,
Eminent posts make great men greater, and little men
less.
9. Whose nature you appreciate is known to you. 10. Whom the P.M awarded is my friend.
Explanation: In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are the noun clauses 'subjects' of respective underlined verbs which come in the beginning
their
the main clauses. Write (It or This) before every main clause. (It or This) stands for the understood noun or the
subject. Ask 'what' to the main clause, the noun clause will
be the answer.
Here is one example for you: (1) That he would fail in the exams was
imagination.
M.C. (It) was past my imagination. What was past my imagination?
Ans-(It) Or, That he would fail in the exams.
Function (It) is the subject of verb 'was' in the M.C. So, 'That he would fail in the exam' is the subordinate noun clause subject of the underlined verb 'was' in the
M.C.
2.Noun clause object, of the (Transitive) verb: I know what the news is.
2. He assured me that he would help me.
3. I can say where the match is being played. 4. No one doubts whether he passed on his own merit.
5 Can you say when he arrives?
6 The teacher told why he beat Rakesh. 7. No one knows how the mishap occurred.
8. He thought that he could do that work. 9. The teacher patted who secured 90% marks in the
exam. 10. The students expressed what games they liked.
Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are the noun clauses 'objects' of their
respective underlined (transitive) verbs in the main clauses. Write (It or This) after every (transitive) verb in the main
clause.
(It or This) stands for the understood noun or the
object. Ask 'what' to the main clause, the noun clause will
be the answer, for you:
Here is one example
(1) I know what the news is.
M.C-I know (this).
I know what? Or, What do I know? Ans. I know (it), Or, What the news is.
Function: (This) is the object of the (transitive) verb 'know' in the M.C.
So, 'What the news is' is also the subordinate noun clause. object of the underlined (transitive) verb 'know' in the M.C.
3. Noun clause, object of the preposition:
Please listen to what I am going to say.
2. The teacher was hurt at what the guardian said.
3. There is no meaning in what the speaker addressed.
4. Your future depends on how you prepare at present.
5. The police were looking for who had stolen the ornament from a jewellery shop. The court is looking into what has happened.
past my
of
(.....
Empty vessels make most noise.
7. 8. Peace lies in what man does honestly. 9. One should put up with whatever circumstances one
Don't laugh at who are poor.
faces.
10. The dogs bark at who are strangers Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts all the sentences are the noun clauses 'objects' of their respective underlined (prepositions/phrasal verbs) which
.
of
come before them in the main clauses.
Write (It or This) after every (preposition/phrasal
verb) in the main clause.
(It or This) stands for the understood noun or the
objects.
Ask what/whom' to the main clause, the noun
clause will be the answer. Here is one example for you:
(1) Please listen to what I am going to say. M.C.-Please listen to (this).
Please listen to what?
Or, What should you kindly listen to? Ans.-Please listen to (this), or what I
am going to
say.
Function the M.C.
(This) is the object of the preposition "to" in
So, 'what I am going to say is also the object of the
preposition "to" in the M.C.
4. 1.
Noun clause, object of the participle:
Supposing that it might rain I carried an umbrella with me
2.
I helped a poor man believing
that he was in a great trouble.
3.
Knowing
that Ram could fulfil my wish, I asked him to
help me.
4.
Realizing that he was guilty the thief confessed his
mistake
5. Judging that Gopal was innocent, the jury acquitted
him of all the charges. Feeling that he was going
6.
to catch a cold, he took a
tablet.
7.
Seeing that the teacher was coming to the class,
students kept mum.
8. On experiencing that Manash was a wicked boy, Shyam kept away from his company. 9. After proving that they are unconquered champions.
the Australian Cricket team got Rs. 500, 000 dollars
from the ICC 10. On confessing that he committed the mistake, Prakash
got a light punishment. Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts
of all the sentences are the noun clauses 'objects' of their respective underlined participles' in the main clauses Write (It or This) after every (participle) in the main clause (It or This) stands for the understood noun or the
object.
Ask 'what' to the main clause, the noun clause will be the answer.
Here is one example for you: (1) Supposing that it might rain I carried an umbrella with me.
36
....
Entanglement brings misery and emancipation joy
M.C-Supposing (this) I carried an umbrella with me.
Supposing what I carried an umbrella with me?
Ans-Supposing (this) or, that it might rain carried an umbrella with me.
Function-(This) is the object of the (present
Supposing in the M.C.
) participle
So, that it might rain' is also the subordinate noun clause, object of the (present) participle Supposing in the M.C
5. Noun clause, object of the infinitive:
1. The teacher wanted to know who had played the 2
mischief in the class.
Mowgli was shocked to see that the Monkey People 3. Mother was pleased to hear that Ruth Sidransky won Phi Beta Kappa.
were so wild.
4 The boy was curious to capress what he knew about the
novel. The
student was asked to tell why he got less marks.
6. The thief was compelled to confess why he stole the
ornament. 7. The PM should not hesitate to explain what the
ministers do in their respective depts. 8 The students were eager to inquire what the percentage
of the result was.
9. The culprit hesitates to divulge what he knows about 10 Try to answer what the teacher asks.
his friends.
Explanation: In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are noun clauses "objects' of their respective underlined 'infinitives' in the main clauses.
Write (It or This) after every (infinitive) in the main clause, (It or This) stands for the understood noun or the object Ask what to the main clause, the noun clause will be
the answer.
Here is one example for you:
(1) The teacher wanted to know who had played the mischief in the class.
M.C.-The teacher wanted to know (this). The teacher wanted to know what? Or, What did the teacher want to know?
Ans-The teacher wanted to know (this). Or, who had played the mischief in the class.
Function (This) is the object of the infinitive to know in the M.C. so who had played the mischief in the class' is also the object of the infinitive to know" in the M.C.
Noun clause, object of the gerund: 1. Hearing that India won the match is
6
a matter of great joy 2 Helping who are oppressed is an act of virtue. 3. Punishing who are corrupts is the objective of the law
4. Materializing what Gandhiji preached is an honour to
him.
5.
Without practising what one preaches is a shame. 6 Accomplishing what is one's duty is the real worship 7. Serving who are in distress is service to God.
8. Divulging outside what is supposed to be a country' sensitive matter is treason
.....
Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty.
9. Not using what is made of the rare species is a humanitarian act.
10. Doing what is useful to a student is a must.
Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are noun clauses 'objects' of their
respective 'gerunds' in the main clauses. Write (It or This) after every (gerund) in the main
clause.
(It or This) stands for the understood noun or the object.
• Ask 'what/whom' to the main clause, the noun clause
will be the answer. Here is one example for you:
(1) Hearing that India won the match is a matter of great joy. M.C. - Hearing
(it) is a matter of great joy..
Hearing what is a matter of great joy? Ans. Hearing (it), or that India won the match is a
matter of great joy.
Function (it) is the object of the gerund hearing in the M.C.
-
So, that India won the match' is also the subordinate noun clause, object of the gerund 'hearing' in the M.C
7. Noun clause, complement of the verbs: (Is,am,are,was,were,shall/ will be,have been,has
been,had been,shall/will have been seem,appear,
been seem,appear,become) 1. Money is what money does.
2. His destiny was how he made it.
3. Life will be how you mould it. 4. It appears that it may not rain today.
5. It seems that he is innocent. 6. We become what we are aspiring to be.
7. This is where he was born.
8. Happiness is how you take it. 9. Beauty is how you behold it.
10. I am not what you are.
11. It has been what you have made. 12. That will have been what they will have made.
Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are noun clauses 'complements' of their respective 'verbs' in the main clauses.
Write (It or This) after every (verb) in the main clause
(It or This) stands for the understood noun or the
complement.
Ask 'what' to the main clause, the noun clause will be
Here is one example for you:
the answer.
(1) Money is what money does.
M.C.-Money is (this). Money is what? Or, what is money?
Ans. Money is (this). Or, what money does. Function (This) is the complement of the verb 'is' in the
M.C.
So, 'what money does' is also the complement of the underlined verb 'is' in the M.C.
8. Noun clause, in apposition to a noun/pronoun: 1. It is true that man is mortal.
2.
This is undoubted that God is all for the best
.......
Every charitable work is a stepping stone towards heaven 3: The news that India won the match was so exciting
His motto that he should be a naval officer remained unfulfilled all his death The fact that vice never goes unpunished prevails
everywhere
6 It is the belief of the scientists that neem is the tree for the 21" century. 7. The well-known adage that character is destiny applies
to all of us. 8 The news that Sunil Dutt died spread like a wild fire. 9. The weather forecag that it might rain the next day
came true.
10 The truth of the matter that the convict would be
hanged bewildered the most. Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are noun clauses "in apposition to' their respective underlined 'nouns/pronouns in the main clauses
(1). Ask 'what in place of ItThis' to the main clause, the
noun clause in apposition to pronoun' will be the swer Ask "what+ verb+the+noun+that+verb of the M.C, the noun clause in apposition to 'noun' will be
the answer Here is one example for you:
(1) In apposition to the pronoun' in the main clause.
(1) it is true that man is mortal.
M.C.-It is true.
What is true?
Ans. -It, or "that man is mortal' is true. Function-that man is mortal' is the additional information
of the pronoun "it' in the M.C. So, that man is mortal' is also used as an apposition to
the pronoun 'It' in the M.C.
(2). In apposition to the "noun' in the main clause. (2) The news that India won the match was exciting M.C-The news was exciting.
What was the exciting news? what was the news that
was exciting? Ans-That India won the match.
Function -That India won the match' is the additional information of the noun 'news' in the M.C. So, that India won the match' is also used as an
apposition to the noun 'news' in the M. C. 2. Noun clause, object of a missing preposition:-
I am confident that he will pass. Are you sure that you are correct? 2
3. Who can be certain that he will not die? I was aware that he was innocent.
4
Lam undoubted that I will stand first in the test. The police were doubtful that the robber might escape.
7 1 am sure that they are not right persons. 8 The thieves were fearful that they would be detected.
9 I am ashamed that I could not stand up to my expectation.
10. We are hopeful that we shall win in the end. Explanation: - In the above ten examples the bold parts of all the sentences are noun clauses, objects of the missing prepositions of their respective adjectives/adverbs coming before them in the main clauses.
.....
Every dog must have his day
Write (About/of it or this) after every (adjective/adverb)
in the main clause.
(About/of it or this) stands for the understood about/of +noun or about/of + objects.
Ask 'what+of/about" to the main clause, the noun
clause will be the answer. Here is one example for you:
M.C.-I am confident (about this)
I am confident about what? Or, What am I confident about?
Ans- I am confident (about this) that he will pass
Or, (his pass) is the object of the missing preposition "about" in the M.C. So, that he will pass' is also the object of the missing
preposition "about" in the M.C.
2. Adjective clause
An adjective clause does the function of an adjective. An adjective clause begins next to a noun or a pronoun
it qualifies.
→
• An adjective clause begins either with a Relative Pronoun or with a Relative Adverb. (1) The Relative Pronouns after which an adjective
clause begins-> who, which, that, whom, whose
(2) The Relative Adverbs after which an adjective clause begins where, when, how, why.
(3) An adjective clause begins conjunctions.
1. 2.
4.
+ whom.
>The words the Relative Pronouns may qualify: I, we, you, he, she, they, Ram, Sita etc + who Book, pen, pencil, picture, it, this etc+ which/that 3. Mc, us, (to) you, him, (to) her, them, to a person/thing
My, our, your, his, her, their, its + whose
Adjective clauses joined by Relative Adverbs: 1) Place + Where/Wherein
Time + When 2) Reason+ Why
1)
Cause 3) Manner + How
Way
The examples of the adjective clauses:
1.
The man who won the prize is my neighbour.
. All that glitters is not gold.
2
3. The pen, which I bought yesterday, is a unique one. The man whom I met in the market was a thief. 5. I taught a girl whose English knowledge is good.
6. This is the time when we go to school. 7. Salute the neem next time you meet.
8. This is the place where we play everyday.
9. Temple is a place where devotees throng to worship God.
12. This is the way how you should solve the sum
(38)
Everybody's business is nobody's business.
13. He did not tell me the trick how he deceived the 14. The way I show you is the shortest one to reach your
police.
destination
15.
The game I like most is Cricket
16. There is no mother but loves her child. 17. There is no man but likes to be praised.
18 All is well that ends well.
19. The number you have dialed does 20. You have not the same pen
not exist.
as I have.
21. That was not the same picture as we had seen. 22. Dravid is such a batsmen as can be relied on. 23. Such farmers as sow in time reap well.
24. This is the house wherein I live, 25. There is no dark cloud but has a silver lining.
Let's analyse the above adiective clauses Analyse the following Adjective Clauses:
M.C-The man is my bour
Sub. Adjective clause - Who won the prize. ' in the M.C
Function-qualifies the noun 'man M.C-All is not gold.
2
Sub. Adjective clause - That glitters.
Function-qualifies the pronoun . M.C-The
'all' in the M.C
3
pen is a unique one. Sub. Adjective clause-Which I bought yesterday.
Function-qualifies the noun 'pen' in the. M.C 4
M.C-The man was a thief. Sub. Adjective clause- Whom I met in the market.
Function-qualifies the noun 'man' in the M.C
5
M.C-I taught a girl.
Sub Adjective clause- Whose English knowledge is
good Function-qualifies the noun 'girl' in the M.C
6 M.C-This is the time. Sub. Adjective clause- When we go to school
.
Function-qualifies the 'time' in the M.C
7.
M.C-Salute the neem tree next time, Sub Adjective clause-(When) you meet.
(Here, 'when' is the understood conjunction)
Function-qualifies the noun "next time in the M.C 8 M.C-This is the place.
Sub. Adjective clause - Where we play everyday Function-qualifies the
noun 'place' in the M.C
9. MC-Temple is a place.
Sub. Adjective clause - Where devotes throng to
worship god. Function-qualifies the noun "place in the M.C
10 MC-1 do not know the reason.
Sub. Adjective clause- why he was punished
Function-qualifies the noun 'reason' in the M.C
11. MC-Can you tell me the reason? Sub. Adjective clause - Why you were
punished by
the teacher Function-qualifies the noun 'reason' in the M.C
. 12 MC-This is the way
Sub Adjective clause-How you should solve the
Function-qualifies the noun "reason" in the M.C 13 MC-he did not tell me the trick
Sub Adjective clause-How he deceived the police Function-qualifies the noun 'trick' in the M.C
(
Every man for himself and God for us all.
14. M.C-The way is the shortest one to reach your Sub Adjective clause-(Which) I show you (Here, which is the understood conjunction
destination
Function-qualifies the noun 'way in the M.C
15 MC-The game is cricket Sub. Adjective clause-(Which) I like most (Here, which is the understood conjunction.) Function-qualifies the noun game in the MC
16 MC-There is no mother. Sub Adjective clause- but loves (Who does not love) her child
Function-qualifies the noun "mother" in the M.C
17. MC-There is no man Sub. Adjective clause- but likes (Who does not like) to be praised. Function-Qualifies the noun man in the M.C
18 MC-All is well.
Sub Adjective clause - That ends well
Function-Qualifies the pronoun 'all' in the MC 19. M.C-The number does not exist. Sub Adjective clause - (Which) you have dialed (Here, which is the understood conjunction)
Function-Qualifies the noun 'number' in the MC 20 MC-You have not the same pen Sub. Adjective clause-As I have (Here 'as means 'which, it is used because the word 'same is used before it in the M.C.)
Function - Qualifies the noun 'pen' in the M.C 21. M.C-That was not the same picture.
Sub. Adjective clause-As we had seen (Here 'as' means "which", it is used because the word 'same is used before it in the M.C.) Function-Qualifies the noun 'picture' in the M.C
22. M.C-Dravid is such a batsman Sub. Adjective clause-As can be relied on (Here as means 'who, it is used because the word
'same is used before it in the M.C.)
Function-Qualifies the noun batsman' in the MC
23 MC-Such farmers reap well.
Sub Adjective clause-As sow in time. (Here 'as' means 'who', it is used because the word 'same' is used before it in the M.C.)
Function-Qualifies the noun 'farmers' in the M.C 24. M.C-This is the house
Sub. Adjective clause-wherein I live Function-Qualifies the noun 'house in the M.C
25 MC-There is no dark clood
Sub Adjective clause-but has a silver lining- (Which does not have a silver lining).
Function-Qualifies the noun 'cloud' in the M.C Making Adjective Clauses
(1) By using Relative Pronouns: (1) Using - Who
1. I write this letter to you 2. I am a resident of the above mentioned addres
> I who am a resident of the above mentioned addrow
write this letter to you 1 We are here with you
2 We are your well wishers.
....
Every man is the architect of his own destiny.
1442 Many things glitter All of them are not gold
We who are your well wishers are here with you.
Ham has been selected for the scholarship exam.
He is the best student in our class Ram who is the best student in our class has been
selected for the scholarship exam.
1 Mahesh is a criminal
2 He is in the jail.
Mahesh who is in the jail is a criminal.
They are my friends.
They are from America.
They who are from America are my friends.
(2) Using which/that
Yesterday I bought a book
This is a unique one. Yesterday I bought a book which is a unique one.
1 Gold is a costly metal.
2 It can be afforded by a few only
Gold which can be afforded by a few only is a costly
metal
1
Smoking should be prohibited once and for all. 21 It is injurious to health.
Smoking which/that is injurious to health should be
prohibited once and for all.
1
All that glitters is not gold.
Or, All the things that glitter are not gold.
He told something
2 I forgot it
I forgot something that he told
You should avoid gambling
2 It is a bad habit.
You should avoid gambling which/that is a bad habit
(3) Using whom
The person is a thief. 1. The police are looking for him.
The person whom the police are looking for is a thief
1 Sita was the daughter of king Janak
.
Lord Ram married her.
Sita whom Lord Ram married was the daughter of king
Janak
1. 1 like a person most.
She is my mother.
The person whom I like most is my mother. Mahatma Gandhi is called the Father of Nation.
2 Nathuram Godse shot him dead
Mahatma Gandhi whom Nathuram Godse shot dead is
called the Father of Nation
1 The person was a cheater.
2 The public were beating him.
The person whom the public were beating was a cheater
(4) Using-whose
A person has won the prize. 2 His name is Mr. G. Ramesh
→ A person whose name is Mr. G. Ramesh has won the
prize
The President awarded a student for bravery
His name is Shubhransu Mishra
The President awarded a student for bravery whose name
is Shubhransu Mishra, Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam is called the Missile Man of India.
......
Every obstacle can be a stepping-stone to progress
121
NAY (5) By using understood Pronouns
2. His contribution to the country is unforgettable Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam whose contribution to the country
is unforgettable is called the Missile Man of India The first lady 1.A.S. officer of Orissa is a Brahmin
Her name is Rupa Mishra The first lady 1.A.S officer
of Oissa is a Brahmin whose
name is Rupa Mishra
1
Mother is a name
Its sweetness is as much as nectar Mother is a name whose sweetness is as much as nectar
I show you a way
2 This is the shortest one to reach your destination. >The way I show you is the shortest one to reach your
destination
1 like a game most
This game is cricket > The game I like most is cricket
1. You solve a sum
2 This is very easy The sum you solve is very easy
> (6) By using "but
Every mother loves her child.
There is no mother but loves (Who does not love) her child
2. Every man likes to be praised. There is no man but likes (Who does not like) to be
praised
(2) By using Relative Adverbs:
(1) Place Where/Wherein (2) Time + When
(3) Reason Why Cause
(4) Mannst How
Way (1) By using-where
1. I was born in a place. 2. So many great persons were born there.
> I was born in a place where so many great persons were
born
1.
Go to the school playground
2. You will find your friend, Rakesh there.
Go to the school playground where you will find your
friend, Rakesh
1.
Devotees go to the temples 2. They worship God there
>
Devotees go to the temples where they worship God.
The police surrounded the building 2. The terrorists were living therein.
The police surrounded the building wherein the terrorists
were living 1. I visited the school.
2. I had completed my S.S.C. there
> I visited the school where I had completed my 5.5.C
(2) By using-When
1. This is 10 o'clock
2
We go to school at this time.
This is 10 o' clock when we go to school.
1. It was a rainy night
2. The thieves entered the bank to steal at this time It was a rainy night when the thieves entered the bank to
(40)
Every potter praises his own pot and more if it is cracked
steal
1. It was noon
2. The bomb exploded at this time
It was noon when the bomb esploded
1. This is the early morning
2 We get newspapers at this time
1. It is 11 p This is the early morning when we get newspapers
2. I usually go to bed at this time It is 11 pm when I usually go to bed
(3) By using-Why
He got the punishment
2 This is the reason for that.
This is the reason why he got the punishment.
1 He failed in the exam.
2 That was the reason for that. That was the reason why he failed in the exam.
He was elected the captain of the team . This is reason of his selection
2
This is reason why he was elected the captain of the team 1. Mother and motherland are greater than anything else.
.
This is the reason for this
This is the reason why mother and motherland are greater
than anything else. 1. Gandhiji is called the Father of the Nation
2 This is the reason for this
This is the reason why Gandhiji is called the Father of the
Nation ) By using-How
(4
1. He got success in life.
2. This is the way of his success in life. This is the way how he got success
India reached the World Cup Final 2. This was the way of their reaching the World Cup Final.
This was the way how India reached the World Cup
Final Bachendri Pal scaled the Mount Everest
2. This was the way of her scaling it.
> This was the way how Bachendri Pal sealed the moment
Everest.
1
The thief escaped from the jail This was the way of his escape
2.
This was the way how the thief escaped from the jail
1. India scored 327 runs Vs Pakistan
2 This was the way how India scored 327 runs Vs Pakistan This was the way how India scored 327 runs Vs Pakistan
1. Adverb claus Time-when, after, before, as, till, until, as, same as, L jest as, the moment, no sooner than, while, since
when, as long as, so long as, wherever, once,
hardly
that, if, scarcely when, barely. when
2.
Place-where, wherever, whither, whence as as though, as it as so
1. Manne 4 Reas as, since, because, tha that, such that
Result-to-
6 Purpose-So that, in order that, lest, that 7. Condition-if, unless, provided (that), were, had, in
case, should
& Contrast-though, even though although, even if as however, whatever, notwithstanding that.
whether, admitting that
,......
Every saint had a past; every sinner has a future
9. Comparison-as/so, as, than
1. Adverb clause of time:
Modifies the verb/adverb in the M.C: Ask how to the M.C to get this clause.
1. We use umbrella when it rains.
2. I will come whenever you call me up
3. I went to play after I completed my assignments. 4. Look before you leap.
As time passed, he grew up to a mature player.
6. Wait here till I return.
7. Man does not realize until he is deceived.
8 As soon as the baby cries, mother feeds 9. No sooner does the teacher enter the class than the
students stand up.
10. While I was going to school, I came across a mad man. 11. Hardly had the train stopped at the station when the passenger got down.
12. One can't reach one's goal as long as one tries one's
utmost. 13. I can't remove your doubts so long as you don't ask
me. 14. You have not sent a single letter to me since you went
15.
to Mumbai.
Once you get a chance to defeat your rival, you should not let it go in vain.
16. He had hardly struck a winning shot when he wept. 17. Just as the teacher entered the room, students stood
18.
up. The moment the teacher appeared, the audience started clapping.
19. It was only then that I realized my mistake. 20.
It was after the match was played that the prize was
distributed.
In the above sentences the bold parts are the advert clauses of time
Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of time:
1.M.C. We use umbrella. - Sub, Adv. Clause of time- When it rains. Function-Modifies the verb 'use' in the M.C.
M.C-I will come. Sub. Adv. Clause of time - Whenever you call me up. Function Modifies the verb phrase 'will come" in the
M.C
3.
in the M.C. 4. M.C. (You) look.
Sub. Adv. Clause of time- before you leap Function-Modifies the verb 'look' in the M.C
5.
2.
M.C.-I went to play Sub. Adv Clause of time-after I completed my
assignments. Function-Modifies the verb+infinitive 'went to play
M.C.-He grew up to a mature player
Sub. Adv. Clause of time- As time passed
Function - Modifies the phrasal verb 'grew up in the
M.C.
6. M.C.-(You) wait. Sub, Adv. Clause of time-till I retur
Function-Modifies the verb "wait" in the M.C 7. M.C.-Man does not realize Sub. Adv. Clause of time-Unit be is deceived
Function- Modifies the verb phrase "does n
(41)
Everybody is ignorant, only on different subjects.
in the M.C M.C-Mother feeds 8.
Sub Adv Clause of time-As soon as the baby cries Function-Modifies the vert feeds in the M.C M.C.-No sooner does the teacher enter Sub Adv. Clause of comparison- than the students stand up
Function-Modifies the adverb no sooner in the M.C 10 MC-I came across a mad man. Sub Adv Clause of time- While I was going to school. Function-Modifies the phrasal verb 'came across in
the M.C 11 M.C-Hardly had the train stopped at the station. Sub Adv Clause of time-When the passenger got down
Function-Modifies the adverb 'had stopped in the M.C. 12 M.C-One can't reach one's gol Sub. Adv. Clause of time - as long as one fails to try
the utmost Function-Modifies the verb phrase "can't reach" in
the M.C 13. M.C-1 can't remove your doubts. Sub Adv Clause of time-so long as you don't ask me. Function-Modifies the verb phrase 'can't remove in
the M.C 14 M.C-You have not sent a single letter to me. Sub Adv Clause of time-since you went to Mumbai Function-Modifies the verb phrase "luve not
sent in the M.C
15. M.C-You should not let it go.
Sub Adv Clause of time-Once you get a chance to deteat your rival Functius-Modifies the verb phrase 'should not
let it go in the M.C ALC-He had hardly struck a winning shot.
Sub Adv. Clause of time-When he wept. Function-Modifies the verb phrase "had hardly
suck in the MC 17 MC.-Students stood up.
Sub Adv. Clause of time - Just as the teacher entered the room
Fanction-Modifies the phrasal verb "stood up in the MC
16. MC-The audience started clapping. Sub Adv. Clause of time - The moment teacher appeared
Function-Modifies the verb+participle "started chapping the M.C.
19 M.C-It was only then.
Sub. Adv. Clause of time-that I realized my mistake. Function -Modifies the adverbs 'only then in theM.C.
20. M.C-It was (this)
Sub. Noun clause- after the match was played.
Function complement of the verb 'was' in the M.C- Sub. Adv. Clause of time-that the prize was
distributed. Function-Modifies the previous Noun clause "after the match was played."
.....
Everything changes except change
(2) Adverb clause of place:
Where there is life, there is hope 2. Wherever you go, you will find crows.
3. Whence they came, I went there. 4. Whither you go, your pet dog will follow you In the above sentences the bold parts adverb clauses
of place: Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of place: 1. M.C.-There is hope
Sub. Adv. Clause of place - where there is life.
Function-Modifies the adverb 'there' in the M.C 2. M.C.-You will find crow Sub. Adv. Clause of place- Wherever you go.
Function-Modifies the verb phrase "will find in the
MC 3. MC-I went there Sub. Adv. Clause of place - Whence they came. Function-Modifies the adverb 'there' in the M.C
4. M.C.-Your pet dog will follow you Sub. Adv. Clause of place - Whither you go. Function-Modifies the verb phrase 'will follow in the M.C.-
3) Adverb clause of manner: Do it as you are instructed.
1. He speaks as though he is a professor. are in a hurry.
2
3. You are running as if you 4
. He cries as a baby does In the above sentences the bold parts adverb clauses of
manner Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of manner: 1. M.C-(You) do it.
Sub. Adv Clause of manner-as you are instructed Function-Modifies the verb 'do' in the M.C. 2. M.C.-He speaks
Sub. Adv Clause of manner- as though he is a professor
Function-Modifies the verb 'speaks' in the M.C
3. M.C.-You are running.
Sub. Adv. Clause of manner- as if you are in a hurry Function-Modifies the verb phrase "are running" in
the M.C (5) M.C.-He cries.
Sub. Adv. Clause of manner - as a baby does Function-Modifies the verb 'does' in the M.C
4. Adverb clause of reason:
1. As I was ill, I could not go to school
2. Since your exam is approaching near, you must not waste time.
3. He was punished because he played a mischief in the
class.
4. I am glad that you won the prize.
5. He is sorry that he failed in the test. In the above sentences the bold parts are the advert
clauses of reason: Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of reason:
1. M.C.-1 could not go to school. Sub. Adv. Clause of reason - As I was ill. Function - Modifies the verb phrase 'could not go' in
......
Everything works for the best, even the worst intentions.
the M.C MC-You must not waste time. 2
Sub. Adv. Clause of reason - Since your exam is
approaching near
Function-Modifies the verb phrase "must not waste' in
the M.C.
3. M.C.-He was punished.
Sub. Adv. Clause of reason - because he played a mischief in the class. Function-Modifies the verb phrase 'was punished' in the M.C.
4. MC-I am glad.
Sub. Adv. Clause of reason that you won the prize Function-Modifies the adjective "glad" in the M.C.
5. M.C.-He is sorry. Sub. Adv. Clause of reason that he failed in the test. Function-Modifies the adjective "sorry" in the M.C.
5. Adverb clause of result: 1. He spoke with such great interest that no one could
beat him in the test.. 2. The train was so rush that I could not enter the compartment.
3. The teacher explained the difficult chapter so easily that every student could understand.
4. So great was his heart that he sacrificed his life for the service of the country. 5. He is such a naughty boy that he will wake a sleeping
dog up. In the above sentences the bold parts are the adverb clauses of result
Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of result:
1 M.C.-He spoke with such great interest.
Sub. Adv. Clause of result- that no one could beat him in the test. Function-Modifies adverb phrase 'with great interest
in the M.C. 2. M.C-The train was so rush with crowd. Sub. Adv. Clause of result- that I could not enter the
compartiment.
Function-Modifies the adjective "rush" in the M.C.
3. M.C.-The teacher explained the difficult chapter so easily Sub. Adv. Clause of result- that every student could understand Function-Modifies the adverb in "easily" the M.C.
4.
M.C.-So great was his heart. Sub. Adv. Clause of result-that he sacrifices his life for the service of the country. Function-Modifies the adjective 'great' in the M.C.
5. M.C.-He is such a naughty boy Sub. Adv. Clause of result - that he will wake a sleeping dog up
Function-Modifies the adjective phrase "a naughty
boy" in the M.C.
6. Adverb clause of purpose: 1. Man eats that he may live.
2. He started early so that he could reach in time. 3. The teacher became stricter in order that students
would be more sincere. 4. Study with a purpose lest it may go in vain.
......
Evil often triumphs, but never conquers
5. There were neutral umpires for the match lest there should be any discrimination in the judgment. In the above sentences the bold parts adverb clauses of
Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of purpose:
1. M.C.-Man eats
Sub. Adv. Clause of purpose-that he may live Function-Modifies the verb 'eats' in the M.C.
2. M.C.-He started early. Sub. Adv. Clause of purpose-So that he could reach in time Function-Modifies the verb adverb started early" in
the M.C
3. M.C-The teacher became stricter Sub. Adv. Clause of purpose-in order that students would be more sincere. Function - Modifies the verb+adverb "became stricter" in the M.C.
4. M.C.-You study with a purpose. Sub. Adv. Clause of purpose - lest it may go in vain Function - Modifies the verb "study with a purpose
in the M.C 5. M.C. There were neutral umpires for the match Sub. Adv. Clause of purpose - lest there should be any discrimination in the judgment Function-Modifies the verb 'were' in the M.C.
7. Adverb of condition/supposition
1. If it rains, we shall stop playing 2. Unless you are sincere in studies, you will fail
3. We cannot succeed if we do not try hard.
4. You will be punished in case you are guilty. 5. I shall help you provided (that) you will obey my advice.
6. If you did not try hard, you would fail. 7. If wishes were horses, beggars might ride. 8. Had it not been for your help, I could not pass the
test
9. Were I a king I would make you my minister
10. Whether I get a prize or not. I will take part in the debate. 11. Should I get an opportunity in your company, I will
do to the best of my ability. In the above sentences the bold parts are the adverb clauses of condition/supposition:
Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of condition/
supposition:
1. M.C.-We shall stop playing. Sub. Adv. Clause of supposition - If it rains Function-Modifies the verb phrase "shall stop
playing" in the M.C. 2. M.C.-You will fail
Sub. Adv. Clause of condition - Unless you are sincere in studies. Function-Modifies the verb phrase "will fail" in the M.C.
3. MC-We cannot succeed. Sub. Adv. Clause of condition-if we do not try hard. Function-Modifies the verb phrase "cannot succeed"
....
Expansion is life contraction is death.
MC-You will be punished
guilty
the M.C
Sub. Adv. Clause of supposition in case you are Function-Modifies the verb phrase "will be punished"
MC-I shall help you
Sub Ady Clause of condition-provided (that) you will Function - Modifies the verb phrase "shall help in the
obey my advice
M.C
5. M.C-You would fail
Sub Adv Clause of condition - If you did not try hard. Function-Modifies the verb phrase "would fail" in
the M.C 7 M.C-Beggars might ride.
Sub. Adv. Clause of supposition - If wishes were Function-Modifies the verb phrase "might ride" in the
MC
M.C - I could not pass the test.
Sub. Adv. Clause of condition - Had it not been for your help Function - Modifies the verb phrase "could not pass" in the M.C.
MC-I would make you my minister. Sub Ads Clause of supposition - were 1 king Function-Modifies the verb phrase "would make" in the MC
10 MC-Iwill take part in the debate. Sub. Adv. Clause of supposition - Whether I get a prize
or not. Function-Modifies the verb phrase "will take part" in
the M.C 11. MC-1 will do to the best of my ability. Sub Adv. Clause of supposition - Should I get an
opportunity function -Modifies the verb phrase "will do" in theM.C
S. Adverb clause of comparison: 1. Ram bats better than Shyam does.
2. Gita sings as sweetly as Sita does.
3 Preeti does not dance as well as Sweta does.
4 Gautam is more intelligent than Preetam is.
5. No one else is as clever as a crow is.
6 He writes better than he speaks.
7. Very few players are as popular as Sachin is. In the above sentences the bold parts are the adverb clauses
of comparison Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of comparison: M.C.-Ram bats better
Sub. Adv Clause of comparison- than Shyam does Function-Modifies the adverb 'better' in the M.C M.C-Gita sings as sweetly
Sub. Adv. Clause of comparison- as Sita does Function-Modifies the adverb 'sweetly' in the M.C. MC-Preeti does not dance as well
Sub. Adv. Clause of comparison-as Sweta does Function - Modifies the adverb 'sweetly in the M.C.
M.C.-Gautam is more intelligent. Sub Adv. Clause of comparison-than Preetam (is). Function-Modifies the adjective 'intelligent in the
......
Experience is good if not bought too dear
M.C. M.C-No one else is as clever
Sub. Adv. Clause of comparison-as a crow (is) Function - Modifies the adjective clever in the M.C
M.C-He writes better. Sub Adv Clause of comparison-than he speaks Function-Modifies the verb writes in the M.C
MC-Very few players are as popular Sub. Adv. Clause of comparison-as Sachin (is) Function-Modifies the adjective 'clever' in the M.C
9. Adverb clause of contrast or concession: 1 Even though he is a social worker, he is a
questionable character. He is poor although he is honest. 2.
3. He is honest even though he is poor.
4. He was drenching in the rain even if he had an umbrella with him.
5. I will go to the market even though it rains. 6 7 He was acquitted even though he was a convict. Man fails to practise though he preaches a lot.
8 The student got a job even though he was not eligible. 9 We shall field first even though we win the toss. 10. I will take Arts even if I get a First Class in the S.S.C. 11. Poor as he was, he was not dishonest.
12. The fielder could not catch, however hard he tried. 13. Admitting that he was innocent, he was punished. 14 Notwithstanding that he was a convict, he was not
punished.
15. Whatever they may say, I shall do it.
16. However difficult the job may be, I shall do it. In the above sentences the bold parts are the adverb clauses of concession or
Let's analyse the above adverb clauses of contrast M.C.-He is a questionable character
concession:
Sub. Adv. Clause of contrast-Even though he is a Function-Modifies the verb 'is' in the M.C.
social worker.
M.C.-He is poor.
Sub, Adv. Clause of contrast- although he is honest Function-Modifies the verb 'is' in the M.C MC-He is honest Sub. Adv. Clause of contrast-even though he is po
Function-Modifies the verb 'is' in the M.C M.C.-He was dreaching in the rain. 4
Sub. Adv Clause of contrast-even if he had an umbrella with him Function-Modifies the verb phrase "was drenching in the M.C.
MC-I will go to the market Sub Adv. Clause of contrast-even though it rains
Function-Modifies verb phrase "will go in the M.C MC-He was acquitted Sub. Adv Clause of contrast-even though he was a convict
Function-Modifies the verb phrase "was acquitted in the M.C MC-Man fails to practise 7.
Sub Adv Clause of contrast-though he preaches a
(44)
Experience is the extract of suffering
Function-Modifies the verb phrase 'can not practise
in the M.C
M.C.-The student got a job. Sub. Adv. Clause of contrast-even though he was not
cligible Function-Modifies the verb got in the M.C.
M.C.-We shall field first
Sub. Adv. Clause of contrast- even though we win the toss Function - Modifies the verb phrase 'shall field" in the M.C
10. M.C.-1 will take Arts. Sub. Adv. Clause of concession-even if I get a first class in the S.S.C Function-Modifies the verb phrase will take in the
M.C. 11. MC he was not dishonest Sub. Adv Clause of contrast-Poor as he was. (Here as means 'although)
Function-Modifies the verb+not "was not" in the M.C 12 MC-The fielder could not catch the train. Sub. Adv Clause of contrast- however hard he tried Function-Modifies the verb phrase "could not catch in the M.C
13. MC-He was punished. Sub. Adv Clause of contrast-Admitting that he was innocent Function-Modifies the verb phrase "was punished" m the M.C.
14. M.Che was not punished Sub. Adv. Clause of contrast- notwithstanding that he was a convict Function-Modifies the verb phrase "was not
punished" in the M.C. 15. M.C-1 shall do it.
Sub Adv. Clause of contrast-whatever they may say. Function-Modifies the verb phrase "shall do in the
M.C 16 MC-I shall do it
Sub. Adv. Clause of contrast-However difficult the job may be Function-Modifies the verb phrase shall do in the
M.C.
16. Simple, compound and complex sentences:
Let's learn simple, compound and complex through the following table along with the examples To make our task easier, we shall start from compound, complex and simple. Firstly we should know what they are
* What is a simple sentence? A simple sentence consists of a subject and a finite
verb. It may also contain non-finite verbs like a participle, a
gerund or an infinitive other than a finite verb.
For Example: -(1) I became a doctor. (a) Subject-1
(b) Finite verb- became :
(2) After passing MA, I became a teacher.
(a) Subject-1
(b) Finite verb- became (c) (Present) participle - passing
......
Faith is the force of life.
(3) After passing M.A. 1 became a teacher to teach studcats
(a) Subject-1
(b) Finite verb-became
(c) Infinitive- to teach (d) (Present) participle-passing
(4) Being a perfect teacher is a difficult task (a) Subject-being a perfect teacher
(b) Finite verb-is
(c) Gerund-being
(5) I like teaching very much.
(a) Subject-1
(b) Finite verb-like (c) Gerund-teaching
0 What is a compound sentence?
수 A compound sentence consists of two main clauses and
a co-ordinator or a co-ordinate conjunction.
1. Irfan Pathan bowls as well as bats. (a) Irfan Pathan bowls (First Main Clause)
(b) Irfan Pathan bats. (Second Main Clause) (C) As well as (co-ordinator)
• What is a complex sentence? A complex sentence consists of a main clause, one or more than one subordinate clause and one or more than one sub- ordinator.
(1)
(a)
I went to the doctor as I was ill I went to the doctor - Main clause
(b) As 1 was ill-Sub-ordinate adverb clause of reason As-Sub-ordinator (0)
(2) He said that he saw a beggar, who was begging. (a) while he was going to the doctor for a checkup. He said-Main clause
(b) That he saw a beggar-sub-ordinate Noun clause.
object of the (transitive) verb 'said" in the MC (c) Who was begging-sub-ordinate adjective clause. qualifies the noun "beggar' in the M.C.
(d) While he was going to the doctor-sub-ordinate
adverb clause of time modifying the verb 'saw' in the M.C
Now we shall convert one sentence from one type to another according to the rules given in the following tables
10 The tables can be found on page No. 91 & 92
Examples: Compound:
Cumulative: Showing addition:
[Now the co-ordinator comes before the second sentence, sub-ordinator before the first sentence.)
1. (a) I returned from school. (b) I went to play Compound-1 returned from school, and went to play (Co-ordinator 'and')
Complex- After I returned from school, I went to play (Adv. Clause of time) Simple- After returning from school, I went to play
(Present participle + 1" verb) (a) We got out of the cab. (b) We went to the market Compound- We got out of the cab, and went to the market. (Coordinator "and")
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