He who has great power should use it lightly
I like him, so I help him 9. Tautology-A tautology is a figure of speech in which
related words are used for better poetic effect This cowardly and dastardly act will bring them no
peace
His brave and courageous efforts will always be
saluted
The sad and pitiful news shocked all Rain was a liberal and generous king.
His witty and intelligent answer was applauded 10. Transferred epithet (Adjective) - A transferred epithet (adjective) is a figure of speech in which an adjective belonging to one noun is transferred to another noun, which has a close connection with the former
No one understood his desirous look Her anxious eyes melted my heart.
The eager feet of the devotees thronged the temple
surroundings
Your young mind is unable to understand this 59 The tender hues of the flowers fascinate all.
3. Figures based on contrast. Anti thesis:- An antithesis is a figure of speech in
which words of opposite meanings or ideas are used in the same sentence
Man proposes, God disposes.
2 To err is human, to forgive divine. United we stand, divided we fall
4. Many are called, but a few are chosen. 5 Prosperity gains friends, adversity tries them.
2.Epigram:- An epigram just as a paradox is a figure of speech in which contradictory ideas are conveyed in an exciting and proverbial way which are but true seem ridiculous
1 The child is the father of man.
Fools rush in where angels fear to tread
T Forewarned is forearmed. Cowards die many times before their death
Failure is the pillar of success 3. Euphemism:-A euphemism is a figure of speech in
5
which a harsh reality is conveyed in a mild or soft
manner
He closed his eyes forever.
Nature draped her snowy blanket on her. 3 He was telling us a fairy tale
4 Many people passed away in the blast The culprits were treated with sticks
4. Oxymoron: An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side by
side He is regularly irregular in his duty.
Indian cricket players are consistently inconsistent.
It was the kind cruelty of the surgeon's knife. Life is bitter sweet.
He was the wisest fool. Don't be idly busy
5. Paradox-A paradox is a figure of speech in which a truth is expressed in a ridiculous or contradictory
way. The part is greater than the whole., Nothing is better than something (unwelcome).
....
He who has imagination without leaning has wings 3.
but no feet
There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser 4. He is the best teacher who teaches nothing
5. Illnesses that make us healthier. 5. Irony:- An irony is a figure of speech in which what is written the meaning is just the opposite.
1. Today the politicians are the parents of the public. 2. Today the movies are replete with high human values.
3. Today most schools omit textual chapters to minimize the burden of the students
4. Today "beauty contests and fashion shows are conducted to to glorify the hidden and neglected beauty. 5. In India reservations in higher studies, bureaucracy and
elections aim at the uplift of the backward classes and
women 4. FFigures based on Sound: -
1. Alliteration: An alliteration is a figure of speech in
which the starting letters/ syllables of at least two or more than two words are sweetly repeated She sells seashells on the seashore.
2.
A load of learning is lumbering in his head.
3. How high his highness holds his haughty head. 4. A sweet, sad sinile spread across her face.
5. The blind blasts of the bombs deafened all. 6. Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech
in which a sound expressing word is used 1. The dogs are barking 2. The peon is ringing the bell.
3. The priest is blowing a conch 4. The students are banging the desk.
5. The birds are twittering.
6. The bees are humming.
7. The owls are hooting.
8. The elephants are trumpeting. 10. The monkeys are coughing.
7. Pun:- A pun is a figure of speech in which a play upon the meaning of words is employed. Sometimes one word carries two meanings and two different words with
different meanings carry the same sound.
1. A thief steels his nerves when he steals
2. Women powder the face and the soldiers face the 3. The world knows sole force, but not soul force.
powder
4. A mirror reflects without speaking while a woman speaks without reflecting.
5. Photographs always reply with a negative. 6. Life depends upon the liver 7. A life of love is better than a love of life.
We miss you Miss.
What we refuse to cat is thrown off as refuse. 10 An honest ambassdor lies abroad for the good of the
8.
country. 11.
His pupils are good. 5. Figures based on substitution:-
1. Metonymy: [One word is used for another]: - A metonymy is a figure of speech in which instead of a person or a thing, a name closely associated with the person or the thing is used 1. A sign for the person or thing symbolized:
They requested the chair for a favour. (Chair instead of the Chairman)
Scepture and crown must tumble down.
...
He who knows the value of time has known the secret of life
(Sceptre and crown for the king) 2. An instrument for the agent
The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen instead of the writer, sword instead of the soldier)
2. Give every man thy car but few thy tongue (Ear for hearing, tongue for speech)
3A container for the thing contained: The kettle is boiling. (Kettle instead of tea) L
2.
India will not succumb to terrorism
(India instead of the Indians) The country was relishing the victory. (Country for the country men)
4. An author for his writings: I am reading Longfellow these days.
(Longfellow for his writings) 2 Let's go through Vishnu Sharma. (Vishnu Sharma for Panchatantra)
3. Have you read Kalidas? (Kalidas for the Ramayana) 5. The name of a feeling for the object producing the
feeling Sania Mirza is the pride of India. (Object Sania producing a feeling pride)
2 Krishna was the light of Yashoda's eyes (Object producing a feeling "light")
3.
Sachin was the only hope of Indian cricket team
(Object Sachin producing a feeling "hope") 2. Synecdoche: -A synecdoche is a figure of speech in which understanding of one thing is made through another
1.A part for the whole- Many hands make light work.
(Hands are part for the whole men) Don't kick at the poor's stomachs
(Stomach is part for the whole poor men)
3 Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. (Head is part for the whole person/king)
4 The poor man has many mouths to food. 2. Whole for a part- India won the match
(India is whole for the eleven players-part) 2. Gandhiji was a creature of unusual greatness
(Creature is whole for the part 'a man") 3. Miss India is coming.
(Miss India is whole for the victorious lady contenstant)
3. Abstract for concrete:- 1 Youthful love is wild
(Love-an abstract noun used fo a contracte noun "lover')
2 Passion is more destructive than costructive (Passion-an abstract noun used for passionate men)
3. Revenge is a devilish (Revenge-abstract noun used for a concrete noun the persons who takes revenge)
An idle mind is the devil's workshop. (Idle mund-an abstract noun used for a concrete noun workshop)
4. Concrete for the abstract- How many like to throw away their chairs?
(Chairs concrete used for the abstract position)
....
Heaping words is a mark of emptiness
2 Ravana dictates me to sin
3.
(Ravana-concrete used for an abstract noun evil power There is a Vibhishan in his heart.
(Vibhishan concrete used for an abstract noun reason)
5)
A material noun for the thing made of/from it:- 2 The guest was greeted with garlands
(Garlands for flowers)
Her diamonds shield a lot.
(Diamonds for ornament made of diamonds) The criminals were put in irons.
(Irons for the handcuff) The stone of the leader remind, us of his greatness
(Store for the stone statue) 23. Lines Liable To Be Confused.
Different uses of As
Do as you are directed (Adv. clause of manner.)
2. As he was late, he was punished.
(Adv. Clause of reason.)
3. He smiled as he departed
4
(Adv. Clause of time. As means "when") Poor as he was, he was honest
(Adv. Clause of concession.) Hari is not as/so clever as Gopal is
(Adv. Clause of degree)
5
6 This is the same pen as I had. (Adv. Clause qualifies pen)
7. As many students as appeared in the test passed this
year.
Different uses of "If
If I were a king. I would have made you my minister
(Adv Clause of supposition) 2. If you do not work hard, you can't pass
(Adv. Clause of condition). 3. If I have any doubt, I will ask you
(Adv. Clause of time.)
If he is dull, he does not copy in the test (Adv. Clause of contrast).
Different uses of "That'
1. Australia played so well that they won the Super Ser (Adv. Clause of result).
2 Man eats that he may live (Adv. Clause of purpose) My opinion is that no player is greater than the country (N. Clause complement of the verb "is")
3.
The teacher explained that two and two make four 5. That he would fail in the test was past my
imagination
(N. Clause, subject of the verb 'was in the M.C) 6. Sehwag hammered the ball, that/which flew over th rope. (Cumulative co-ordinate clause, here 'that which means 'and it").
This is the book that I want.
(Ady Clause qualifies the noun"book" 8. The water of the river is different from that of the
sea (Here 'that' means 'the water') This is the planet that life survives. (Here 'that means "where")
10. It was in the temple that they were nourished. (Here 'that is a subordinator introducing an Advert
Clause of place.)
without fail.
(Here, 'that' means 'the set of solving sums'.)
I like him, so I help him 9. Tautology-A tautology is a figure of speech in which
related words are used for better poetic effect This cowardly and dastardly act will bring them no
peace
His brave and courageous efforts will always be
saluted
The sad and pitiful news shocked all Rain was a liberal and generous king.
His witty and intelligent answer was applauded 10. Transferred epithet (Adjective) - A transferred epithet (adjective) is a figure of speech in which an adjective belonging to one noun is transferred to another noun, which has a close connection with the former
No one understood his desirous look Her anxious eyes melted my heart.
The eager feet of the devotees thronged the temple
surroundings
Your young mind is unable to understand this 59 The tender hues of the flowers fascinate all.
3. Figures based on contrast. Anti thesis:- An antithesis is a figure of speech in
which words of opposite meanings or ideas are used in the same sentence
Man proposes, God disposes.
2 To err is human, to forgive divine. United we stand, divided we fall
4. Many are called, but a few are chosen. 5 Prosperity gains friends, adversity tries them.
2.Epigram:- An epigram just as a paradox is a figure of speech in which contradictory ideas are conveyed in an exciting and proverbial way which are but true seem ridiculous
1 The child is the father of man.
Fools rush in where angels fear to tread
T Forewarned is forearmed. Cowards die many times before their death
Failure is the pillar of success 3. Euphemism:-A euphemism is a figure of speech in
5
which a harsh reality is conveyed in a mild or soft
manner
He closed his eyes forever.
Nature draped her snowy blanket on her. 3 He was telling us a fairy tale
4 Many people passed away in the blast The culprits were treated with sticks
4. Oxymoron: An oxymoron is a figure of speech in which two contradictory words are placed side by
side He is regularly irregular in his duty.
Indian cricket players are consistently inconsistent.
It was the kind cruelty of the surgeon's knife. Life is bitter sweet.
He was the wisest fool. Don't be idly busy
5. Paradox-A paradox is a figure of speech in which a truth is expressed in a ridiculous or contradictory
way. The part is greater than the whole., Nothing is better than something (unwelcome).
....
He who has imagination without leaning has wings 3.
but no feet
There is no one so poor as a wealthy miser 4. He is the best teacher who teaches nothing
5. Illnesses that make us healthier. 5. Irony:- An irony is a figure of speech in which what is written the meaning is just the opposite.
1. Today the politicians are the parents of the public. 2. Today the movies are replete with high human values.
3. Today most schools omit textual chapters to minimize the burden of the students
4. Today "beauty contests and fashion shows are conducted to to glorify the hidden and neglected beauty. 5. In India reservations in higher studies, bureaucracy and
elections aim at the uplift of the backward classes and
women 4. FFigures based on Sound: -
1. Alliteration: An alliteration is a figure of speech in
which the starting letters/ syllables of at least two or more than two words are sweetly repeated She sells seashells on the seashore.
2.
A load of learning is lumbering in his head.
3. How high his highness holds his haughty head. 4. A sweet, sad sinile spread across her face.
5. The blind blasts of the bombs deafened all. 6. Onomatopoeia: Onomatopoeia is a figure of speech
in which a sound expressing word is used 1. The dogs are barking 2. The peon is ringing the bell.
3. The priest is blowing a conch 4. The students are banging the desk.
5. The birds are twittering.
6. The bees are humming.
7. The owls are hooting.
8. The elephants are trumpeting. 10. The monkeys are coughing.
7. Pun:- A pun is a figure of speech in which a play upon the meaning of words is employed. Sometimes one word carries two meanings and two different words with
different meanings carry the same sound.
1. A thief steels his nerves when he steals
2. Women powder the face and the soldiers face the 3. The world knows sole force, but not soul force.
powder
4. A mirror reflects without speaking while a woman speaks without reflecting.
5. Photographs always reply with a negative. 6. Life depends upon the liver 7. A life of love is better than a love of life.
We miss you Miss.
What we refuse to cat is thrown off as refuse. 10 An honest ambassdor lies abroad for the good of the
8.
country. 11.
His pupils are good. 5. Figures based on substitution:-
1. Metonymy: [One word is used for another]: - A metonymy is a figure of speech in which instead of a person or a thing, a name closely associated with the person or the thing is used 1. A sign for the person or thing symbolized:
They requested the chair for a favour. (Chair instead of the Chairman)
Scepture and crown must tumble down.
...
He who knows the value of time has known the secret of life
(Sceptre and crown for the king) 2. An instrument for the agent
The pen is mightier than the sword. (Pen instead of the writer, sword instead of the soldier)
2. Give every man thy car but few thy tongue (Ear for hearing, tongue for speech)
3A container for the thing contained: The kettle is boiling. (Kettle instead of tea) L
2.
India will not succumb to terrorism
(India instead of the Indians) The country was relishing the victory. (Country for the country men)
4. An author for his writings: I am reading Longfellow these days.
(Longfellow for his writings) 2 Let's go through Vishnu Sharma. (Vishnu Sharma for Panchatantra)
3. Have you read Kalidas? (Kalidas for the Ramayana) 5. The name of a feeling for the object producing the
feeling Sania Mirza is the pride of India. (Object Sania producing a feeling pride)
2 Krishna was the light of Yashoda's eyes (Object producing a feeling "light")
3.
Sachin was the only hope of Indian cricket team
(Object Sachin producing a feeling "hope") 2. Synecdoche: -A synecdoche is a figure of speech in which understanding of one thing is made through another
1.A part for the whole- Many hands make light work.
(Hands are part for the whole men) Don't kick at the poor's stomachs
(Stomach is part for the whole poor men)
3 Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. (Head is part for the whole person/king)
4 The poor man has many mouths to food. 2. Whole for a part- India won the match
(India is whole for the eleven players-part) 2. Gandhiji was a creature of unusual greatness
(Creature is whole for the part 'a man") 3. Miss India is coming.
(Miss India is whole for the victorious lady contenstant)
3. Abstract for concrete:- 1 Youthful love is wild
(Love-an abstract noun used fo a contracte noun "lover')
2 Passion is more destructive than costructive (Passion-an abstract noun used for passionate men)
3. Revenge is a devilish (Revenge-abstract noun used for a concrete noun the persons who takes revenge)
An idle mind is the devil's workshop. (Idle mund-an abstract noun used for a concrete noun workshop)
4. Concrete for the abstract- How many like to throw away their chairs?
(Chairs concrete used for the abstract position)
....
Heaping words is a mark of emptiness
2 Ravana dictates me to sin
3.
(Ravana-concrete used for an abstract noun evil power There is a Vibhishan in his heart.
(Vibhishan concrete used for an abstract noun reason)
5)
A material noun for the thing made of/from it:- 2 The guest was greeted with garlands
(Garlands for flowers)
Her diamonds shield a lot.
(Diamonds for ornament made of diamonds) The criminals were put in irons.
(Irons for the handcuff) The stone of the leader remind, us of his greatness
(Store for the stone statue) 23. Lines Liable To Be Confused.
Different uses of As
Do as you are directed (Adv. clause of manner.)
2. As he was late, he was punished.
(Adv. Clause of reason.)
3. He smiled as he departed
4
(Adv. Clause of time. As means "when") Poor as he was, he was honest
(Adv. Clause of concession.) Hari is not as/so clever as Gopal is
(Adv. Clause of degree)
5
6 This is the same pen as I had. (Adv. Clause qualifies pen)
7. As many students as appeared in the test passed this
year.
Different uses of "If
If I were a king. I would have made you my minister
(Adv Clause of supposition) 2. If you do not work hard, you can't pass
(Adv. Clause of condition). 3. If I have any doubt, I will ask you
(Adv. Clause of time.)
If he is dull, he does not copy in the test (Adv. Clause of contrast).
Different uses of "That'
1. Australia played so well that they won the Super Ser (Adv. Clause of result).
2 Man eats that he may live (Adv. Clause of purpose) My opinion is that no player is greater than the country (N. Clause complement of the verb "is")
3.
The teacher explained that two and two make four 5. That he would fail in the test was past my
imagination
(N. Clause, subject of the verb 'was in the M.C) 6. Sehwag hammered the ball, that/which flew over th rope. (Cumulative co-ordinate clause, here 'that which means 'and it").
This is the book that I want.
(Ady Clause qualifies the noun"book" 8. The water of the river is different from that of the
sea (Here 'that' means 'the water') This is the planet that life survives. (Here 'that means "where")
10. It was in the temple that they were nourished. (Here 'that is a subordinator introducing an Advert
Clause of place.)
without fail.
(Here, 'that' means 'the set of solving sums'.)
.....
Heaven never helps the men who will not act
12 Sachin does batting as well as bowling, this brings runs and that wicket. (Here 'that' means bowling) 13. The news (that you told) was interesting.
(Adj.clause qualifies 'news'))
14 The news [that India won the match) was interesting.
(Noun clause in apposition to the "news") 15. It is a fact that man is mortal.
(Noun clause in apposition to "it". 16 I am glad that you have come to meet one.
(Adv. clause of reason.) 17 I am confident that you will pass in the test.
(Noun clause object of the missing preposition "about" in the M.C
Different uses of "Where I know where the match is being played (Noun
clause object of the transitive verb 'know') I know the place where the match is being played. (Adj. Clause qualifies the noun 'place").
3. Go wherever you like. (Adv. Clause of place modifying the verb.)
I went to the Wankhede stadium, where I could watch a One Day Match. (A cumulative co-ordinate clause,
Here 'where' means 'and there'.) Different uses of "When, How and How
I want to know when the train arrives. (N. Clause, object of the infinitive to know".)
2. This is the time when the train arrives. (Adj Clause qualifies the "time")
3. It was raining when I was going to school. (Adv. Clause of time modifying the verb 'was raining".) 1. Can you say me how you got the 1" prize. (N. Clause object of verb 'can say.)
2. This was the way how I got the 1" prize. (Adj Clause qualifies the noun way.)
1. Tell me why you were punished. (N. Clause object of the verb "tell' in the M.C.) 2. This was the reason why I was punished.
(Adj. Clause qualifies the noun "reason".) Miscellaneous Uses
1 Ram is the cleverest student in our class
(Single s.d+noun singular) 2 Ram is one of the cleverest students in our class. (One of +sd+ noun plural.)
1- PD-No other student in our class is as clever as Ram 1- CD-Ram is cleverer than any other student in our class
2- PD-Very few/Not many students in our class are as
clever as Ram. 2- CD-Ram is cleverer than many/most other students
in our class. 1. He is so clever that he can beat anyone.
2. He is so clever that no one can beat him. .
1. He is too clever not to beat anyone 2- He is too clever to beat.
1. The class was too noisy to take lecture.
2. The class was too noisy. 1- The class was too noisy that no teacher could take
lecture 2. The class was so/very noisy. Or. The class was noisy beyond the proper limit.
1. Ravi is as witty as Boby
....
Home is where the heart is
2 Ravi is not as witty as Boby.) Boby is not wittier than Ravi
2- Boby is wittier than Ravi
You have not sent a single letter since you went to
Mumbai
(Adv. Clause of time modifying "have not sent") 2 Since it was a holiday, I got up late
(Adv. Clause of reason modifying 'got up")
It has been raining since last week.
(It is a simple sentence and 'since' is a preposition.)
Different uses of "But
1. Rajiv was a 4 Std. student, but he swam 71 kms.
(Here but makes adversative compound sentence.) 2. There is no mother but loves her child. (Here 'but' means 'who does not, so it is an Adj. Clause)
3. None but Ram can do it.(Here 'but' is a preposition
meaning except, it is a simple sentence)
4. He can't but laugh. (Here means 'is forced to laugh.) 5. He can but laugh. (He can only laugh, here "but' means "only")
1. Ram as well as his friends is my friends
2. 1 as well as my parents am going to the party today. (When as well as' joins two subjects, the verb is used
according to the number and person of the first subject.) 1. Not only Ram but also his friends are coming to play. Not only my parents but also I am going to the party
2. today. (When not only...but also joins two subjects, the verb is used according to the number and person of the second
subject) 3. Neither Ram nor his friends are my friends. 4. Either I or my parents are going to the party today. (When Neither... nor', 'Either...or join two
subjects, the verb is used according to the number and person of the second subject.)
1. Hari not only composes but also sings songs.
2. Hari composes as well as sings songs.
1. Not only noun but also + noun Both
and
Not only + verb but also + verb and
Both
Not only adjective. but also adjective Both and
2. Noun + as well as +Noun
Verb+ as well+ Verb
Adj, as well as+ Adj
1. I agree with you. (Agree with a person)
2. I agree to your proposal. (Agree to a proposal) 3. I do not agree on this term. (Agree on a point)
1. He lives in Mumbai. (Live in a big place)
2 He lives at Borivali. (Live at a small place) 3. He lives by carpentry. (Live by one's profession)
4. The cow lives on grass (Live on food)
5. He lives by honest means. (Live by a means) 6. We live on land (Live on a place)
1. I differ with you. (Differ with a person)
2. I don't differ on this point. (Differ on a point) 3. Maths differs from Sankrit. (Differ from a thing)
....
Honesty once pawned is never redeemed.
1. She was born in a rich family. (To be born in a family)
2. She was not born of rich parents. (To be born of parents) He is blind in/of one eye. (Blind in/of one eye)
2. You are always blind to your fault. (Blind to one's fault) 1. Workers are busy at work.
2. Students are busy with their lessons.
1. The patient died of T. B (Die of disease). 2 The poor man died of thirst, hunger, and shock.
(Die of thirst, hunger, and shock)
3. The gangster died by violence. (Die by violence) 4. The greedy man died from over eating/work snacks
bite. (Die from over eating/work/ snacks bite)
1. The police are inquiring into the matter. (Inquire into a matter) 2. The teacher inquired me of my studies.
(Inquire someone of something) 1. Don't lean against the wall.
2. The old lady was going leaning on a stick. 1. The chair was made of plastic. (Made of- when the substance does not change)
2. Sweets are made from milk and sugar
(Made from when the substance changes) 3. My shirt is made from cotton.
4. This shirt is made in India. (Made in a country) 1. They are playing football. (1.No 'article is used before the name of a game. 2.No preposition is used after
'play' when it refers to a game.)
2. I am playing on a harmonium daily. (1.'Article' is used before the name of a musical instrument. 2. 'Preposition is used after 'play' when it refers to a musical instrument)
3. Don't play with fire.
(Play with - means handle anything carelessly) 1. He presented a gift to me.
(Verb direct object (thing)+to+indirect object (person).
2 He presented me with a gift. (Verb+indirect object
(person)+ with +direct object (thing).
1. Govt. supplied relief to the flood affect victims. (Verb direct object (thing)+to+indirect object (person). 2 Govt supplied the flood-affected victims with relief. (Verb+indirect object (person)+ with +direct object (thing).
1. Don't be sorry for me. (To be 'sorry' for a person) 2. He is sorry about my transfer.
(To be 'sorry about something) 1. The teacher was angry with Kavi
(To be 'angry' with a person) 2. Mother is angry at my poor marks.
(To be 'angry' at something) 1. Vitamins are useful to health. (Useful to health/person
2. These questions are useful for the exam. )
(Useful for exam/purpose
1. Mother agrees with me. (To 'agree' with a 2. Teacher did not agree to my suggestion.
(To 'agree to a proposal)
1. I am taller than you. 2. I prefer coffee to tea. (Not 'than', as after
inferior prior senior junior etc 'to' is used.)
1. It being a sunny day we went to play.
(Here, 'being' is a participle.)
....
Honeyed speech often conceals poison and ga
2. Being a member in the national cricket team is a glory (Being is here a grund)
1. You know me better than him
You know me. You know him.
But, you know me better than you know him
Or, You do not know him as much as you know
2 You know me better than he
You know me
He knows me But, you know me better than he knows (me)
Or. He does not know me as well as you know (me) I am superior to you (Not than you)
2. You are inferior to me (Not than mey
3Iron is heavier than gold (Not to gold) Gold is costlier than iron (Not to iron)
Hari is senior to Blan (Not dan Bari) Bhari is junior to Han. (Not than Hari).
The tea is too hot to drink. (Not to be drunk as passive form is not saed after an adjective)
The tea is so hot that it can't be drunk. (Not it can't drink as someone drinks tea, and it does not drink
itself)
These are very sweet mangoes
What sweet mangoes these are! (Not 'how sweet' as the last word is a noun)
These mangoes are very sweet How sweet these mangoes are!
(Not what sweet as the last word is an adjective)
He said, "I always think about my own interest."
He said that he always thought about his own interest 2. He said, "Man always thinks about his own interest
He said that man always thinks about his own interest (Because this sentence is a universal truth)
1. He says, "I shall go to the picnic with you" He says (not said) that he will go (not would)to the
picnic with us
2 He said, "I shall go to the picnic with you"
He said that he would (not will) go to the picnic with us
1 This is an LP School. (Not a L P school as gives out a vowel sound) 2. This is a Lower Primary School (Not an Lower Primary
School as L gves out a consonant sound)
1. This is a UP School (Not an UP School, as
"U" gives out a consonant sound)
2. This is an Upper Primary School (Not a Upper Primary as "U" gives out a vowel sound) 1. He is an MA (Not a MA as M' gives out a vowel
sound) 2. He is a Master of Arts (Not an Master of Arts as M gives out a consonant sound)
He is going to a University (Not an University as U gives out a consonant sound)
2. He is carrying an Umbrella. (Not a Umbrella as U gives out a vowel sound) . This is a utopean story. (Not an stopeas as 1
U gives out a consonant sound)
2. This is an upheaval (Not a upheaval as U gives out a vowel sound)
1. He has a form (Not an uniform
U gives out a consonant soundy
.....
Honour and profit will not keep in ene sack
He has ugly look (Not a 'ugly look as'U' gives out a vowel sound)
unanimous decision nanimous as "U gives out a consonant sound)
an unceremonious dismissal lots unceremonious as 'U' gives out a vowel sound) 1. He is an honest man
Not a honest man as 'H' is silent and "O' is a vowel)
2 Puri is a holy place (Not an holy place as H' is a consonant.)
1. He spent an hour (Not a "hour" as 'H' is silent and 'O' is a vowel)
2 He has a hound hen (Not an hound hen as 'H' is a consonant)
I have a one-rupee note
(Not an one rupee note as 'O' gives out a "wa" sound) 21 saw an owl (Not a owl as 'O' is a vowel)
It is difficult to climb Everest (Not the Everest as 'article' is not used before the
name of of a peak of a mountain) It is difficult to climb the Himalayas. (Not Himalayas as 'the' is used before the name of a
mountain/mountain ranges) 7. Did you know that man is mortal? (That man is mortal- is a noun clause object of the
(transitive) verb 'know' in M.C) 7 Did you have the knowledge that man is mortal? (That man is mortal- is a noun clause 'in apposition
to the noun 'knowledge in M.C.) 1. I am reading Hindi.
(Not the Hindi as article is not used before the name of
lingunge) I am reading the Gecta. (Not 'Geeta' as "the" is used before the name of religious books/epics.)
Shakespeare was a great dramatist (Not the Shakespeare' as article is not used before the name of a proper noun)
Kalidas was the Shakespeare of India. (Not 'Shakespeare")
Give me a piece paper to write something. Not a paper here paper means ordinary paper used
for writing) Give me a paper to read.
(Not a piece of paper, here paper means a newspaper) Give me water now
(Not the water as no article is used after the
uncountable noun) 2. Give me the water of that filter.
(Not water, as water is here specified.) Give me apiece of chalk
(Not a chalk as chalk is an uncountable noun) I Mathematics is an interesting subject
(Not are, as Mathematics is singular)
2 Bad news spreads fast
(Not spread, as news is singular) 1. Time and tide waits for none.
(Not wait, as "time and tide has a singular meaning)
2 Bread and butter is my favourite dish. (Not are, as 'bread and butter has a singular
meaning.) ! I have been waiting for you.
...
Hope is a good breakfast, but a bad supper (Not waiting you, as the preposition for is used after
"wait")
2 I have been awaiting you (Not awaiting for you, as the preposition for is not
used after 'await)
1. I am reading the poetry of Wordsworth (Not poetry) I am reading the poems of Wordsworth (Not poem) It is a lovely scene. (Not scenery)
2
1
2 Kashmir is known for lovely scenery. (Not sceneries
)
3. You are known to me. (Not for me)
4. A tree is known by its fruits. (Not to for its fruits) 1. He knows little about it. (Knows nothing about it)
2. He knows a little about it. (Does not know much)
1. Preaching the Gita he has earned a name. (Preaching is here used as a participle)
2. Preaching the Gita is his routine work. (Preaching is here used as a gerund) 1. Return home before 10 p.m.
("Before" is here used as a preposition)
2. The thief confessed his guilt before the police. (Before here means 'in front of")
3. Don't go away before 1 return
(Before is here used as a conjunction) 1. Don't come to school after the scheduled time.
CAfter is here used as a preposition) 2. He is after money all the time
(After here means "behind")
After the bell rang, students entered the room. (After is here used as a conjunction)
1. One thing that I have is very unique. (Here 'that makes an Adj. Clause)
2. One thing that is unique is I am an Indian.
(Here that makes a Noun Clause) 1. He lost his only child.
He had only one child whom he lost. 2. He lost his child only.
He did not lose anything else except his child 1. Only you can write French You can only write French
None but you can write French.
You can write, but can't speak French You can write French only.
You are not able to do anything significance except
writing French.
4. You can write only French
You can write no other language except 1. Meet me when you come next time
French.
(Here 'when' makes an Adv. clause of time modifying
"meet")
Meet me next time when you come
2 (Here 'when' makes an Adj clause qualifying "time". 1. I want to tell this. (I want that I should tell this.)
2 I want you to tell this (I want that you should tell this.) 1. Convey my regards to mother and love to the younger brother. (Not mother and younger brother as it will mean 'regards to both mother and the younger brother)
What easy sums these are! (Not "how easy") 2 How easy these sums are! (Not "what easy")
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