves can't heat

Way+don't+sob?

Whenever there is 'should not" in the assertive sentence, it can be transformed in both the ways

But in verbal type interrogave the sentence starts with

Should + sub? interrogative the sentence starts with

And in type Why do sub?

When there is 'should have" in the assertive sentence, it

can be transformed in both the ways.

But in verbal type interrogative the sentence starts with

Shouldn't+ sub + have?

And in wh type interrogative the sentence starts with-

Why didn't+ sub? When there is 'shouldn't have in the assertive sentence, it

can be transformed in both the ways. But in verbal type interrogative the sentence starts with

Should sub + have? And in wh-type interrogative sentence starts with

Why did+ sub? When there is 'There is's no need..' in the assertive

sentence, it can be transformed in both the ways. But in verbal type interrogative the sentence starts with=

Is Was there any need..?

And in wh type interrogative the sentence starts with

Where What is/was the need..?

• When there is 'I cannot.. in the assertive sentence, it can be transformed in both the ways

But in verbal type interrogative the sentence starts with=

Can L..?

And in wh type interrogative the sentence starts with=

How can L.?

When there is 'It doesn't matter.' in the assertive

sentence

The interrogative sentence starts with- What if..?/ What if?/ so what?!

Examples:

1. You should do your duty

Shouldn't you do your duty? [Verbal type]

Why don't you do your duty? [Wh-type]

2. You should not neglect your duty

• Should you neglect your duty? [Verbal type Why do you neglect your duty? [Wh-type]

3. You should have done your duty

Shouldn't you have done your duty? [Verbal type]

Why didn't you do your duty? [Wh-type] 4. You shouldn't have neglected your duty

Should you have neglected your duty? [Verbal type]

Why did you neglect your duty? [Wh-type]

You should utilize time

•Shouldn't you utilize time?[Verbaltype]

Why don't you utilize time? [Wh-type] 6. You should not misutilize time.

Should you misutilize time? [Verbal type]

Why do you misutilize time? [Wh-type] 7. You should have utilized time

Shouldn't you have utilized time? [Verbal type] Why didn't you utilize time? [Wh-type]

8. You shouldn't have misutilized time

Should you have misutilized time? [Verbal type]

Why did you misutilize time? [Wh-type]

9.There is no need to do this now

......

Eat to please thyself but dress to please other

Is there any need to do this now? (Verbal type Where/What is the need to do this now? [Wh-type] 10. There was no need to conduct election now

Was there any need to conduct election now? (Verbal type Where/What was the need to conduct election now? (Wh-

type]

11. I cannot forget this ghastly incident in life Can I forget this ghastly incident in life? [Verbal type] • How can I forget this ghastly incident in life? [Wh-type]

12.No one can pay the debt of the parents. Can anyone pay the debt of the parents? [Verbal type] How can anyone pay the debt of the parents? [Wh type

13.He did a great job.

• Didn't he do a great job? Did he do an ordinary job?

14. They always spend time meaningfully

Don't they always spend time meaningfully? Do they ever spend time meaninglessly?

15. Ram never tells a lie • Does Ram ever tell a lie?

• Doesn't Ram always speak the truth? 15. He told lies, It did not matter

⚫ He told so what?

15. Clauses What is a clause?

A group of words with a subject and a finite verb that may be a sentence or a part of a sentence is called a clause.

A clause is of three types:

1. Main clause, 2. Co-ordinate clause, 3. Subordinate clause

1. A main clause can express its own meaning

2. Each clause of a compound sentence that is joined by a co ordinate conjunction is called a co-ordinate clause 3. A subordinate clause beginning with a subordinator depends upon the main clause to express its meaning

"A sub-ordinate clause is of three types: (1) Noun clause, (2) Adjective clause, (3) Adverb clause

1. Noun clause

A noun clause docs the function of a noun. A noun clause is of nine types:

1. Noun clause, subject of the verb 2. Noun clause, object of the (transitive) verb 3. Noun clause, object of the preposition

4. Noun clause, object of the participle

5. Noun clause, object of the infinitive:

6 Noun clause, object of the gerund: 7. Noun clause, complement of the verbs (Is am, an

were, shall be, will be, become, seem, appear)

8. Noun clause, in apposition to a noun/pronoun 9. Noun clause, object of the missing preposition

1.Noun clause, subject of the vert 1. That he would fail in the exam was past y

2. How the thieves escaped from the fail

3. Whether India will win the toss is the mas 4. Why he was beaten by the teacher is not i 5. When the match starts is known to me 6. Where he was born is not my ques 7. Who won the prize a mind by

8. Which pen you like should be spoken by you